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1ST SEMESTER EXAM STUDY GUIDE
CHAPTER 1
1. Define:
Observation
NAME ___________________________
Dependent variable
Independent variable
Hypothesis
Experiment
Conclusion
Theory
Law
Hypothesis
Opinion
Bias
Inference
Peer review
2. What do scientists do after they have done a study to assure quality?
3. List and EXPLAIN each of the characteristics of life.
4. Describe how cells work together.
CHAPTER 2
5. Why is carbon such a versatile molecule? Why is it able to form large molecules?
6. Explain AND compare covalent and ionic bonding.
7. What element is found in ALL living things?
8. What are the 6 most common elements found in living things?
9. Explain exothermic and endothermic reactions.
CHAPTER 3
10. Explain hydrolysis and its purpose.
11. Explain dehydration synthesis/condensation reactions and their purpose.
12. Which macromolecule holds the most energy? Why?
13. List the monomers make up the 4 types of macromolecules.
14. List examples of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.
15. Given a diagram, how would you be able to tell the difference between a carbohydrate and a
lipid?
16. Explain how enzymes work and what they do in chemical reactions.
17. How do enzymes become denatured? What occurs if they do become denatured?
18. How many enzymes are there in the body?
19. How does ATP provide energy? (Look in Ch. 2 & 3.)
20. Where is the energy from food that you eat stored?
CHAPTER 4
21. Which organelles are found in an animal cell, a plant cell, and a bacterial cell? List all
organelles contained in each.
ANIMAL
PLANT
BACTERIA
22. Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. List similarities and differences.
23. List the structure and functions of all cell organelles.
ORGANELLE
24. Explain the theory of endosymbiosis. Pg. 517
FUNCTION
Chapter 23 & 24
25. Compare the structures of bacteria and viruses.
26. How do bacteria reproduce?
27. How do viruses spread?
28. List the characteristics of ALL viruses.
CHAPTER 5
29. Explain diffusion vs. osmosis.
30. Explain what occurs when a cell is placed in a hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic solution.
Hypotonic:
Isotonic:
Hypertonic:
31. Define and explain the different types of passive transport.
32. Define and explain the different types of active transport.
CHAPTER 6 AND 7
33. Write the equations for photosynthesis and cellular respiration and compare the two.
34. How is energy packaged in a cell?
35. What do plants require to make sugar?
36. What do plants use the sugar produced in photosynthesis for?
37. What is a biochemical pathway?
38. Why do plant cells have chloroplasts and mitochondria?
39. What do cells use to make ATP?
40. Define cellular respiration.
41. Define photosynthesis.
42. Relate plant structures and functions to the process of photosynthesis.
CHAPTER 18
43. Why are there less organisms in higher trophic levels?
44. Explain energy transfer from one trophic level to the next.
45. List 4 ways energy is lost.
46. What is the source of all energy on Earth?
47. Be able to identify a producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, herbivore,
carnivore, decomposer and omnivore.
48. Explain how the water, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycles work. Why are they
important?
Chapters 32-43
49. Compare and contrast types of reproduction, skeletal systems, digestion, circulation, and
gas exchange in different animal groups.
Chapters 45-51
50. How does the human body maintain homeostasis? (Look at each body system.)
51. List the functions of different types of cells in the human body systems.
52. Explain how gas exchange occurs in the lungs?
53. How does the human nervous system help us maintain homeostasis?
54. List the types of joints in the body and describe each.
55. Explain how the body uses biofeedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasis and the
different types of biofeedback there are.