Download 1 KEY CHAPTER 15 OBJECTIVES: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 1

KEY CHAPTER 15 OBJECTIVES: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
1.
List the organs that compose the cardiovascular system and discuss the general
functions of this system.
ORGANS
FUNCTION
HEART
TO TRANSPORT BLOOD to and from organs and
tissues.
BLOOD VESSELS
To transport blood, rich in nutrients and oxygen, to
organs and tissues and carry away blood, with
wastes and carbon dioxide, from organs and
tissues, back to the heart.
2.
Describe the location, size, and orientation of the human heart.
The heart is located in the mediastinum, behind the sternum, with the apex slightly to
the left of center above the diaphragm.
3.
Define the term cardiology.
Cardiology is the study of the heart.
4. Describe the structure of the heart in terms of its coverings, wall layers,
chambers, valves, and blood vessels. Please label any of these structures
present in the diagram below.
Coverings
A FIBROUS PERICARDIUM = DENSE REGULAR CT;
B PARIETAL PERICARDIUM = SIMPLE SQUAMOUS ET/LOOSE
AREOLAR CT
Layers
C VISCERAL PERICARDIUM = SSET/LACT
A EPICARDIUM = SSET/LACT
B MYOCARDIUM = CARDIAC MUSCLE
Chambers
Valves
C ENDOCARDIUM = SSET/LACT
A ATRIA: RIGHT ATRIUM RECEIVES DEOXYGENATED BLOOD
FROM VEINS; LEFT ATRIUM RECEIVES OXYGENATED BLOOD
FROM LUNGS
B VENTRICLES: RIGHT VENTRICLE PUMPS BLOOD TO LUNGS;
LEFT VENTRICLE PUMPS BLOOD TO BODY (AORTA)
1a TRICUSPID LIES BETWEEN THE RIGHT ATRIUM AND RIGHT
VENTRICLES.
1b
BICUSPID LIES BETWEEN THE LEFT ATRIUM AND LEFT
1
VENTRICLE
2a PULMONARY SEMILUNAR VALVE LIES WITHIN PULMONARY
TRUNK
2b AORTIC SEMILUNAR VALVE LIES WITHIN AORTA
Blood
vessels
associated
with
1a SUPERIOR VENA CAVA FROM UPPER LIMBS/HEAD EMPTIES
INTO RIGHT ATRIUM
1b INFERIOR VENA CAVA FROM TRUNK/LOWER LIMBS EMPTIES
INTO RIGHT ATRIUM
1c CORONARY SINUS FROM MYOCARDIUM EMPTIES INTO RIGHT
ATRIUM
1d PULMONARY VEINS FROM LUNGS EMPTIES INTI LEFT ATRIUM
2a
AORTA FROM LEFT VENTRICLE CARRIES BLOOD TO
ARTEIRIES/BODY PARTS
2b PULMONARY TRUNK FROM RIGHT VENTRICLE CARRIES
BLOOD TO LUNGS TO BE OXYGENATED
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5.
Name the function of serous fluid around the heart. LUBRICATION
6.
Give another name for epicardium. VISCERAL PERICARDIUM
7.
Describe the structure and function of the interventricular septum and label it
above.
THE IV SEPTUM IS COMPOSED OF THICK MYOCARDIUM ABD IT SEPARATES THE
LEFT AND RIGHT VENTRICLES
8.
Explain why the atria are passive chambers, while the ventricles are active.
ATRIA
VENTRICLES
THEY ARE PASSIVE, RECEIVING BLOOD THEY ARE ACTIVE, PUMPING BLOOD
FROM VEINS
INTO ARTERIES
9.
Name the function of heart valves. TO PREVENT BACKFLOW OF BLOOD
10.
Distinguish between AV and SL valves in terms of location, structure, and when
they close. Please label them above.
AV VALVES
SL VALVES
LOCATION
BETWEEN
ATRIA
AND WITHIN MAJOR ARTERIES
VENTRICLES
STRUCTURE
2 OR 3 CUSPS, ANCHORED 3 CUSPS
TO PAPILLARY MUSCLE
THROUGH
CHORDAE
TENDINEAE
WHEN CLOSED
WHEN
VENTRICLES WHEN VENTRICLES RELAX
CONTRACT
11.
Define/describe the terms chordae tendineae, papillary muscle, and trabeculae
carneae, and label each in the diagram above.
chordae tendineae
papillary muscle
trabeculae carneae
CORD-LIKE STRUCTURES THAT ANCHOR CUSPS OF AV VALVES
TO PAPILLARY MUSCLE
COLUMNS OF MUSCLE IN VENTRICLES THAT ANCHOR CUSPS
OF AV VALVES
CHARACTERISTIC “FLESHY BEANS” APPEARANCE OF INNR
VENTRICULAR WALL
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12a.
VEIN
SVC
IVC
CS
PV
Name (and locate in the diagram above) the veins that deposit their blood into
the atria of the heart (which atria? deox- or oxygenated?).
OXYGENATED OR DEOXYNATED BLOOD?
WHICH ATRIA?
DEOX
RIGHT
DEOX
RIGHT
DEOX
RIGHT
OX
LEFT
12b.
Name (and locate in the diagram above) the arteries that take blood away from
the heart (from which ventricle? deox-or oxygenated blood?).
ARTERY
OXYGENATED OR DEOXYNATED BLOOD?
FROM
WHICH
VENTRICLE?
AORTA
OX
LEFT
PULMOMARY
DEOX
RIGHT
TRUNK
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13. List the 13 steps of pulmonary circulation below. Then add
each step and its corresponding number, correctly to the
diagram illustrating pulmonary circulation on the next page.
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1. RIGHT ATRIUM
2. TRICUSPID VALCE
3. RIGHT VENTRICLE
4. PULMONARY SEMILUNAR VALVE (PSLV)
5. PULMONARY TRUNK
6. PULMONARY ARTERIES
7. LUNG CAPILALLARIES
8. PULMONARY VEINS
9. LEFT ATRIUM
10. BICUSPID/MITRAL VALVE
11. LEFT VENTRICLE
12. AORTIC SEMILUNAR VALVE (ASLV)
13. AORTA
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See diagram created in class and lab.
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14.
Distinguish between pulmonary, coronary and systemic circulation, listing their steps.
CORONARY
PULMONARY
SYSTEMIC (6 general steps back to
(4 steps back to right atrium)
13 steps
the right atrium)
1. Right Atrium
17. Coronary
Sinus
2. Tricuspid Valve
23. Vena
Cavae
3. Right Ventricle
22. Veins
4. Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
16. Cardiac Veins
5. Pulmonary Trunk
21. Venules
6. Pulmonary Arteries
7. Lung Capillaries
15. Myocardial
Capillaries
8. Pulmonary Veins
20. Tissue
Capillaries
9. Left Atrium
19. Arterioles
14. Coronary
Arteries
10. Bicuspid (Mitral Valve)
11. Left Ventricle
18. Arteries
12. Aortic Semilunar Valve
13. Aorta
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15.
Track a drop of blood through the following circulations:
a.
pulmonary (heart to lungs and back to heart)
RIGHT ATRIUM (RA)
TRICUSPID
RIGHT VENTRICLE (RV)
PULMONARY SEMILUNAR VALVE (PSLV)
PULMONARY TRUNK (PT)
PULMONARY ARTERIES (PA)
LUNG CAPILALLARIES (CAPS)
PULMONARY VEINS (PV)
LEFT ATRIUM (LA)
BICUSPID/MITRAL
LEFT VENTRICLE
AORTIC SEMILUNAR VALVE (ASLV)
AORTA
b.
coronary (through myocardium)
AORTA
CORONARY ARTERIES
MYOCARDIAL CAPS
CARDIAC VEINS
CORONARY SINUS
RIGHT ATRIUM
c.
systemic (heart to body and back to the heart, in general).
AORTA
ARTERIES
ARTERIOLES
CAPILLARIES
VENULES
VEINS
RIGHT ATRIUM
16.
Define the term anastomoses.
CONNECTIONS BETWEEN SMALL ARTERIES/ARTERIOLES THAT PROVIDE
ALTERNATE ROUTES FOR BLOOD TO FLOW
17.
Define the terms ischemia and hypoxia, and explain how they are related to the
pathologic conditions of angina pectoris and myocardial infarction.
ISCHEMIA
REDUCED BLOODFLOW TO A TISSUE
HYPOXIA
REDUCED OXYGEN TO A TISSUE
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18.
Discuss what causes reperfusion damage. OXYGEN FREE RADICALS
19. Explain the significance of each component of the cardiac conduction system and
trace how the cardiac impulse travels through the myocardium.
CCS COMPONENT
LOCATION
SIGNIFICANCE
SENDS CARDIAC
IMPULSE TO ...
Sinoatrial Node
right uppermost
atrial wall
Pacemaker initiates
cardiac impulse 60100 times per
minute
Atrioventricular
Node
Atrioventricular
Node
interatrial septum
delay signal to allow
for ventricular filling
Atrioventricular
Bundle
Atrioventricular
Bundle
superior
interventricular
septum
only electrical
junction between
atria & ventricles
right and left bundle
branches
right and left bundle
branches
lateral
interventricular
septum
passes signals down
to apex
Purkinje fibers
Purkinje fibers
in papillary muscles
of ventricles
conduct impulse to
the mass of
ventricular
myocardium and
forces blood out
20.
Name the common term for the sinoatrial (SA) node. Pacemaker.
21.
Fill in the blanks re: ions involved in heart physiology.
N/A
Resting Membrane Potential of -90mV is depolarized (to -70mV)
SODIUM channels open and it rushes into muscle fiber producing rapid
depolarization.
CALCIUM channels open and it rushes in causing contraction mechanism to
begin.
POTASSIUM channels open, it flows out re-establishing the RMP to -90Mv.
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22.
Explain why the refractory period between cardiac muscle contractions is so
long.
SO THE VENTRICLES CAN FILL WITH ADEQUATE VOLUME OF BLOOD PRIOR TO
CONTRACTION
23.
Name the term referring to all of the events associated with one heartbeat.
CARDIAC CYCLE
24.
Define the terms systole and diastole.
SYSTOLE
CONTRACTION
DIASTOLE
RELAXATION
25.
Name the two major divisions of the cardiac cycle, and compare them in terms
of direction of blood flow, whether valves are opening or closing, and relative
pressure within the chambers.
Phase
VENTRICULAR
CONTRACTION
(SYSTOLE)
ATRIAL
RELAXATION
(diastole)
VENTRICULAR
RELAXATION
(DIASTOLE)
ATRIAL
CONTRACTION
(systole)
Blood
flow
Blood is forced
from ventricles
into arteries.
Atria fill with
blood.
Ventricles fill with
blood.
Blood is forced
from atria into
ventricles.
Valves
SL open
AV closed
SL open
AV closed
AV open
SL closed
AV open
SL closed
Pressure
V high
A low but rises
as filling
continues
V low but rises as
filling continues
A high
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26.
Trace a typical ECG and label each wave or complex and explain what event of
the CCS
corresponds to each wave.
27.
Discuss heart sounds in terms of what they represent, how they sound, how they
are detected and their significance.
HEART SOUND
WHICH VALVES CLOSING?
VENTRICULAR SYSTOLE OR DIASTOLE?
LUB
AV VALVES
SYSTOLE
DUP
SL VALVES
DIASTOLE
INCOMPLETE CLOSING OF CUSPS CAUSESBACKFLOW OF BLOOD; THIS IS HEARD
BY STETHOSCOPE AS A “WHOOSHING” SOUND = MURMUR
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28.
Define the terms cardiac output (CO), heart rate (HR), and stroke volume (SV).
CO CO is the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle each minute;
the volume of blood that is circulating through the systemic (or
pulmonary) circuit per minute ;
5 liters/minute is normal adult.
HR # of heart beats/minute
SV SV is the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle with each contraction
(stroke)
29.
Explain what is meant by the human cardiovascular system being a "closed
system".
HEART – LUNGS – BODY – HEART. As long no vessel is damages, the blood stays
within this closed network
30.
Compare and contrast the 3 types of blood vessels in terms of the following:
a.
direction of blood-flow (in terms of the heart),
b.
wall structure (# of layers and components of those layers),
c.
gas concentrations and
d.
pressure.
Type of Blood
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
Vessel
Function (i.e.
direction of blood
flow in terms of
heart)
carry blood away from
heart
carry blood toward
heart
exchange site for
gases, nutrients &
wastes between
blood and tissues
connect arterioles
and venules.
Wall structure
(layers and layer
components)
three tunics:
innermost = tunica intima
(endothelium plus
basement membrane)
middle = tunica media
(thick smooth muscle plus
elastic fibers)
outermost = tunica
adventitia (collagen and
elastic fibers)
high in oxygen
low in carbon dioxide,
except pulmonary
arteries
high
same three tunics as
arteries but tunica
media is much
thinner equipped
with valves
only tunica intima
(single layer of
endothelium plus its
basement
membrane)
Concentration of
gases (oxygen and
carbon dioxide)
Pressure of blood
carried
high in carbon
dioxide low in
oxygen, except
pulmonary veins
low therefore they
are equipped with
valves
N/A
N/A
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31.
Describe how arterioles play a major role in regulating blood flow to capillaries.
THE VASOMOTOR CENTER CAN CAUSE VASOCONSTRICTION TO INCREASE BP
AND CAUSE VASODILATION TO DECREASE BP
32.
Discuss the major event that occurs at capillaries.
EXCHANGE OF OXYGEN AND NUTRIENTS IN BLOOD WITH CARBON DIOXIDE
AND WASTES IN TISSUE CELLS
33.
Compare and contrast continuous, fenestrated and sinusoidal capillaries in terms
of structure and location.
structure
Location
Continuous UNINTERRUPTED
RING
OF MOST ORGANS
capillaries
ENDOTHELIAL CELLS
Fenestrated HOLES
OR
PORES
IN KIDNEY GLOMERULI
capillaries
ENDOTHELIAL
BASEMENT INTESTINAL VILLI
MEMBRANES
Sinusoidal
OPEN
SPACES
BETWEEN LIVER AND SPLEEN
capillaries
ENDOTHELIAL CELLS
34.
Define the terms blood flow and circulation time and give the value of the
normal circulation time in a resting adult.
Blood flow
CIRCULATION OF BLOOD THROUGH THE CLOSED CV SYSTEM
Circulation time
35.
THE TIME IT TAKES FOR A DROP OF BLOOD TO PASS FROM
RIGHT VENTRICLE AND THEN BACK TO RIGHT VENTRICLE
Discuss the factors that affect cardiac output.
A.
Autonomic Nervous System: See Fig 15.24, page 579.
Recall that cardiovascular center is located in medulla of
brainstem.
1.
parasympathetic (normal) decreases CV Center activity
2.
sympathetic (stress) increases CV Center activity
B.
Chemicals
1.
hormones (i.e. epinephrine increases)
2.
ions: calcium increases. potassium and sodium decrease.
C.
Age (decreases)
D.
Sex
1.
females increased
2.
males decreased.
E.
Temperature
F.
Emotion
G.
Disease
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36.
Define the term blood pressure, name the type of blood vessels where blood
pressure is significant, and name the normal (average) value in a resting adult.
BP IS THE FORCE THE BLOOD EXERTS AGAINST THE INNER WALLS OF THE
BLOOD VESSELS(ARTERIES)
37.
Locate the neural cardiovascular center on a mid-sagittal diagram of the brain,
explain where impulses sent to it are first detected, and explain where it’s
outgoing impulses are directed and what happens when they get there.
VASOMOTOR CENTER
CARDIAC CENTER
Medulla
Medulla
Peripheral arterioles to constrict (decrease SA and AV to speed up or slow down.
bp) or dilate (increase bp).
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38.
List the hormones involved in regulation of blood pressure and blood flow.
HORMONES THAT INCREASE BLOOD HORMONES THAT INCREASE BLOOD
PRESSURE
PRESSURE
Epinephrine
ANP
Norepinephrine
Histamine
Aldosterone
Antidiuretic Hormone
Angiotensin II
39.
Define the terms tachycardia and bradycardia.
Tachycardia = heart rate above 100 bpm
Bradycardia = heart rate below 60bpm
40.
Distinguish between the pulmonary and systemic circuits (circulatory routes).
pulmonary circuit Heart – lungs - heart
systemic circuit
Heart – body – heart
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41.
Name the branches of the ascending aorta, aortic arch, thoracic aorta, and
abdominal
aorta, and denote what body region they supply with blood.
Ascending aorta
A. RIGHT CORONARY ARTERY
B LEFT CORONARY ARTERY
Aortic Arch
A BRACHIOCEPHALIC ARTERY
B LEFT COMMON CAROTID ARTERY
C LEFT SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY
Thoracic Aorta
A PHRENIC ARTERY
B ESOPHAGEAL ARTERY
C INTERCOSTAL ARTERIES
D BRONCHIAL ARTERIES
Abdominal Aorta
A INFERIOR PHRENIC ARTERY
B CELIAC ARTERY (TRUNK)
C SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY
D SUPRARENAL ARTERIES
E RENAL ARTERIES
F GONADAL ARTERIES
G INFERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERIES
Common Iliac Arteries
A EXTERNAL ILIAC ARTERY
B INTERNAL ILIAC ARTERY
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42. Explain what happens to the aorta at the brim of the pelvis.
It branches into an external and internal branch.
43. Although the venous circuit is essentially parallel to the arterial circuit, list the
differences between the two.
a.
jugular veins (head) See Fig 15.53, page 612.
o
external jugular vein (face and scalp)
o
internal jugular vein (brain).
b.
median cubital vein (venipuncture site): Fig 15.54, pg 612.
c.
Note that there are 2 brachiocephalic veins. The union of
the subclavian and jugular veins on each side forms them.
See Fig 15.55, page 613.
d.
Superior Vena Cava (formed by the union of the left and
right brachiocephalic veins = head and upper limbs).
e.
coronary sinus (cardiac veins)
o
cardiac veins (caps of myocardium).
f.
hepatic vein (drains hepatic portal system):See Fig 15.56,
page 614.
o
hepatic portal vein (drains gastric, mesenteric and
splenic veins)
1.
gastric vein (stomach)
2.
mesenteric veins (intestines)
3.
splenic vein (spleen)
*
These veins do not drain directly into the
inferior vena cava. Instead, the blood
drained from these abdominal organs
travels to the liver via the portal vein.
Recall the hepatic portal system discussed
during digestion.
g.
great saphenous vein = the longest vein in the body.
Extends from the medial ankle to the external iliac vein.
See Fig 15.58, page 616.
h.
Inferior Vena Cava (drains veins from abdominal & lower
limbs).
44.
Name the longest vein in the body and the venipuncture site.
Longest vein/blood vessel
Venipuncture site
great saphenous vein
median cubital vein
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45. Track a drop of blood through the following:
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20
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46. Discuss hypertension.
High blood pressure puts undo stress on major arteries, can lead to strokes
and/or MIs and much more. Please see your notes from class discussion.
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