Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Oral Health Care and Adolescents: Latest Research and Clinical Implications Elizabeth Shick, DDS, MPH Assistant Professor, University of Colorado School of Dental Medicine I have no relevant financial relationships with any commercial interests. (But I will shamelessly pull pictures from Google Images) Understand how oral health fits into the School-Based Health Care system Review management strategies of dental caries (Dentistry 101) Review urgent oral health problems and when to make a dental referral Discuss preventive strategies for adolescents Discuss other adolescent specific oral health topics National Center for Health Promotion Data, May 2012 13.3% of 12-19 year olds had active caries Adolescents spend ~1260 hours/year in school School-based health clinics present a great opportunity to reach adolescents to improve their oral health #8 • Promoted by public health and government health agencies such as the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), Colorado Department of Education (CDE), and Association of State and Territorial Dental Directors (ASTDD) • Oral health fits into each component and is important for good general health The 8 components of a Coordinated School Health Program, CDC Resource: ASTDD School and Adolescent Oral Health Committee #1) Health Education: Oral health counseling • • • • • • • • Prevention (brushing and flossing at home) Diet/nutrition counseling Caries diagnosis Fluoride Diet/nutrition Alcohol/drug counseling (oral cancer, meth mouth) Smoking and smokeless tobacco counseling Pregnancy and perinatal oral health counseling Resource: ASTDD School and Adolescent Oral Health Committee Presentation by Linda L. Koskela RDH, MPH, Chair SAOH #2) Health Services: • All children should have a dental home • Make dental referrals (know your community) • Provide preventive services on site: • Fluoride varnish application or fluoride rinse program • Perform oral health screenings • Apply sealants #3) Nutrition Services: • Nutrition related to dental caries • Recommend balanced diet low in sugar • Recommend limiting consumption of sweetened beverages • Recommend limit snacking and healthy snacking • Bulimia and anorexia • Obesity • Diabetes • School vending machines #4) Healthy School Environment: • • • • • School policy on vending machines Health choices on cafeteria menu, salad bar, etc Smoking policy Injury prevention Security to prevent fights leading to trauma #5) Family and Community Involvement: Community health fairs Invite dental providers to speak to parents Invite dental providers to perform oral screenings Hold educational seminars for parents about prevention at home • Make dental referrals • • • • #6) Counseling, Psychological and Social Services: • Children with dental problems miss more days of school • Dental caries may lead to poor school performance • Dental caries may lead to low selfesteem • Parents may need information about accessing public insurance programs (Ie: Medicaid, CHP+) #7) Health Promotions for Staff: • Staff development programs promoting healthy lifestyles • Programs that offer incentives to staff (Ie: weight loss challenges, walking mileage challenges) • Exercise promotion (Ie: on site facilities at Universities) • Smoking cessation programs • Offer mental health services • Staff oral health status?? #8) Physical Education (PE): • • • • • • • Promote keeping PE and recess in schools Develop afterschool programs promoting PE Promote community sports (soccer, baseball leagues) Host a 5K run/walk event to benefit the school Sports mouth guards programs Be familiar with how to treat dental trauma Have resources available for dental referral when needed in urgent situations Research shows that students with oral health problems have lower school performance and more missed school days Seirawan H, Faust S, Mulligan R. The impact of oral health on the academic performance of disadvantaged children. Am J Public Health. 2012 Sep;102(9):1729-34. Jackson SL, Vann WF Jr, Kotch JB, Pahel BT, Lee JY. Impact of poor oral health on children's school attendance and performance. Am J Public Health. 2011 Oct;101(10):1900-6. • Review of dental anatomy • Progression of a cavity Two basic types: Trauma Infection Deamonte Driver 12 years old Does anyone recognize him? Died February 27, 2007 Prince Georges County, Maryland Cause of death: complications from dental infection Cavities or past dental treatment Facial swelling Abscess noted near gumline •Facial swelling accompanied by pain, limited opening and deviation on opening. •Evaluate if swelling is into orbit or will obstruct airway. Student presents with toothache No facial swelling Presence of facial swelling Not urgent Urgent Refer to dentist for treatment If orbit and airway unaffected, Rx antibiotic, root canal therapy or extraction of tooth If orbit or airway are affected, Rx antibiotic, consider IV antibiotic and eval if I&D is needed, extraction of tooth Begin antibiotic therapy Tylenol/Ibuprofen for pain Seek dental care immediately • Root canal therapy or extraction indicated • May require incision and drainage • Oral Maxillo-Facial Surgeon may be needed If no dentist available, consider admitting to hospital and maintaining on antibiotic until dental care is available, especially if swelling invades orbit or airway Antibiotics o Oral: • Amoxicillin 20-40mg/kg/day in divided doses every 8 hours • If penicillin allergic: Clindamycin 8-20mg/kg/day in 3-4 divided doses o IV • Unasyn 100-400 mg/kg/day in divided doses every 6 hours • Clindamycin 20-40 mg/kg/day in 3-4 divided doses Root canal therapy: o Provides drainage of infection via canal space and crown of tooth o Pulp is removed, canals are cleaned and disinfected and then filled with biocompatible material such as gutta percha or MTA (mineral trioxide aggregate) o Tooth usually requires a crown placed after that within 1 month of treatment ideal o >95% success rates for permanent teeth Extraction: o Remove the sources of infection and provide drainage through the socket site o 100% successful Most common site maxillary incisors (upper front teeth) Most common accidents: o Falls o Bike/Car accidents o Sports related injuries o Violence (at school) o Abuse If severe refer student for physical exam: o Neurological assessment o Loss of consciousness o Nausea/Vomiting o Headache o Lethargy o Seizures o Vision problems o Tetanus exposure • Fracture – partial loss of tooth surface due to trauma - uncomplicated (no pulp exposure) - complicated (with pulp exposure) - root fracture • Subluxation – mobility of tooth, position unchanged • Luxation – change of tooth position - intrusion or extrusion - lingual or facial - lateral • Avulsion – complete loss of entire tooth from • Soft tissue laceration - injury resulting in cut or break in skin or soft tissue socket • Uncomplicated - Enamel, dentin only - Does not extend into pulp tissue - Usually not associated with pain - If painful, usually just cold/hot sensitivity - May wait to see dentist pending patient’s pain level and ability to eat - Treatment: Smooth edges or composite build-up • Complicated - Nerve is exposed - Associated with higher pain - Require more invasive treatment (root canal therapy) - Refer to dentist for treatment immediately if patient has intolerable pain or next day if mild/no pain (24-48 hours OK of patient can tolerate) - Treatment: may involve root canal therapy, restoration with filling or crown There may be a root fracture post trauma with no evident signs Dentists take 3 x-rays at 3 different angles to diagnose this Poor prognosis for tooth Treatment: varies from monitoring to extracting the tooth and root tip Even patient with mild dental trauma should follow up with dentist next day to rule out root fracture • Mobility of tooth post trauma (also called concussion) • May refer to dentist next day if patient is comfortable and able to eat for x-ray and evaluation • Instruct patient to avoid eating or placing pressure on tooth • Intrusion injuries result in tooth being pushed upwards, may infringe on developing permanent tooth above • Instruct patient to avoid eating or placing pressure on tooth • Refer to dentist, may wait next day pending patient’s pain and ability to eat • Extrusion results in tooth being pulled • • • • downward out of socket post trauma Gently push back into place if possible, the sooner the better Instruct patient to avoid eating or placing pressure on tooth Refer to a dentist immediately if patient cannot bite teeth together normally, tooth is very loose or high pain level If not corrected and bone re-ossifies can be very difficult to correct later • Facial, lingual, mesial, distal luxations may be gently pushed back into place if possible • Evaluate if position of tooth interferes with patient’s teeth biting together • Instruct patient to avoid eating or placing pressure on tooth • Refer to dentist immediately if patient cannot bite teeth together normally, tooth is very loose or high pain level • • • • • Results in complete loss of tooth Primary teeth are not replanted Permanent teeth should be replanted into socket site ASAP Prognosis of tooth depends on time outside the mouth The faster the tooth is re-implanted, the better prognosis it has - Replant on the spot if possible - Transport tooth in Save-A-Tooth, milk or saliva - DO NOT store in water - Handle tooth by crown, not root - Seek dental care immediately Avoid eating with front teeth Keep area very clean Tylenol for pain Evaluate tetanus status if trauma involved dirt exposed area Antibiotic indicated for avulsion 2 week follow up Dentist comfortable suturing intra-orally Prefer MD to suture extra-orally or any esthetic area, including vermillion of lip Evaluate laceration as through and through or not Keep in mind if patient chipped tooth but has not found piece of tooth, may be embedded in laceration site (can be evaluated by x-ray) Home care and Fluoride • Drink water from a fluoridated source (inquire about bottled water) • Flossing once/day, brushing twice/day with fluoridated toothpaste at home • Act or other fluoride mouth rinse if high risk • Special precautions with orthodontic appliances • Involve parents if needed, supervision may be required Professional care • Ask about dental home • Make dental referrals • Get familiar with community resources for children’s oral health Diet • • • • • • • • Balanced diet low in sugar and fermentable carbohydrates Limit sweetened beverages to one/day Encourage healthy snacking Limit smacking frequency to twice/day between meals Encourage more water consumption Avoid vending machines at school Discuss how to navigate the cafeteria in a healthy way Limit sports drinks like Gatorade, water is preferred The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD), the American Academy of Orthodontics (AAO) and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) all recommend children wear sports mouth guards when participating in sports Over the counter methods are ill-fitting and will not adequately protect teeth Recommend custom made mouth guards from the dentist Duddy FA, Weissman J, Lee RA Sr, Paranjpe A, Johnson JD, Cohenca N. nfluence of different types of mouthguards on strength and performance of collegiate athletes: a controlledrandomized trial. Dent Traumatol. 2012 Aug;28(4):263-7. Normal part of life Considered stress related Severity depends on amount of tooth structure that is worn away from this habit Usually not treated in children Recommend night guards when all permanent teeth are in Over the counter night guards are ill fitting, not recommended Dentist can fabricate custom made night guard Most common time of orthodontic treatment is during adolescence Approximately 20% of population have orthodontic needs Students may present with pain from broken wire, overextended wire, wire that has come out of bracket or debonded band or bracket Placing wax over site is a quick fix Patient should see orthodontist treating them for help Increased risk of: • Infection • Chipped teeth • Gingival recession Drew Barrymore Plessas A, Pepelassi E. Dental and periodontal complications of lip and tongue piercing: prevalence and influencing factors. Aust Dent J. 2012 Mar;57(1):71-8. Smokeless tobacco (dip, snuff, chew) • Users are at increased risk of oral cancer but lower risk than smokers Meth mouth (public ad campaigns) • Patients present with poor oral hygiene, rampant caries, dry mouth Ravenel MC, Salinas CF, Marlow NM, Slate EH, Evans ZP, Miller PM. Methamphetamine abuse and oral health: a pilot study of "meth mouth". Quintessence Int. 2012 Mar;43(3):229-37. Known high risk of oral cancer National ad campaigns Important to provide smoking cessation counseling in the school-based health care system Have the tools to help adolescents Diemert LM, Bondy SJ, Brown KS, Manske S. Young adult smoking cessation: predictors of quit attempts and abstinence. Am J Public Health. 2013 Mar;103(3):449-53. Question % Yes % No Have you ever tried smoking cigarettes? 29% 69% Have you ever tried smoking cigars, cigarillos, little cigars? 19% 77% Have you ever tried chewing tobacco? 11% 87% Have you ever tried smoking with a pipe? 7.5% 91% Have you ever smoked with a hookah or water pipe? 7.3% 93% During the past year did any doctor, dentist or nurse ask you about tobacco use? 29% 61% During the past year did any doctor, dentist or nurse advise 28% you not to use tobacco? 61% During the past year did your parents talk with you about not using? 58% *Data for 6th-10th graders 39% • 31% reported it would be “Very easy” to get cigarettes • 64% reported they thought tobacco companies are trying to get underage people to smoke • 6.5% reported that they tried to quit on their own or cold turkey in the past year • 32% reported that someone they live with smokes cigarettes School-based Health Clinics can offer an array of oral health services that will benefit adolescents School-based Health Clinic staff can be knowledgeable about various oral health problems afflicting adolescents Having the proper tools and community resources to implement an oral health component will benefit the School-based Health Clinic and the adolescents it serves (My own picture of Vail) California Dental Association Perinatal Oral Health Practice Guidelines Available at: www.cdafoundation.org/learn/perinatal_oral_health New York State Department of Health Oral Health Care During Pregnancy and Early Childhood Practice Guidelines Available at: www.health.state.ny.us/publications/0824.pdf