Download CHAPTER 6.4- MACROMOLECULES

!" #! !$!
& " ! !" " !
"! %
%' (
) ) ) )*)
"
$!% '
"!
!
%
+!
,' !
!
&,
* * !# !%
% $%
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.4 The Building Blocks of Life
Organic Chemistry
The element carbon
is a component of
almost all biological
molecules.
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.4 The Building Blocks of Life
Macromolecules
Carbon atoms can be joined to form carbon
molecules.
- ! !"
(
.'
!
" 0 %#
*! ,"
( !
"
,'
"!
"!
%
) #
"! % %
!" #! ! /
%
" ' %# !$" ! !"
1
*
2- 1
1
*
2- 1
#! ,"
3!
!" ! %
"
!
!
'"
!" !
%
" ! % $! " '+,
"! %
!
$!% " 3! "
4
+ ! ! ,(
+! ,'
#'
* !
%
'
!" !
%
!
'
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.4 The Building Blocks of Life
Carbohydrates
Compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen in a ratio of 1C: 2H: 1O
General formula: (CH2O)n
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.4 The Building Blocks of Life
If n is between three and seven the compound
is called a simple sugar or monosaccharide.
Ex. C6H12O6
%!
!
% ' +,
$!
$!% '
, " #!
"! !
,
%"
+ !!'
"
'
4!" ! !
'
'
'
3!
' !
$! "
% !
'
% !
!
'
'
!
+
%
" 0 %
4! & " #
!$
5
1
,'
! ,
+, " !
4
1
1-
( $! " ! !$'
$!"
"! !
6
'
'
!
#! ,
+! ,'
'
"!
%
'
,!
& " # !$ #! ,
"
'
!
!
"
, !
"!
%
5
1 -
1
1 2
66666
+! ' + 4
,
+! '
-
!
"
,7
+ !0 )
,' ! ,
#! ,
(
''
4
'
'
! #
'
,
' !
1
* "
, !%
!$
2 1
,$! !
(
"
% %
-
%##!
!" #!
#
.
.
%! /
/
1
-
2 1
(
1
%$ % ' +,
%
'%
89
#
! ,(
# !! ,
8
:
;8
9
8
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.4 The Building Blocks of Life
Lipids
Molecules made mostly of carbon and
hydrogen
Make Up:
Fats
Oils
Waxes
*
* "
,$%
- 0 %#
!"
* !
!
! !
,
% %
"
"
! .4 & ! #
+ 4
/
*
1
,
'
1
(
, '
,' !
!"
! '!%+ +! '
+! ' '
%
')%
!$
'!
"
%
+!
+!
$
#'
' ! #! ,%
!" +! ' ' !
!" +,
%
$ '
'
1
1
*
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.4 The Building Blocks of Life
Saturated fats have tail chains with only single
bonds between the carbon atoms.
'!%+ +! ' + 4
#'
+!
!
!"
4
"!
'#! ,%
!
%
'!%+ +! '
'$
-* 1
!$
*
(
" "+
(
% %
' $%
!
!
!
5 ,
"
$"
( '!
" #!
6
#
4
! '
!
4
*
!) #! + $!
$! "
!'
%'
! "!
! !$ " #!
' !
!
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.4 The Building Blocks of Life
Protein
A compound made of small carbon compounds
called amino acids
Amino acids are small compounds that are
made of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen,
hydrogen, and sometimes sulfur.
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.4 The Building Blocks of Life
Amino acids have a central carbon atom.
One of the four carbon bonds is with hydrogen.
The other three bonds are with an amino group
(–NH2), a carboxyl group (–COOH), and a variable
group (–R).
" ! '
# # ' +! '
* !
+! ' ' !
!
'#! ,# # '
+,
*1
(
- 0 %# "
! '
"!
$%
!
% %
"
+ 4
! !
!4
' #
<," .+ ! !
, /
=2-
<,"
( + !!
- ' !$# !
,
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.2 Chemical Reactions
Enzymes
Catalyst is a substance
that lowers the activation
energy needed to start a
chemical reaction.
" #
,
"
%!
' '$!
!
"
" %" " !% !$
!$! " # !'%
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.2 Chemical Reactions
This reaction is
exothermic and
released heat energy.
The energy of the
product is lower than
the energy of the
reactants.
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.2 Chemical Reactions
This reaction is
endothermic and
absorbed heat energy.
The energy of the
products is higher
than the energy of
the reactants.
'!
!
'!
!
!4 " %
% ' %#
# !'%
!
" '
!4 '!
<,"
4! 06
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.2 Chemical Reactions
Substrates: Reactants that bind to the enzyme
Active site: Specific location where a substrate
binds on an enzyme
Chapter 6
Chemistry in Biology
6.2 Chemical Reactions
The active site changes shape and forms the
enzyme-substrate complex, which helps
chemical bonds in the reactants to be broken
and new bonds to form.
Factors such as pH, temperature, and other
substances affect enzyme activity.
& " " "
- ' %# !$ "
%+%
' %
% ! '
!
!$ +! )
!
# ! # ! % ) ' ,' !
!"
! '
)!&,
)
(
!
4! ,#
1
'
"
!$ %
$! "
'(
!
Chapter 12 Molecular Genetics
12.1 DNA: The Genetic Material
DNA Structure
Nucleotides
Consist of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate
group, and a nitrogenous base