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Max Weber 1864-1920 1 Rationality and Organization Background http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tBMNDJZHEeI&feature=fvst Maximilian Karl Emil "Max" Weber Born in Erfurt, Germany (1864) Well-to-do family Eldest of eight children Sickly child Physical problems Mental problems Background 3 His mother (Helene Fallenstein): Calvinist Concerned with social issues Very religious His father (Max Weber): Politician Lawyer Self-centered and authoritarian Mr. and Mrs. Max Weber 4 Background 5 Parents had marriage problems Different beliefs and values Max Weber and his brother Alfred became sociologists and economists. Max Weber 6 Weber Pronounced: “vay-bear” Max, Alfred, and Karl -> (1879) Max Weber’s Sociology 7 Concerned with individuals, as well as social structure Macro Micro Max Weber: Sociology 8 Comprehensive science of Social Action Behavior versus Action Behavior= move, react, eat etc. Action=Behavior + Meaning Different from Other Theorists 9 Spencer: Evolution of society as analogous to an organism Natural laws of society Durkheim: Society as an organism Maintaining cohesion of social structures Social Solidarity Different from Other Theorists 10 Marx: Society influenced by economy Conflict between social classes Mauss: System of gift-exchange as basic to society Max Weber: Social Action 11 Weber’s primary focus: Subjective meanings that humans attach to their actions and interactions Within specific social contexts Behavior without meaning, is not in the purview of sociology Max Weber: Social Action 12 Four Major Types of Social Action 1. Traditional Action Guided by custom or habit Action is simply "always done" Example: Celebrating holidays Max Weber: Social Action 13 2. Emotional or Affective Action Motivated by emotional state Love, Anger, Happiness, Revenge Examples: Hitting a person out of anger Max Weber: Social Action 14 3. Value-oriented Rational Action Working toward a goal, which may not be rational But is pursued through rational means Values: Ethical, Religious, Philosophical Not rationally "chosen“ Example: Going to college because you value learning and knowledge Max Weber: Social Action 15 4. Instrumental Rational (Goal-oriented Rational Action) Goals & means are rationally chosen Example: Earning a college degree in order to get a good paying job How to get rich https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yz81sLCy--c Max Weber: Social Action 16 Primarily concerned with modern Western society Behavior increasingly dominated by goal-oriented rationality In the past: Motivated by tradition, affect, or value-oriented rationality Rationalization 17 Rational calculation, Efficiency, and Control (Bureaucracy) Replace: Affective ties Spirituality Tradition Max Weber: Ideal Types 18 An ideal type not meant to refer to “best” or to a moral ideal e.g., Ideal type brothel or Ideal type chapel Analytical construct that provides a basic method for comparative study Max Weber: Ideal Types 19 Identifies “logically consistent” features of social institution Compare “ideal type” to reality Used to develop research hypotheses Example of Ideal Type-Democracy 20 1. A political system with the quality of being responsive to all or nearly all of the citizens. 2. Free to form & join organizations 3. Freedom of expression 4. Right to vote Example of Ideal Type-Democracy 21 5. Eligibility for public office 6. Right of political leaders to compete for support 7. Alternative sources of information 8. Free and fair elections Legitimation & Authority 22 Legitimation-> Turns coercion into acceptable Authority Authority = Legitimate Power Three modes of authority 1. Legal-rational 2. Traditional 3. Charismatic Max Weber: Authority 23 1. Legal-rational authority Based on impersonal rules Rules are legally enacted or contractually established Who has legal-rational authority? Presidents, judges Max Weber: Authority 24 2. Traditional authority Based on belief in tradition Passed down generation to generation Who has Traditional Authority? Aristocracy, Parents, Elders Max Weber: Authority 25 3. Charismatic authority Allegiance to leader Leader’s characteristics Quality of individual's personality Source of change Who has had Charismatic authority? Martin Luther King Jr., Gandhi Max Weber: Bureaucracy 26 Formal organization of large-scale enterprises for example: Government Military Economy Religion Education http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YBCAlZPF0D0 Max Weber: Ideal–type Bureaucracy 27 Clearly defined division of labor Rationality Attention to implementing goals of organization Impersonal application of rules Routinization of tasks 28 1.Rigidity: • Rules and regulations often rigid and inflexible. • Discourages initiative and creativity. 2. Goal Displacement: • Rules become ends to themselves. 3. Impersonality: • Stresses mechanical way of doing things. • Organizational rules and regulations given priority over individual’s needs and emotions. 4. Compartmentalization of Activities: • Jobs divided into categories, • Encourages preservation of jobs even when redundant 29 5. Paperwork: • Involves excessive paperwork --every decision must be put into writing. • All documents have to be maintained in their draft and original forms. • Leads to great waste of time, stationery, and space. 6. Empire Building: • People to use their positions and resources to perpetuate self interests. • Every superior tries to increase the number of subordinates • As if this number is symbol of power and prestige 7. Red Tape: Procedures involve inordinate delays and frustration in the performance of tasks 30 Bureaucracy: Advantage & Disadvantages 31 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Typ Eb0tbFho George Tooker paintings illustrate rationality and modernity Max Weber: Class, Status, and Party 32 Method for Studying Social Stratification: Sources of Power Social Class “…property…and Life lack of property…” chances Socio-economic category Lower class Middle class Upper class Sources of Power: Class, Status, & Party 33 Status Prestige Honor Evaluations people make of one another Ranking desired behavior & traits 2009 34 Max Weber: Party 35 Association that attempts to influence social action Religious Political Age-based Race/Ethnicity Lobbyists Working toward a goal in a planned manner (i.e., rationally) Weber’s Contribution to Sociology 36 ◦ Stratification theory (class, status, party) ◦ Bureaucracy & large scale organizations ◦ Power & Authority ◦ Sociology of law ◦ Sociology of religion Weber’s Contribution to Sociology Theory and Methodology 37 “Verstehen” helps in understanding why certain behaviors occur Social Action: Subjective meanings Values: Role in relationships Weber’s Contribution to Sociology 38 Multi-causality Complete of Social Phenomena Objectivity is Impossible ◦ Values & Value relevance Weber’s Contribution to Sociology 39 The Protestant Ethic & The Spirit of Capitalism ◦ Cultural barriers can prevent an economy from growing to its full potential Ex: religion Weber’s Contribution to Sociology 40 Max Weber had more powerful positive impact on a wide range of sociological theories than any other sociological theorist Created the German Association for Sociology (1909) Starting Point for Careers: Karl Mannheim, Talcott Parsons, Robert Merton and C. Wright Mills