Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Medical Terminology II Study Guide Unit 6 Chapters 18 – Endocrine System 1. Provide the meaning of the combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes in the chapter. SEE SUPPLEMENT 2. Define the following anatomy and physiology terms: adenohypophysis – anterior lobe of the pituitary gland adrenal cortex – outer section (cortex) of each adrenal gland; secretes cortisol, aldosterone and sex hormones adrenal glands – two small glands, one on top of each kidney; they secrete steroids and corticosteroids adrenal medulla – inner section (medulla) of each adrenal gland; secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine homeostasis –constancy of the internal environment hormones – chemical messengers hypophysis – the pituitary gland islets of Langerhans – specialized hormone producing cells neurohypophysis – posterior lobe of the pituitary gland ovaries – located in the lower abdomen of a female; responsible for egg production and estrogen and progesterone secretion parathyroid gland – four small glands on the posterior of the thyroid gland pineal gland – located in the central portion of the brain that secretes melatonin pituitary – located at the base of the brain in the sella tucica composed of an anterior lobe and a posterior lobe testes – two glands enclosed in the scrotal sac of the male; responsible for sperm production and testosterone secretion thyroid gland – located in the neck on either side of the trachea; secretes thyroxine 3. State the gland that secretes, and the action of each of the following hormones: adrenocorticotropic hormone – stimulates adrenal cortex especially cortisol secretion; secreted by the anterior pituitary gland calcitonin – lowers blood calcium; secreted by the thyroid gland catecholamines – chemicals derived from amino acids epinephrine – adrenaline; increases heart rate; secreted by the adrenal medulla glucagon – produced by the islets of Langerhans the helps in the regulating of blood glucose (sugar) levels – increases blood sugar in the body glucocorticoid –steroid hormone that influences on metabolism of sugars, fats, and proteins gonadocorticoid – includes FSH and LH hormones insulin – produced by the islets of Langerhans that helps regulate blood glucose (sugars) levels in the body – decreases blood sugar in the body lutenizing hormone – promotes ovulation; testosterone secretion; secreted by the anterior pituitary gland melanocyte-stimulating hormone – stimulate the production and release of melanin by melanocytes in skin and hair; secreted by the pituitary gland mineralcorticoid – corticosteroid secreted by the adrenal cortex – major one is aldosterone – regulates the concentration of mineral salts (electrolytes) in the body norepinephrine – sympathomimetic oxytocin – stimulates contraction of the uterus during labor and childbirth parathyroid hormone – increases blood calcium – secreted by the parathyroids prolactin – promotes growth of breast tissue & milk secretions – secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland somatotropin (growth) hormone – GH – increases bone and tissue growth – secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland thyroid stimulating hormone – TSH – stimulates thyroid gland and thyroxine secretion – secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland thyroxine – increases metabolism in body cells – secreted by the thyroid gland triiothyonine – increases metabolism in body cells – secreted by the thyroid gland vasopressin (antidiuretic) hormone – stimulates reabsorption of water by the kidney tubules; secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland 4. Briefly describe the following pathological conditions: acromegaly – enlargement of the extremities caused by hypersecretion of the anterior pituitary after puberty Addison disease – hypofunctioning of the adrenal cortex; malaise, weakness, muscle atrophy, sever loss of fluids and electrolytes adenomatous goiter – hyperplasia occurs as well as nodules and andenomas adrenal virilism – excessive secretion of adrenal androgens Cushing syndrome – group of symptoms produced by excess cortisol from the adrenal cortex; obesity, moonlike fullness of the face, excess deposition of fat in the thoracic region diabetes insipidus – insufficient secretion of antidiuretic hormones (vasopressin) diabetes mellitus – lack of insulin secretion or resistance of insulin in promoting sugar, starch, and fat metabolism in cells Type I – onset usually in childhood – insulin dependent Type II – usually older patients with obesity – not as insulin dependent dwarfism - congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone; hypopituitary dwarfism endemic goiter – occurs in certain regions & peoples where there is a lack of iodine in the diet exophthalmos – protrusion of the eyeballs caused by swelling of tissue behind the eyeball; occurs in hyperthyroidism gigantism – hypersecretion of growth hormone from anterior lobe of the pituitary gland before puberty, leading to abnormal overgrowth of body tissues goiter – enlargement of the thyroid gland Graves disease – most common form of hyperthyroidism hyperinsulinism – excess secretion of insulin causing hypoglycemia hyperparathyroidmism – excessive production of parathormone hypoparathyroidism – deficient production of the parathyroid hormone hypothyroidism – underactivity of the thyroid gland myxedema – advanced hypothyroidism in adulthood panhypopituitarism – all pituitary hormones are deficient syndrome of inappropriate ADH – excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone tetany – constant muscle contraction thyroid carcinoma – cancer of the thyroid gland thyrotoxicosis – overactivity of the thyroid gland 5. Briefly describe the following laboratory tests and clinical procedures: fasting blood sugar – measures circulating glucose level in a patient who has fasted at least 4 hours radioactive iodinine uptake – radioactive iodine is administered orally, and its uptake by the thyroid gland is imaged to assess thyroid funciton thyroid function test – measurement of T3, T4, and TSH in the bloodstream thyroid scan – a scanner detects radioactivity and visualizes the thyroid gland after intravenous administration of a radioactive (technetium) compound 6. Provide the meaning of the following abbreviations: ACTH – adrenocorticotropic hormone ADH – antidiuretic hormone, also called vasopressin BMR – basal metabolic rate DI – diabetes insipidus DM – diabetes mellitus FBS – fasting blood sugar FSH – follicle-stimulating hormone GH – growth hormone IDDM – insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus – type 1 diabetes K+ - potassium – an important electrolyte Na+ - sodium – an important electrolyte NIDDM – non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus – type 2 diabetes PTH – parathyroid hormone T3 - triiodothyronine T4 – thyroxine TSH – thyroid stimulating hormone; thyrotropin 7. Word list. Apply the following terms by writing them correctly in a sentence and spelling them correctly. acromegaly – enlargement of the extremities caused by hypersecretion of the anterior pituitary after puberty adrenopathy – any disease of the adrenal gland diabetes insipidus – insufficient secretion of antidiuretic hormones (vasopressin) diabetes mellitus – lack of insulin secretion or resistance of insulin in promoting sugar, starch,and fat metabolism in cells glycosuria – excretion of glucose into the urine homeostasis – constancy of the internal environment hypercalcemia – condition of excessive calcium in the blood hyperglycemia – condition of excessive sugar in the blood hypokalemia – condition of low potassium ketoacidosis – fats are improperly burned, leading to an accumulation of ketones and acids in the body myxedema – advanced hypothyroidism in adulthood polydipsia – condition of excessive thirst somatotropin – growth hormone thyrotoxicosis – overactivity of the thyroid gland vasopressin – antidiuretic