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Winter 2017 Study Guide and Potential Essay questions for Chapter 13 – Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves Unless a question asks only for a list or a diagram, answer all questions in complete sentences. Part of your grade depends upon your ability to communicate your ideas in a lucid manner. 1. Clearly diagram the structure and function of a Flexor (Withdrawal) Reflex. Include diagrammatic information shown in Figure 13-14 AND label your diagram with the following ALL ADDITIONAL terms: *** This question will be on the exam that covers the part of Chapter 13 about reflexes. *** Anterior and posterior sides of spinal cord axon collaterals to other segments of spinal cord dorsal horn dorsal root dorsal root ganglion gray matter interneuron cell bodies (label both) motor neuron cell bodies (label both) pain receptor sensory neuron cell body white matter ventral horn ventral root arrow(s) indicating info flow in reflex arc • Use an arrow or arrows to indicate the flow of information through this reflex arc. Label your arrow. • Use appropriate symbols to label all synapses as excitatory • CLEARLY indicate all synapses involved like this: (CLEAR labeling is a major part of this.) • Because you are adding information to the figure, you will need to construct your own key. You may use the one in the text as a backbone (pun intended) for your key. Be sure to define any abbreviations that you use and remember that I want you to label the synapses. • Please note: You will not be graded on the beauty of your artwork, only for the clarity of your diagram. I don’t care if you can draw a frying pan or a human hand. Your goal is to show me that you understand the flexor reflex. • Final note: While you may add color to enhance your diagram if you wish, DO NOT rely on color to differentiate between cell types. A black and white photocopy of your diagram should be as easy to read as a color version. You are being graded on clarity, not beauty. Pretty colors will not earn you points while relying solely on color will cost you points. ( + ) or inhibitory ( - ). o------------< o----------< Terms Be familiar with the bold face terms in the parts of the chapter that we covered. Be able to define and describe the physiological significance of: afferent and efferent neurons, alpha motor neurons, arachnoid (membrane), ascending tract, cauda equina, central canal, cervical enlargement, columns (white matter), commissure, contralateral reflex, Winter 2017 conus medullaris, crossed extensor reflex, denticulate ligaments, descending tract, dorsal and ventral rami, dorsal and ventral roots, dorsal horn, dorsal root, dorsal root ganglion, dura mater, endoneurium, epidural space, epineurium, extrafusal fibers, filum terminale, flexor reflex, gamma motor neurons, ganglion, gray matter, integrating center, intersegmental reflex, intrafusal fibers, ipsilateral reflex, lateral horn, lumbar enlargement, mixed nerve, monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflexes, muscle spindle, myelinated axon, nerve, nucleus, oligodendrocyte, perineurium, pia mater, rami communicantes (white and gray rami), reciprocal inhibition/innervation, Schwann cell, somatic motor neuron, somatic sensory neuron, spinal reflex, stretch reflex, subarachnoid space, sympathetic ganglion, unmyelinated axon, ventral horn, ventral root, visceral motor neuron, visceral sensory neurons, white matter 1. How are reflexes clinically important? 2. For posterior columns, spinothalamic tracts, corticospinal tract, vestibulospinal tracts…which are sensory and which are motor? 3. What is a nerve plexus? How do nerve plexuses develop? Is it the dorsal or ventral ramus of a spinal nerve, or both, which contribute(s) to nerve plexuses? 4. Be very familiar with Figure 13-5(a) – The Sectional Organization of the Spinal Cord 5. Be familiar with Figure 13-8. 6. Be very familiar with all of the figures dealing with reflexes. Checkpoint questions from Martini Page 431 1. Name the components of the central nervous system and of the peripheral nervous system. Page 453 16. What is the minimum number of neurons required for a reflex arc? Page 455 19. For the patellar (knee-jerk) reflex, how would the stimulation of the muscle spindle by gamma motor neurons affect the speed of the reflex?
