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Download FISH 336 Lect 26 Protozoa
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Phylogeny 6 Kingdoms Eubacteria Archaea Protozoa Plantae Fungi Animalia Prokaryote Unicells Peptidoglycan Cell Wall Prokaryote Unicells No Peptidoglycan in Cell Wall Unicells 11 Phyla Multicellular Autotrophs Chloroplasts in Cytosol Unicells & Multicelled Cell Walls with Chitin Multicellular Heterotrophs Tree of Life Based on Sequenced Genomes Protozoa 1980s – Phylum Protozoa Containing all Autotroph & Heterotroph Eukaryotic Unicells 3 Kingdoms Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Eukaryota 1990s – Cladistic Analyses & DNA Sequence Analyses Revolution in Phylogeny – Cavalier-Smith 1998 6 Kingdoms – Kingdom Protozoa with 18 Phyla 2003 – Cavalier-Smith Reorganizes Taxonomy Based on More Complete DNA Sequence Data 6 Kingdoms – Kingdom Protozoa with 11 Phyla Challenges Posed by Protozoa HUGE Diversity Among Protozoa Diagnosis Often Complicated Like Bacteria & Viruses Small & Can Be Airborne Protozoan Caused Diseases Referred to As Parasitism Many Treatment Modalities for Bacteria and Viruses Don’t Work with Eukaryotes Four Major Types of Protozoa Amoeba Flagellate – Euglena sp. Ciliate Sporozoan Life Cycle - Gregarine Gregarine Trophozoite (Intracellular Feeding Stage) Cleared Area is Cell Nucleus Ciliates Protozoan Phylum Ciliophora - 10 Classes Possess Multiple Cilia Used in Motility, Feeding Attachment, Sensation Complex Protozoans Up to 2 mm Long Breslauides discoides Ciliate – Trichodina Found on Gills & Skin – No Lesions, Gill Swelling Behavior Lethargic – Ciliate Reproduction Increased by Elevated NH3 Levels - Microscopic ID Only Caused by High Stocking Densities, Generous Feeding Rates – Poor Water Quality – Higher Mortalities – Off Flavor Problems Contamination by Contact with Infected Fish Treatments: Paracide-F® KMnO4, CuSO4 Trichodina Trichodina – Dog Salmon Fry Tail Trichodina – Dog Salmon Parr Tail Epistylis Stalked Non-Motile Ciliate Protozoan: Anchors onto Calcified Tissues Causes White or Hemorrhagic Lesions Secondarily Infected by Bacteria Diagnosis by Microscopy – Stalked Non-Contractile Zooids Treatment: Formalin and Salt Baths Occasionally Ineffective – KMnO4 Epistylis Epistylis Infection Ambiphrya or Scyphidia Stalked Non-Motile Ciliate Protozoan: Anchors onto Skin – Leaves Scars When Moving Density Can be Overwhelming Covering More than 50% of Skin Restricting O2 Uptake Kills Young Tilapia & Carp Higher Magnification = Ambiphrya Ambiphrya on Tilapia Fry Chilodonella uncinata – Dividing Chilodonellosis Ichthyophthirius multifilis White Spot or Ich Pear Shaped Ciliate to 1 mm in Diameter Parasitic on Skin & Gills Fresh Water Fish Cryptocaryon irritans Similar Pattern in Salt Water Both Penetrate Skin – Leads to White Spot Symptoms: White Spots – Fish Rub against Tank Treatment: Bathing in Formalin or Malachite Green Vectors: Sticklebacks, Wild Salmonids – Be Cautious with Untreated Water. Ichthyophthirius – White Spot or Ich White Spot Disease Spirochona Infestation Spirochona Infestation Amphipod Gill Flagellate Costia (Ichthyobodo) necator Small Flagellated Protozoan – Primarily Attack Gills Does Not Cause Lesions But Block Flow of O2 Environmental Degradation and Crowding Promotes Increased Problems Can Cause Damage to Skin & Gills, Hyperplasia And Secondary Infections Treatment: Light Infections – KMnO4, Formalin Heavy Infections: Light Salt Solutions Repeated Costia (Ichthyobodo) necator Heavy Costia Infestation Costia Skin Lesions Apicomplexa (formerly Sporozoa) Glugea – Infective Stage Glugea stephani - Xenoma Perkinsus - Infective Stage Perkinsus – Infection Tadpole Mesomycetozoa Unicellular Parasites of Fish Distantly Related to Fungi and Choanoflagellates Ichthyophonus Ichthyophonus hoeferi Ichthyophonus – Infestation Ichthyophonus – Infected Heart Dinoflagellates Oodinium – Velvet or Gold Dust Disease Oodinium Trophonts Oodinium – Red Velvet on Gill Plate Saprolegnia – Oomycete or Water Mold Saprolegnia Kudoa megacapsula – Infective Stage Kudoa – in Fish pericardium Kudoa – Muscle Liquifaction Henneguya 1 Oocyst 2 Sporocyte 3 Sporozoite 4 Locomotory Surface 5Trophozoite 6 Merozoite Henneguya – Infested Pink Salmon
