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China’s Foreign Policy • A Historic Review From 1949 to 1950s From the End of 1950s to 1970s • China’s Diplomacy since Reform and Opening up China-EU Relations China’s Diplomacy A Historic Review Part I Formulation of Foreign Policy of New China From 1949 to 1950s Chairman Mao’s Three Basic Lines • The principle of “Starting anew” “putting the house in order before inviting guests” “leaning to one side”. “Starting anew” and “putting the house in order before inviting guests” China renounced all the diplomatic relations the Kuomintang Government had established with foreign countries; • Reviewed all the treaties and agreements Old China had concluded with foreign countries; 1 • Gradually cleared up the prerogatives and influence the imperialist countries had in China; • And established new diplomatic relations with other countries on the basis of mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, and equality and mutual benefit. “leaning to one side” • China would lean to the side of socialism. • During the War of Liberation in china, there emerged a sharp confrontation between the socialist camp headed by the Soviet Union and the imperialist camp headed by the United states on the international scene. • Thus the above-mentioned situation necessitated China’s allying with the socialist countries. The Basic Principles • “The principle of the foreign policy of the People’s Republic of China is protection of the independence, freedom, integrity of territory and sovereignty of the country, upholding of lasting international peace and friendly cooperation between the peoples of all countries, and opposition to the imperialist policy of aggression and war”. Steps to Implement the Basic Principles • In the early years after its birth, New China established diplomatic relations with the USSR, other socialist countries and some friendly countries. 2 the “Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual During his visit to the Soviet Union in the winter of 1949, Chairmen Mao Zedong suggested to Stalin that a new treaty be signed by the two countries to replace the outdated Sino-Soviet Treaty. • Premier Zhou Enlai led a Delegation to the Soviet Union for the negotiations. On 14 February 1950, the two sides signed the “Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and mutual Assistance” and other agreements. Remaining Independent While Being Allied with Soviet Union • Independence is the cornerstone of New China’s foreign policy. Premier Zhou stressed that it was necessary to form an alliance with USSR in order to resist the aggression and threat of USA but not at the price of losing the independence of the Party and the country. Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea • After the outbreak of the Korean War, the United States immediately dispatched its troops to invade Korea. • Its Seventh Fleet into the Taiwan Strait and U.S. military aircraft intruded into China’s airspace, bombed and strafed areas along the Sino-Korean border. • The Chinese Government and people resolutely opposed the U.S. armed intervention in Korea and armed aggression against China’s Taiwan Province. • the Chinese People’s Volunteers crossed the Yalu River on 19 October 1950 and this marked the beginning of the Chinese people’s efforts to aid Korea and resists U.S. aggression. • The Korean Armistice talks formally got underway on 10 July 1951. The Korean War became the first war in U.S. history it failed to win. 3 The Geneva Conference • China played a positive role in solving the issues of Korea and Indo-China. The Asian-African Conference • The Asian-African Conference, also known as the Bandung Conference, was held in Bandung, Indonesia from 18 to 24 April, 1955. • The conference was attended by 34 Asian and African countries. • Premier Zhou’s speech won widespread acclaim among the delegates of the participating countries. • The Chinese Delegation advocated the principle of seeking common ground while putting aside difference which not only won the support of overwhelming number of delegates but also laid the ground for the success of the Conference. China’s Initiation of the Five Principles of Peaceful Co-Existence • Shortly after the birth of New China, Chairman Mao Zedong stated on many occasions that China was ready to establish diplomatic relations with all countries which are willing to observe the principles of equality, mutual benefit and mutual respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty. • Premier Zhou Enlai met with members of the Indian Government Delegation on 31 December 1953 where he put forward for the first time the Five Principles of Peaceful CoExistence. 4 The Five Principles of Peaceful Existence • Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty; • Mutual non-aggression; • Non-interference in each other’s internal affairs; Equality and mutual benefit; • Peaceful co-existence. • The Asian-African Conference convened in Bandung, Indonesia in 1955 adopted Ten Principles for conducting international relations. This is a continuation and development of the Five Principles of Peaceful CoExistence. • The Five Principles of Peaceful Co-Existence have become the basic norms in developing state to state relations transcending social systems and ideologies. Efforts to Secure Negotiations with USA • In April, 1955, during the period of Bandung Conference, Premier Zhou announced that Chinese people were friendly with the people in the United States and Chinese government was willing to negotiate with the US government. • The sincerity of Chinese government opened the door to Sino-US Ambassorial Talks later. General Situation in 1950s • By 1956, twenty-five countries had established diplomatic relations with China. • New China had made a good start in its international relations. • And had laid sound foundations for further development of China’s diplomacy. 5