Download Ch. 19 S. 4

Ch. 19 S. 4 : Cognitive Therapy and Behavior Therapy
Obj: Describe how cognitive and behavior therapists try to help people.
Cognitive therapy and behavior therapy are considered together because both
methods share the same ________ – to help clients develop new ways of thinking
and behaving.
Both cognitive and behavior therapists encourage the clients to focus on their
_________________ and actions.
Advocates of these two theories contend that only by modifying self-defeating thoughts
and behavior patterns will the client truly be able to solve his or her own
__________________.
Cognitive Therapy
The aim of __________________ therapy is to help people learn to think about their
problems in more __________________ ways.
Cognitive psychologists focus on the beliefs, attitudes, and thought processes that
create and ___________________ their clients’ problems.
They believe that some people develop ways of thinking that are ______________ or
based on faulty assumptions. Such ways of thinking can lead to emotional and
behavioral problems for these people.
Cognitive therapists help people change their ways of ________________.
The two most widely used cognitive therapy methods are rational-emotive therapy and
psychiatrist Aaron Beck’s model of therapy, sometimes called cognitive
______________________ therapy.
Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy
First developed by psychologist Albert Ellis in the 1950s, rational-emotive behavior
therapy (____________) is based on Ellis’s belief that people are basically
________________ in their thinking and ________________.
However, the assumptions upon which they base their thinking or actions are
sometimes _____________________.
According to Ellis, people may develop ____________________ problems when they
base their behavior on these faulty assumptions.
An example of a commonly held false assumption that leads to emotional problems is
“I must do everything perfectly.” People who believe they must do everything
perfectly in order to be happy must also believe that if they are unhappy, it is
because they did something imperfectly. Thus, their _______________________ is
their own fault.
People are often ______________ of their false assumptions even though the
assumptions influence their conscious thoughts and actions. The role of the therapist
in REBT is first to ______________ and then to challenge the false assumptions. To
teach individuals to think more realistically, REBT therapists use techniques such as
role-playing and ____________.
Beck’s Cognitive Therapy
Another form of cognitive therapy was introduced in the 1960s by psychiatrist Aaron
__________. In contrast to REBT’s focus on faulty assumptions, the focus of Beck’s
cognitive therapy is on __________________ illogical thought _________________.
Beck has noted several types of illogical thought processes that may lead to emotional
problems, particularly _________________. Some of these include the following:
• _____________ inference, or drawing conclusions for which there is no evidence.
For example, when a teacher passes a student in the hall and does not smile, the
student may arbitrarily ______________ that the teacher is planning to fail her.
• ________________ abstraction, or drawing conclusions about a situation or event
on the basis of a _________ detail and misinterpreting or ignoring other details that
would lead to a different conclusion. For example, a person may look at his reflection
in a mirror, but instead of feeling happy about his good features – say, a handsome
smile and a muscular build – all he notices is the small ___________ on his chin.
• ______________________, or drawing a general conclusion from a single
experience. For example, a person may conclude that she is ________________
because she failed one test.
Using Beck’s approach gently guides clients in testing the logic of their own thought
processes and developing more ___________ ways of thinking.
______________ of Cognitive therapy - Cognitive therapy tends to be a short term
method, making it a realistic option for more people than traditional psychoanalysis.
Studies of this therapy show that modifying ________________ beliefs helps people
with anxiety and depression.
One reason for this is that cognitive therapy provides coping _________ that reduce
the risk of recurrence of depression once treatment ends. A combination of cognitive
therapy and antidepressant medication may be superior to either treatment alone in
the case of people with persistent depression.
Behavior Therapy
The goal of behavior therapy, which is also called behavior ______________, is to
help people develop more ________________ behavior. Some people seek
behavior therapy to acquire desirable behaviors, such as the skills needed to
develop healthy social relationships or confront ______________.
Many behavioral techniques fall into two categories: counter conditioning, which helps
people to _____________ undesirable behaviors, and operant conditioning, which
helps in the learning of _______________ behaviors. The __________ of behavioral
techniques for an individual client depends largely on the nature of the individual’s
psychological disorder.
Counter conditioning
If undesirable behaviors are conditioned, or learned through ________________, then
presumably they can be unlearned, or counter conditioned. Counter conditioning
pairs the ______________ that triggers an _________________ behavior with a
new, more desirable behavior.
These ______________________ include systematic desensitization, modeling, and
aversive conditioning.
• Systematic _____________________ – a person cannot feel anxious and relaxed at
the same time. The therapist therefore trains the client to relax in the presence of an
anxiety-producing situation.
This is done in a ___________________ way. First, the therapist teaches the client
how to relax completely. Once this has been accomplished, the therapist gradually
exposes the client to the object or situation that causes the phobic response.
Systematic desensitization may be ________________ with other counter conditioning
measures, such as modeling and aversive conditioning.
• _______________ - involves observational learning. The client observes and then
_________________ the therapist or another person coping with the feared object or
situation.
• ____________ conditioning – is essentially, the opposite of systematic
desensitization. In aversive conditioning, the therapist ______________ a positive
response to a stimulus with a negative response. (stop smoking)
People who learn more desirable behaviors through counter conditioning often
experience a boost in their self-esteem, because they will lead less
___________________ lives.
Operant Conditioning
The behavioral technique of ______________ conditioning is based on the assumption
that behavior that is reinforced tends to be _____________, whereas behavior that is
not reinforced tends to be extinguished.
Behavioral therapists reinforce desirable behaviors with rewards and at the same time
withhold reinforcement for _______________________ behaviors.
Operant conditioning has sometimes proved effective in more ___________ cases,
such as schizophrenia and childhood ____________, that were previously resistant
to other types of treatment. Operant conditioning is often used in institutional
settings, such as _______________ hospitals.
Sometimes people find it difficult to adopt a new behavior all at once, finding it easier to
change their behavior ____________________.
Another method of operant conditioning, called successive ____________________, is
useful in such situations. The term successive approximations refers to a series of
behaviors that gradually become more similar to a target behavior. Through
____________ of behaviors at each stage, the ____________ behavior is finally
achieved.
_________________ of behavior therapy – it tends to be somewhat more effective
overall than psychoanalysis or person-centered therapy. It is also a short-term
therapy, sometimes bringing about lasting results in just a few months.
BT is especially effective for well-defined problems such as phobias, ___________,
and compulsions.
It has also helped people overcome _________________, social problems and
problems with self-control (like smoking)