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Professor: Roe S.I. Leader: Stephanie Schneider Biology 211 Exam 1 Review! Chapter 1! !Scientific Method:! 1. List the five characteristics of science. a. ! 2. Complete the following table. Term Definition Hypothesis Facts Theory 3. Name and describe are the two kinds of reasoning used in scientific endeavors. a. b. 4. List the five steps of the scientific method (hypothesis-based). a. b. c. d. e. ! ! Origins and History of Life:! 1. List the seven characteristics of living things.! a. 2. What are the two main theories for the origin of life on Earth? Describe each.! a. b. 3. Complete the following table.! ! ! ! Stage of Life More Info (I.e. Evidence/Why Important) 1 2 3 Page 1 of 8 Professor: Roe Stage of Life S.I. Leader: Stephanie Schneider More Info (I.e. Evidence/Why Important) 4 4. Most rocks with fossils are ________. Older rock is deeper and therefore ______ organisms are deeper in the rock bed. ! 5. The oldest fossil are found in _______, which are approximately ___ billion years old. ! 6. Oxygen began accumulating in the atmosphere due to photosynthesis about ____ billion years ago, which was known as the _____ _______. Page 2 of 8 Professor: Roe S.I. Leader: Stephanie Schneider ! ! Chapter 36! Viruses:! ! ! ! ! 1. Watch super cool videos: a. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kYf_Sl8W3qY b. https://vimeo.com/9828553 2. Label all of the following from the image to the right: a. ___________________ b. ___________________ c. ___________________ d. ___________________ e. ___________________ f. ___________________ 3. Viral _______ refers to the spread of infectious virions from one individual to another. a. Transmission 4. Write in the blanks whether the statement refers to the lytic cycle or the lysogenic cycle of a virus. a. The cell reproduces normally during the _______ cycle. b. New phages are assembled from viral DNA and proteins during the _______ cycle. c. The cell is broken open during the _______ cycle. d. The viral DNA integrates into the chromosome of the host cell during the _______ cycle. e. The host is destroyed during the _______ cycle. 5. Label each type of virus cycle in the image below. Page 3 of 8 Professor: Roe ! S.I. Leader: Stephanie Schneider 6. Name and define the three hypotheses of the origin of viruses. Hypothesis Definition ! Subviral Agents:! Subviral Agent Definition Cause of ______. ! Page 4 of 8 Professor: Roe S.I. Leader: Stephanie Schneider ! Chapter 29! Prokaryotes:! 7. What do we mean when we say prokaryotes are ubiquitous? Give an example of this ubiquity. a. ! 8. The cell walls of bacteria are made of which of the following? a. Chitin b. Peptidoglycan c. Cellulose d. Stromatolites 9. What colors do Gram negative and Gram positive stain? How does the Gram negative cell wall differ from the Gram positive cell wall? Which is susceptible to penicillin? a. ! ! b. 10. Complete the table below Why Prokaryotes are successful? Details for each attribute. 1 2 3 4 5 ! 11. Complete the following chart based on genetic recombination. Lateral Gene Transfer Type Definition 1 2 3 Page 5 of 8 Professor: Roe S.I. Leader: Stephanie Schneider 12. Compare and contrast autotrophs and heterotrophs. What are chemoautotrophs and photoautotrophs? a. Autotrophs: i. Chemoautotrophs: ii. Photoautotrophs: b. Heterotrophs: 13. Name and describe the three metabolic types with respect to oxygen: a. ! ! ! ! b. c. 14. Nitrogen ______ is when prokaryotes convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3). 15. Complete the following chart with simple answers of yes or no. Character Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Membrane bound nucleus Peptidoglycan in cell walls 16. Match a. b. c. the term to the correct definition for the Domain Archaea. Thrive in very hot environments Live in highly saline environments (>30%) Live in anaerobic environments, such as the intestinal tract of cattle 17. About ________ of all human diseases are caused by prokaryotes. 18. List at least two examples of prokaryotic-caused diseases in humans a. b. 19. Describe the difference between exotoxins and endotoxins in bacteria. a. Exotoxins: i. Ex: b. Endotoxins: i. Ex: 20. Provide at least three reasons why prokaryotes are important. a. b. c. ! Page 6 of 8 Professor: Roe S.I. Leader: Stephanie Schneider ! Chapter 30! ! 1. Most Protists are ____cellular Eukaryotes and have a ______,which is where DNA is located and membrane bound. Prokaryotes are ____trophs. 2. What is the theory that describes how Eukaryotes came to be? Explain. a. !7 3. What are two organelles found in eukaryotes today that were possibly prokaryotes at one point in time? What do we predict each organelle is a decedent from? a. b. ! ! 4. Describe the difference between primary and secondary endosymbiosis. What evidence do we have of secondary enodsymbiosis? a. b. 5. Multiple Choice: Meiosis results in . . . ! ! a. Four genetically distinct daughter cells b. Four genetically identical daughter cells c. Two identical daughter cells d. Two distinct daughter cells 6. During meiosis, a cell goes from_________to four________cells. 7. During mitosis, a cell goes from diploid to ________. It can also go from haploid to _______. 8. What is an example of a multicellular protist? a. 9. Alternation of Generations is a type of life cycle in which a multicellular ______ stage alternates with a multicellular ______ stage. 10. Complete the chart below ! Supergroup Major Clades Key Morphological Characteristics Specific Examples Diplomonad Parabasalid Euglenozoa Alveolata Page 7 of 8 Professor: Roe Supergroup S.I. Leader: Stephanie Schneider Major Clades Key Morphological Characteristics Specific Examples Apicomplexans Ciliates Stramenopiles Oomycetes Diatoms Brown Algae Foraminifera Radiolaria Red Algae Green Algae Amoebozoa 11. Two major groups of Clade Euglenozoa Group Key Morphological Characteristics Specific Examples 12. Three major groups of Clade Alveolata Group Key Morphological Characteristics Specific Examples 13. Two important groups of Clade Amoebozoa Group Key Morphological Characteristics Specific Examples Page 8 of 8