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Sociology Ch. 5 S. 2: The Social Self Obj: Explain how a person’s sense of ____________ emerges; identify and describe the _________________ that have been put _____________ to explain the process of socialization. At _____________, human beings cannot talk, walk, feed themselves, or protect themselves from harm. They know nothing about the norms of society. Through interaction with their social and cultural environment, people are transformed into participating members of their society. This interactive process through which people learn the basic skills, values, beliefs, and behavior patterns of a society is called __________________. A number of theories exist to explain how people become socialized and develop a sense of self. Your ___________ is your conscious awareness of possessing a distinct identity that separates you and your environment from other members of society. Locke: The Tabula Rasa John ________________, an English philosopher from the 1600s, insisted that each newly born human being is a tabula rasa, or clean ___________, on which just about anything can be written. Locke claimed that each of us is born without a personality. We acquire our personalities as a result of our social experiences. Today few people would take such an _________________ view. Nevertheless, many of our basic assumptions about socialization are related to Locke’s views. Most sociologists think of socialization as a process by which individuals absorb the aspects of their culture with which they come into contact. Through the socialization process, they develop the sense of being distinct members of society. Cooley: The Looking-Glass Self Social psychologist Charles Horton _________________ was one of the founders of the founders of the interactionist perspective in sociology. He is most noted for developing the idea of the primary group and for his theory explaining how individuals developed a sense of self. The concept of the looking-glass self is central to that theory. The ___________________ self refers to the interactive process by which we develop an image of ourselves based on how we image we appear to others. Other people act as a mirror, reflecting back the image we _______________ through their reactions to our behavior. According to Cooley, the development of the looking-glass self is a ____________-step process. First, we imagine how we ____________ to others. Second, based on their reactions to us, we attempt to determine whether others view us as we view ourselves. Finally, we use our ___________________ of how others judge us to develop feelings about ourselves. The process of _______________ development begins very early in childhood. This theory puts a great deal of responsibility on ________________ and other primary-group members who have contact with children. Cooley was quick to note that although this process starts early in childhood, it continues throughout life. Individuals continually redefine their ___________________ as they alter their interpretations of the way they think others view them. Mead: Role-Taking American philosopher George Herbert _____________ developed ideas related to Cooley’s theories. According to Mead, seeing ourselves as others see us is only the beginning. Eventually we not only see ourselves as others see us but actually take on or pretend to take the roles of others. This act of ________________ forms the basis of the socialization process by allowing us to anticipate what others expect of us. We thus learn to see ourselves through the ____________ of others. According to Mead, we first internalize the _____________________ of the people closest to us. Although Mead may not use the term, sociologists now refer to such people as __________________ others. As we grow older, significant others become less important. Instead, the importance in guiding our behavior and reinforcing our sense of self. Mead called the internalized attitudes, expectations, and viewpoints of society the ___________________ other. Children are not automatically capable of role-taking. They must develop the necessary skills through social __________________. Mead visualized role-taking as a three-step process involving imitation, play, and games. Under about three years of age, children lack a sense of __________. Consequently, they can only imitate the actions of others. Such _________________ is not role-taking, but rather preparation for learning expectations associated with roles. By the time children reach _________________ age, they begin to take part in organized games. Organized ____________ require children not only to take on roles of their own but also to anticipate the actions and expectations of others. Because it requires internalizing the generalized other, the game stage of role-taking most closely _________________ real life. Through role-taking, individuals develop a sense of self. According to Mead, the self consists of two related parts- the “I” and the “me”. The____ is the unsocialized, spontaneous, self-interested component of personality and self-identity. The _____, on the other hand, is the part of ourself that is aware of the expectations and attitudes of society-the socialized self. In childhood, the I component of ____________________ is stronger than the me component. Through the process of socialization, however, the me gains power by acting together with the I and bringing actions in line with the expectations of society. The me never totally dominates the I. To develop into a well-rounded member of society, a person needs both aspects of the self.