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GENETICS How are traits passed from parents to offspring? CO Science Standard Organisms reproduce and transmit genetic information (genes) to offspring, which influences individuals' traits in the next generation. Warm-up 1. Answer the "Inquiry" questions on page 668. 2. Complete the "What do you think" activity on page 669. Objective Explain how Mendelian traits are inherited. Human traits The traits listed below are based on heredity...but not necessarily simple Mendelian genetics. Trait Phenotype 1 Phenotype 2 Dimples Yes No Thumbs Curved Straight Earlobes Unattached Attached Tongue roller Yes No Interlacing fingers Left thumb over right Right thumb over left Widow's peak Yes No Objective Summarize Mendel's work and how it increased our knowledge of genetics. Warm-up (Copy) ● Gregor Mendel Austrian Monk mid 1800's genetic experiments involving pea plants ○ disproved blending inheritance ○ "father of genetics" ○ ○ ○ ○ ● Vocabulary Trait characteristic of an organism Phenotype - how a trait is expressed ● ● Guiding Questions ● Why did Mendel use pea plants in his experiments? ● What is the difference between a dominant traits and recessive traits? Assignment Part I Part II Use the textbook (pages 672-677) and notes to write a lab report for Mendel's genetics experiments. Include the following: ● Testable question ● Materials ● Procedure ● Results ● Conclusion Section Review (p. 678) Numbers 7,8,9 Objective Predict the outcome of genetic crosses Warm-up Explain the following experiments. Use the terms true-breeding, hybrid, dominant, and recessive. Experiment 1. A purple flower is cross-pollinated with a white flower and all of the offspring are purple. Experiment 2. A purple flower is cross-pollinated with a purple flower and some of the offspring are white. Notes ● Two genes per trait, one from each parent ● Dominant genes represented by CAPITAL letter (B) ● Recessive gene represented by lower case letter (b) ● Use same letter for same trait ● Homozygous dominant (BB) ● Homozygous recessive (bb) ● Heterozygous (Bb) Examples See pea plant genetics guide 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Homozygous dominant tall = TT Homozygous recessive wrinkled = rr Heterozygous purple flower = Pp Yellow seed = yy Heterozygous round seeds = Rr With partners Create 3 examples of your own and have your partner try to answer them. Check for understanding Use your pea plant genetics guide 1. Rr 2. tt 3. PP Punnett Square Punnett Square basics 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Place genes of one parent on top. Place genes of other parent on left side. Copy genes across each row. Copy genes down each column. Always write dominant gene first. Examples 1. If two white flower pea plants are crossed, what is the predicted outcome? 2. If two pea plants that are homozygous for yellow seeds are crossed, what is the 3. If a pea plant heterozygous for round seeds is crossed with a pea plant with wrinkled seeds, what is the predicted outcome? 4. If two pea plants heterozygous for purple flowers are crossed, what is the predicted outcome? Practice 1. If two plants are homozygous for rounds seeds, what is the expected outcome? 2. If a heterozygous tall pea plant is crossed with a dwarf pea plant, what is the expected outcome? 3. Using a Punnett Square, show how two plants with purple flowers can produce offspring with white flowers. With a partner Write your own genetics problem and give to a partner to solve. DOL In humans, dark eye color (D) is dominant over light eye color (d). Use a Punnett Square to show how two parents with dark eyes can have a child with light eyes.