Download The Enlightenment and Modern Astronomy

The Enlightenment and
Modern Astronomy
A. Expert - I have done a lot of reading in this
area already.
B. Above Average - I have learned some
information about this topic.
C. Moderate - I know a little about this topic.
D. Rookie - I am a blank slate … but ready to
learn.
3
4
9
4
(AS300-U1C1L3:LQ1)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Copernicus
Galileo
Newton
Einstein
5
13
1
1
(AS300-U1C1L3:LQ2)
Lesson Overview
 Galileo and the Telescope
 Newton’s Laws of Motion and Gravity
 Einstein and Relativity
Chapter 1, Lesson 3
Click any link below to go directly to polling that question.
1. Earth-centered
2. Tendency of an object to resist a change in its motion
3. Change the speed and/or the direction of the motion of an
object
4. Statement that effects of acceleration are indistinguishable from
gravitational effects
Click here to return to this index.
Which do you think is more important
for real scientific progress – curiosity
and imagination, or up-to-date
scientific tools?
Galileo and the Telescope
Check out
my Dutch
glasses
 Galileo did not invent
the telescope but he
was the first person to
use a telescope to
study the sky
12
Galileo and the Telescope, cont.
Galileo made observations such as
mountains and valleys on the Moon
many more stars than can be observed with
the naked eye
These ideas were unsettling to those
who believed in “perfection of the
heavens”
Chapter 1, Lesson 3
Jupiter’s Four Moons
Four moons revolved around Jupiter
Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto never
appear north or south of Jupiter
Suggested to Galileo that their orbital
plane aligned with that of Earth
Contradicted the theory that Earth must be
stationary or it would lose its Moon
Chapter 1, Lesson 3
Phases of Venus
Venus has phases like those of Earth’s Moon
Courtesy Lowell Observatory
Phases of Venus, cont.
Venus seems to change size
Arc of Venus’s crescent is much larger
than the full Venus, showing that it is
significantly closer to Earth
Supports the Sun-centered model
Chapter 1, Lesson 3
Newton’s Three Laws of Motion
Inertia - the tendency of
an object to resist a
change in its motion
Newton’s First Law of
Motion: A body in motion
tends to stay in motion,
and a body at rest tends to
stay at rest
Chapter 1, Lesson 3
©Photos.com
Newton’s Three Laws of
Motion, cont.
 Newton’s Second Law: How much
force is necessary to produce a certain
acceleration of an object
 Force = mass x acceleration (F=ma)
OR acceleration = Force ÷ mass
(a=F/m)
 Newton’s Third Law of Motion: For
every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction
Chapter 1, Lesson 3
Newton’s Three Laws of
Motion, cont.
Newton’s Second Law
A) The wheeled brick will accelerate
B) if a force is exerted on it.
C) If twice as much force is exerted on it,
it will accelerate at twice the rate.
Chapter 1, Lesson 3
The same amount of force will
give twice as much mass only
half the acceleration.
The Law of Gravity
 3rd Law: For every action there is an equal and
opposite re-action
 Every object in the universe attracts every other
one
 The greater the mass of an object, the greater
the attractive force it exerts on other objects
 On Earth the force of gravity made objects fall to
the ground
 Gravity also held the Moon in orbit around the
Earth, and the planets in their orbits around the
Chapter 1, Lesson 3
Sun
How Newton’s Laws
Confirmed Kepler’s
Sun as the source of the force responsible
for the motion of the planets
The gravitational force acting on an object
orbiting the Sun (or other stationary body)
always points toward the Sun
Laws of motion and gravity can be applied
to any two objects orbiting each other
Chapter 1, Lesson 3
Einstein and Relativity
Principle of Equivalence –
effects of acceleration are
indistinguishable from
gravitational effects
Chapter 1, Lesson 3
© AIP Emilio Segrè Visual Archives
Einstein and Relativity
Einstein proposed thinking of space as
being curved by a mass – objects move
because of the curvature
Three dimensions are needed to describe
the position of something
North-South
East-West
Up-Down
Chapter 1, Lesson 3
Constant Speed of Light Proves the
Special Theory of Relativity
No place in the universe is stationary or “at
rest”
Light always travels at the same speed
regardless of the observer’s speed
Mass (m) can be transformed into energy
(E) E=mc2
The first explosion of a nuclear bomb
confirmed this equation in 1945
Milky
way
orbit
s
Chapter 1, Lesson 3
A.
B.
C.
D.
A net external force applied to an object causes it 1
to accelerate at a rate that is proportional to the
force and inversely proportional to its mass.
A body in motion tends to stay in motion and a
3
body at rest tends to stay at rest.
The greater the mass of an object, the greater
0
the attractive force it exerts on other objects.
For every action, there is an equal and opposite 15
reaction.
(AS300-U1C1L3:LQ3)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Principle of Equivalence and General Theory of
Relativity
The Law of Action and Reaction and The Law of
Gravity
The Significance of the Ellipse and The Planets
Changing Speeds
The Law of Gravity Theory and General Theory of
Relativity
6
7
2
5
(AS300-U1C1L3:LQ4)
Review
Galileo used the telescope to make
observations that informed the debate
between heliocentric and geocentric
theories
Sir Isaac Newton was the first to create a
unified model of how the universe works
Scientists’ much greater understanding of
the universe would not have been possible
without Einstein
Chapter 1, Lesson 3
(AS300-U1C1L3:LQ5)
(AS300-U1C1L3:LQ6)
Summary
 Galileo and the Telescope
 Newton’s Laws of Motion and Gravity
 Einstein and Relativity
Chapter 1, Lesson 3
Next…
Done - Enlightenment and Modern
Astronomy
Next – The Terrestrial Planets - Chpt 3 Ls 2
Chapter 1, Lesson 3
A.
B.
C.
D.
Heliocentric
Geocentric
Geological
Gravitational
3
14
1
1
(AS300-U1C1L3:VQ1)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Gravity
Acceleration
Equivalence
Inertia
0
0
1
17
(AS300-U1C1L3:VQ2)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Gravitational pull
Deflect
Accelerate
Inertia
0
1
19
0
(AS300-U1C1L3:VQ3)
A.
B.
C.
D.
Principle of equivalence
Law of gravity
Theory of relativity
Law of inertia
16
2
0
0
(AS300-U1C1L3:VQ4)