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10/3/2012 Voltage Drops Around Closed Loops 5V Select Resistors Find the 10k and the 330 resistors from your parts kit. color digit black 0 brown 1 red d 2 orange 3 yellow 4 green 5 blue 6 violet 7 gray 8 white 9 gold = ±5% first digit tolerance silver = ±20% number of zeros second digit Example: 10kresistor 1 = brown 0 = black Add 3 zeros, so 3 = orange So, 10kΩ = brown black orange Now, find the 330 resistor. 2 Build the Series Circuit Below 5V 10k 10k 330 5V 330 10k + 5V ‐ 330 All of these circuits are the SAME!! 3 1 10/3/2012 Compute the Voltage Drops Across the Two Resistors Use Ohm’s Law: V = I ∙ R R1 = 10k given R1 = 10kΩ R2 = 330 Ω V1 = 5V + find the equivalent resistance V1=5V R2 = 330 ‐ find the current Now, add the voltage rise of the power source (+5V) to the voltage drops across the resistors (negative numbers). find the voltage drop across R1 find the voltage drop across R2 4 Use Multimeter to Measure Voltages Around Loop 10k (1) From 5V pin to Gnd V1 = _____ + 5V 330 ‐ (2) Across the 10kΩ resistor V2 = _____ Remember . . . a RESISTOR is a voltage DROP and a POWER SOURCE is a voltage RISE V1 V2 V3 (3) Across the330Ω resistor V3 = _____ rises must balance drops!!!! 5 Compare Measurements to Theory R1 = 10k V = 4.84V + V1=5V ‐ V = 0.16V R2 = 330 Pretty close! 6 2 10/3/2012 Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) Kirchoff’s Voltage Law says that the algebraic sum of voltages around any closed loop in a circuit is zero – we see that this is true for our circuit. It is also true for very complex circuits. R1 = 10k V = 4.84V + 5V – 4.84V – 0.16V = 0 V1=5V ‐ V = 0.16V R2 = 3300 Notice that the 5V is DIVIDED between the two resistors, with the larger voltage drop occurring across the larger resistor. 7 Photo: Library of Congress Gustav Kirchoff (1824 – 1887) was a German physicist who made fundamental contributions to the understanding of electrical circuits and to the science of emission spectroscopy He showed that when elements were heated to incandescence they spectroscopy. He showed that when elements were heated to incandescence, they produce a characteristic signature allowing them to be identified. He wrote the laws for closed electric circuits in 1845 when he was a 21 year‐old student. 8 3