Download Psychotherapies and Treatments Crosswalked with David Myers

Psychotherapies and Treatments
Crosswalked with David Myers Psychology 9e
What is Therapy?
Are there different kinds of psychotherapy?
Yes; we will look at four major forms of psychotherapies based on different theories of human nature
Psychoanalysis
The first formal psychotherapy to emerge was psychoanalysis, developed by Sigmund Freud.
Psychoanalysis: Aims
Assumptions: Psychological problems originate from childhood repressed impulses and conflicts
Goal of therapy: Bring repressed feelings into conscious awareness where the patient can understand and resolve them.
Psychoanalysis: Methods
Role of the therapist: Active
Leading patient to insight
Providing Interpretation
Methods
Free association – The patient lies on a couch and speaks about whatever comes to his or her mind.
The goal is to unravel the unconscious mind and its conflicts by encouraging thoughts to flow freely without
interruptions or inhibition.
Psychoanalysis: Methods
Resistance – Look for evidence that the patient is avoiding an issue
Dream Interpretation – Look for the “latent” content – symbols that are disguised unconscious issues or motives
Transferences – Look for how the patient/therapist relationship mirrors unresolved conflicts in the patients past
Projective Tests
Psychoanalysis: Methods
During free association, the patient edits his thoughts, resisting his or her feelings to express emotions. Such resistance
becomes important in the analysis of conflict-driven anxiety.
Psychoanalysis: Criticisms
1. Psychoanalysis is hard to refute because it cannot be proven or disproven.
2. Psychoanalysis takes a long time and is very expensive.
What is Interpersonal Psychotherapy?
Interpersonal psychotherapy is a variation of psychodynamic therapy, a therapy influenced by Freud. Unlike
psychoanalysis, it focuses on symptom relief here and now, not an overall personality change.
Psychodynamic Therapy: Interpersonal Psychotherapy
Assumptions
Interpersonal factors contribute heavily to psychological problems
Goals of therapy
Find common themes in relationships, indentify and explore defensive thoughts and feelings, improve relationships
Emphasis
Interpersonal Relationships
Past & Present
Sense of self
Psychodynamic Therapy: Interpersonal Psychotherapy
Role of Therapist
Interactive
Face to face
Methods
Identification of problem areas: unresolved grief, role disputes, role transitions, or interpersonal deficits
Humanistic Therapies
Humanistic therapists aim to boost self-fulfillment by helping people grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance.
Client-Centered Therapy
Client-Centered Therapy
Humanistic Therapy: Methods
The therapist engages in active listening and echoes, restates, and clarifies the patient’s thinking, acknowledging
expressed feelings.
Humanistic Therapy: Methods
Active listening
Genuineness – Therapist is completely honest and spontaneous with client
Acceptance - Unconditional positive regard, patient, nonjudgmental
Empathy – An understanding of the client’s point of view
www.manifestation.com/neurotoys/eliza.php3
Treats people as “clients” rather than patients
Creates atmosphere that emphasizes the clients tendency toward health
What is Behavior Therapy?
An ‘action’ therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors.
Assumptions
Behavior is learned
Goals
Unlearn maladaptive behavior and learn adaptive ones
Emphasis
Conscious
Present and the future
What is Behavior Therapy?
Role of the Therapist
Teach new, more satisfying ways of behaving
Methods
Classical Conditioning techniques
Operant Conditioning techniques
Classical Conditioning Techniques
Counterconditioning is a procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors.
Exposure Therapy
Expose patients to things they fear and avoid. Through repeated exposures, anxiety lessens because they habituate to
the things feared.
Exposure Therapy
Exposure therapy involves exposing people to fear-driving objects in real or virtual environments.
Systematic Desensitization
A type of exposure therapy that reduces fear and anxiety by associating a new, pleasant, relaxed state with stimuli that
have been causing the fear and anxiety..
Systematic Desensitization
Aversive Conditioning
A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior. With this technique,
temporary conditioned aversion to alcohol has been reported.
Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning procedures enable therapists to use behavior modification, in which desired behaviors are
rewarded and undesired behaviors are either unrewarded or punished.
Token Economy
In institutional settings, therapists may create a token economy in which patients exchange a token of some sort, earned
for exhibiting the desired behavior, for various privileges or treats.
What is Cognitive Therapy?
Assumptions
Thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.
Problem emotions result from faulty thought processes
People disturb themselves with their own thoughts
Goals
Identify maladaptive ways of thinking
Replace maladaptive ways of thinking with adaptive ways
Emphasis
Problem centered
Thinking/perceptions/beliefs
Conscious mental experiences
Cognitive Therapy
Role of therapist
Directive role
Examine thoughts
Help restructure thought processes
Methods
Teach people adaptive ways of thinking and acting
Example
Beck’s Cognitive Therapy
Beck’s Therapy for Depression
Aaron Beck (1979) suggests that depressed patients believe that they can never be happy (thinking) and thus associate
minor failings (e.g. failing a test [event]) in life as major causes for their depression.
Beck’s Therapy for Depression
Depression reflects maladaptive thought processes.
Depressives distort experiences & maintain negative views of themselves, the world, their future
Examples of Cognitive Distortions:
Selective perception: Depressed person focuses on negative events, while ignoring positive life events
Overgeneralization: Depressed persons draw negative conclusions about their self-worth, based on minimal data
Magnification: Person magnifies the significance of a negative event
All-or-none thinking: Everything is good or bad
Stress Inoculation Training
What is Cognitive-Behavior Therapy?
Cognitive therapists often combine the reversal of self-defeated thinking with efforts to modify behavior.
Ellis’ Rational-Emotive Therapy
Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
Based on the idea that irrational interpretations of life experiences are the cause of negative emotions and mental
disorders.
Irrational/self-defeating beliefs involve absolutes (“musts” and “shoulds”) that allow no room for mistakes.
Musterbations
irrational belief that you must do or have something
Awfulizing
mental exaggeration of setbacks
Ellis’ ABC theory of emotions
A = activating event in the environment
Following are 4 brief descriptions of how different therapists might approach a problem for which you have sought their
help. Your task is to state or describe what kind of therapy each therapist is using to help you solve your problem.
Therapist 1:
Your therapist counsels you that it is impossible for you to be loved or cared for by all people who are significant at
your job and in your community. She further urges you to abandon the irrational approach you take to interpreting
the events that occur in your life.
Therapist 2:
Upon entering her office, your therapist asks you to sit down and be comfortable. She then tells you that you should
speak freely, and not to worry about censoring any thoughts you may have during the therapy session. She sits
behind you to minimize any eye contact--she does not wish to serve as an authority figure during your session. At one
point she cautions you about becoming defensive and suggests that you might be unconsciously attempting to block
her access into gaining insight into the inner workings of your thought processes.
Therapist 3:
After spending some time with your therapist, it becomes obvious to you that she believes you are making unrealistic
comparisons between the person you are and the person that you would like to be. You find that she mirrors many of
your statements, as if asking you to reflect upon what you have just said. At the same time, you are convinced that
she holds you in high esteem, no strings attached.
Therapist 4:
After confessing to your therapist that you are horribly afraid of bees, he works with you to construct a hierarchy of
stimuli that are increasingly fearful to you. Lowest in the hierarchy is reading the word buzz and the highest on the list
is seeing a bee flying close to your face. Once the hierarchy is completed, he teaches how to feel relaxed to these
stimuli, starting first with the stimuli to which you are least afraid.
An observation of one session with OCD patient using
Cognitive Therapy
Behavioral Therapy ( Exposure)
Drug Therapy
Group & Family Therapies
Group Therapy
Advantages of group therapy:
Economy: group therapy is less expensive
Group support: there is comfort in knowing that others have similar problems
Feedback: group members learn from each other
Behavioral rehearsal: group members can role-play the activities of the key persons in a member’s life
Group therapies
Family Therapy - Treats the family as a system. Therapy guides family
toward positive relationships and improved communication.
members
Couples Therapy - The focus is on the relationship rather than the individual
Self-help support groups – Groups that provide social support and an opportunity for sharing
common problems; may be organized by/run by laypersons (not professional
therapists)
ideas about
Evaluating Therapies
Who do people turn to for help with psychological difficulties?
Outcome Research
Research shows that treated patients were 80% better than untreated ones.
The Relative Effectiveness of Different Therapies
Which psychotherapy would be most effective for treating a particular problem?
Commonalities Among Psychotherapies
Three commonalities shared by all forms of psychotherapies are the following:
The Biomedical Therapies
Drug Therapies
Antipsychotic Drugs
Atypical Antipsychotic
Antianxiety Drugs
Antidepressant Drugs
Mood-Stabilizing Medications
Brain Stimulation
Alternatives to ECT
rTMS
Can be used for the treatment of depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder
Psychosurgery –
The general term for surgical intervention in the brain to treat psychological disorders
A frontal lobotomy involves surgically cutting the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers
of the inner brain