Download Practice Exam 5

PRACTICE EXAM 5
1) Digestion is the
a. absorption of nutrients suspended in water.
b. conversion of glycogen to glucose.
c. chemical and mechanical breakdown of food for absorption into the body.
d. churning of food in the stomach and intestine.
e. process of building proteins from amino acids.
2)
During which of the following stages of food processing is undigested material removed
from the digestive tract?
a. absorption
b. elimination
c. digestion
d. gestation
e. ingestion
3) Through digestion, polysaccharides are broken down into
a. fatty acids.
b. monosaccharides.
c. glycerols.
d. nucleotides.
e. amino acids.
4) Through digestion, nucleic acids are broken down into
a. fatty acids.
b. monosaccharides.
c. glycerols.
d. nucleotides.
e. amino acids.
5) An alimentary canal is best defined as
a. the compartment in which an animal temporarily stores its food.
b. a digestive cavity in which food is churned and mixed.
c. a tube-shaped compartment with either one or two openings.
d. a tube-shaped compartment for the transport, digestion, and absorption of food.
e. an organ designed for regulation of food passage.
6) Which of the following correctly lists the order of the parts of the human digestive
system, from first to last contact with food matter?
a. pharynx, oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, large intestine
b. oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
c. esophagus, pharynx, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
d. esophagus, pharynx, stomach, large intestine, small intestine
e. oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine
7) Smooth muscle propels food through the alimentary canal by a process called
a. circular contractions.
b. diffusion.
c. active transport.
d. peristalsis.
e. progurgitation.
8) The digestion of carbohydrates begins in the mouth. What is the name given to the
starch-digesting enzyme secreted by salivary glands?
a. bile salts
b. lipase
c. pepsin
d. amylase
e. trypsin
9) Human saliva performs all of the following functions except
a. lubricating food.
b. neutralizing food acids.
c. controlling bacterial populations.
d. hydrolyzing starch.
e. hydrolyzing proteins.
10) Which of the following mechanisms helps prevent the gastric juice from destroying the
stomach lining?
a. digestion of protein by pepsin
b. secretion of acid-neutralizing compounds
c. generation through mitosis of new cells to replace the stomach lining
d. protection of the cells of the stomach-lining by a bone-like substance
e. dilution of the acid by food passing through the stomach
11) The stomach mixes food with secretions of the stomach wall to form
a. gastric juice.
b. a parietal bolus.
c. gastrin.
d. chyme.
e. acid gastrin.
12) Heartburn is usually caused by the
a. secretion of acid by the lining of the lower esophagus.
b. reflux of chyme from the stomach into the lower esophagus.
c. retention of food at the bottom of the esophagus by a sphincter that is reluctant
to open.
d. irritation of the lower esophagus by substances in spicy food.
e. compression of the lower esophagus by an overfilled stomach.
13) Epithelial cells lining the intestine have surface projections that increase nutrient
absorption. These projections are called
a. villi.
b.
c.
d.
e.
cilia.
microvilli.
rugae.
flagella.
14) What is the main digestive function of the pancreas?
a. to produce digestive enzymes and bile salts
b. to produce bile
c. to produce digestive enzymes and a bicarbonate buffer
d. to produce bicarbonate-containing mucus
e. to aid in the control of cholesterol
15) Which of the following nutrients is digested only after it reaches the small intestine?
a. fat
b. protein
c. starch
d. complex carbohydrate
e. polypeptide
16) Nutrients absorbed by the intestines move directly to the liver, which
a. converts the nutrients into monomers.
b. converts excess glucose to glycogen.
c. produces platelets for blood clotting.
d. manages the amount of glucose that is converted to polysaccharides.
e. converts glucose to alcohol.
17) Absorption of water is a major function of the
a. cecum.
b. esophagus.
c. colon.
d. rectum.
e. appendix.
18) Interestingly, most herbivorous animals do not have the ability to digest the cellulose in
plants. However, in the absence of this ability, they have evolved a mechanism that
allows them to survive despite eating only plant matter, namely
a. production of saliva containing amylase.
b. digestion by symbiotic microorganisms.
c. avoidance of plants containing cellulose.
d. drinking large volumes of water.
e. converting cellulose to other carbohydrates.
19) Which of the following digestive system structures is greatly expanded in size in koalas,
resulting in a very large surface area for prokaryotes to digest plant material?
a. liver
b. stomach
c. rumen
d. cecum
e. gall bladder
20) High-flying birds are able to obtain enough oxygen even when the air is very thin
because
a. they have more efficient lungs than other vertebrates.
b. they have reduced amounts of hemoglobin in their blood.
c. their mitochondria are more efficient than those of other vertebrates.
d. their heart can increase or decrease in size as altitude changes.
e. they are able to store oxygen in oxygen chambers within muscle cells.
21) If you were to move from around sea level to a much higher altitude, your body would
respond with
a. profuse sweating.
b. a decrease in the diameter and number of capillaries close to your body's surface.
c. an increase in energy production.
d. a decrease in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.
e. an increase in the number of your red blood cells.
22) The reason animals need a continuous supply of oxygen is to
a. make carbon dioxide.
b. synthesize protein.
c. dispose of carbon dioxide.
d. carry out glycolysis.
e. obtain energy from their food.
23) A waste product of respiration is
a. water.
b. electrons.
c. hydrogen peroxide.
d. carbon dioxide.
e. glucose.
24) The chief advantage of gas exchange in water is that
a. water can contain more oxygen than air.
b. carbon dioxide is easier to eliminate in water than in air.
c. no energy is used to keep the exchange surface wet.
d. less energy is required to ventilate gills as compared to lungs.
e. contact between the respiratory surface and the gas-containing medium is more
efficient in water than in air.
25) Evolutionary movement of aquatic animals to land involved an intermediate individual
that
a. could fly.
b. is called a "podafish."
c. evolved a tracheal system of branching internal tubes.
d. had both gills and lungs.
e. had ribs to protect the heart and lungs.
26) Which of the following options correctly lists the direction of carbon dioxide travel as it
leaves the body?
a. alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, pharynx, larynx
b. alveoli, bronchi, bronchioles, trachea, larynx, pharynx
c. alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx
d. alveoli, bronchi, bronchioles, trachea, pharynx, larynx
e. alveoli, trachea, bronchioles, bronchi, pharynx, larynx
27) What name is given to the sheet of muscle that helps move air in and out of the lungs?
a. trachea
b. alveolus
c. larynx
d. diaphragm
e. bronchus
28) Within the lungs, gas exchange occurs across
a. alveoli.
b. tracheae.
c. bronchioles.
d. diaphragms.
e. bronchi.
29) Why do cigarette smokers cough more than nonsmokers?
a. The tar in cigarette smoke tends to make alveoli stick together, and coughing
separates them.
b. Cigarette smoke harms the cilia that normally move debris out of the lungs, and
coughing is the remaining way to
clean the lungs.
c. Cigarette smoking partially paralyzes the muscles in the lungs, resulting in an
increased residual volume, and
coughing exchanges this "dead air."
d. Coughing stimulates blood flow to the lungs.
e. By raising the pressure in the lungs, coughing forces more oxygen into the blood.
30) Cigarette smoking and secondhand smoke cause cancer due to the
a. effects they have on our breathing mechanisms.
b. toxins in the smoke.
c. resistance they have for products of our immune system.
d. immunosuppressive effects they display.
e. lack of antioxidants in smoke.
31) When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes leads initially to
the urge to breathe again?
a. rising oxygen concentration
b.
c.
d.
e.
rising carbon dioxide concentration
falling oxygen concentration
falling carbon dioxide concentration
falling nitrogen concentration
32) What part of the human brain contains the primary breathing control center?
a. neocortex
b. hippocampus
c. cerebellum
d. medulla oblongata
e. thalamus
33) In a mammal, blood leaving the lungs goes to
a. the kidneys.
b. the heart.
c. the limbs.
d. the liver.
e. the brain.
34) Oxygen moves from blood into the interstitial fluid and then to body cells because
a. it diffuses from a region of higher partial pressure to a region of lower partial
pressure.
b. it diffuses from a region of lower partial pressure to a region of higher partial
pressure.
c. it descends down an osmotic gradient, following the movement of water.
d. the cells of the body create molecular attractions that pull the oxygen to them.
e. oxygen diffuses from a higher to a lower pH.
35) What prompts a newborn baby to start to breathe?
a. an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the baby's blood
b. a decrease in the concentration of oxygen in the baby's blood
c. a change in the temperature on the surface of the skin
d. exposure to air
e. an increase in the pH of the baby's blood
36) Which of the following statements regarding circulation is true?
a. Muscle contraction tends to pull blood downward into the lower parts of the
body of a terrestrial vertebrate.
b. A standing giraffe requires a great deal more pressure to pump blood to its head
than an animal with a shorter neck.
c. Valves in veins and muscle contractions pressing against veins slow down the
return of blood to the heart.
d. When a corn snake climbs up a tree, its heart beats slower but with greater force.
e. Gravity significantly affects blood moving through the circulatory system.
37) Which of the following statements regarding circulatory systems is true?
a. The smallest blood vessels in the body are veins.
b. A circulatory system is necessary in any animal whose body is too large or too
complex for vital chemicals to reach all
parts of the body by diffusion.
c. Red blood cells are too large to pass single file through capillaries.
d. Materials are exchanged directly between the blood and body cells.
e. The circulatory system transports gases and nutrients, but the lymphatic system
transports metabolic wastes.
38) Although birds and mammals descended from different ancestors, they both have a fourchambered heart. This is the result of
a. the simplification of the cardiovascular system.
b. the necessity for rapid movement of blood.
c. the importance of entirely filling the chest cavity.
d. nature selecting adaptations of two unrelated individuals in response to similar
environmental challenges.
e. genetic aberrations that resulted from mistakes in somatic cell division.
39) In mammals, blood returning from the head will pass through the ________ just before
entering the right atrium.
a. right ventricle
b. left atrium
c. superior vena cava
d. inferior vena cava
e. aorta
40) In mammals, which of the following vessels transports oxygenated blood from the lung
back to the heart?
a. pulmonary artery
b. pulmonary vein
c. aorta
d. vena cava
e. coronary artery
41) Oxygen-poor blood is carried from the heart of a mammal to the lungs via the
a. pulmonary arteries.
b. pulmonary veins.
c. venae cavae.
d. aorta.
e. coronary veins.
42) Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs by the
a. pulmonary artery.
b. left atrium.
c. right atrium.
d. left ventricle.
e. right ventricle.
43) From the left ventricle, oxygen-rich blood flows through the
a. superior vena cava.
b.
c.
d.
e.
inferior vena cava.
aorta.
pulmonary artery.
pulmonary vein.
44) During which phase of the heartbeat does the heart fill with blood?
a. interphase
b. resting phase
c. diastole
d. atrial phase
e. systole
45) Heart rate is least influenced by
a. emotional cues.
b. hormones.
c. exercise.
d. a pacemaker in the right atrium.
e. the number of cells per unit of blood.
46) Using a stethoscope, you listen to a beating heart and hear "lub-dup, lub-dup." These
sounds are created by
a. muscles in the left ventricle.
b. blood flowing through the aorta.
c. muscles in the right atrium.
d. blood pressure differentials from chamber to chamber.
e. valves in the heart closing.
47) Myocardial infarction, also called a heart attack,
a. is caused by excessive blood pressure in the heart.
b. actually causes no permanent damage to the heart.
c. is the result of angina pectoris.
d. is unrelated to cigarette smoking.
e. results from the death of cardiac muscle cells.
48) Which blood vessels have the thinnest walls?
a. arteries
b. arterioles
c. veins
d. venules
e. capillaries
49) In humans, which blood vessels have valves?
a. arteries in the neck
b. arterioles
c. capillaries
d. venules
e. veins
50) As blood moves away from the heart, the relative size and number of blood vessels
________, the blood pressure ________, and the velocity of blood flow ________.
a. decreases . . . drops. . . slows
b. decreases. . . increases . . . increases
c. decreases. . . drops . . . increases
d. increases. . . increases. . . increases
e. increases. . . drops . . . slows
51) What type of blood vessel is solely responsible for exchange between the blood and the
interstitial fluid?
a. artery
b. arteriole
c. capillary
d. venule
e. vein
52) The liquid part of blood is called
a. water.
b. plasma.
c. serum.
d. extrastitial fluid.
e. anionic fluid.
53) Cells make up about what percentage of total blood volume?
a. 10%
b. 25%
c. 45%
d. 65%
e. 80%
54) Which non-specific defense mechanism works by creating a thick barrier filled with
keratin and plentiful microbiota?
a. Mucous membranes
b. Lacrimal apparatus
c. Skin
d. White blood cells
e. Platelets
55) Which non-specific defense mechanism works by producing lysozomes and plentiful
microbiota?
a. Mucous membranes
b. Lacrimal apparatus
c. Skin
d. White blood cells
e. Platelets
56) Which non-specific defense mechanism is responsible for the process of phagocytosis?
a. Mucous membranes
b. Lacrimal apparatus
c. Skin
d. White blood cells
e. Platelets
57) Which statement best describes the process of phagocytosis?
a. Specific B and T cells identify an invader and target that cell for destruction.
b. Memory cells are formed after a specific pathogen enters the body.
c. Antibodies are produced and target cells for destruction.
d. Macrophage and neutrophils digest invading pathogens.
e. Lysozymes are produced by the lacrimal apparatus that attack invading
pathogens.
58) Which of the following best describes the difference in the way B cells and cytotoxic T
cells deal with invaders?
a. B cells confer active immunity; T cells confer passive immunity
b. B cells send out antibodies to attack; certain T cells can do the attacking
themselves
c. T cells handle the primary immune response; B cells handle the secondary
response.
d. B cells are responsible for the cell-mediated immune response; T cells are
responsible for the humoral immune response.
e. B cells attack the first time the invader is present; T cells attack subsequent times.
Use the following answers to match to the statements below
a. lymphocyte
b. cytotoxic T cell
c. helper T cell
d. macrophage
e. B cell
f. memory cell
59) Attacks infected body cells
60) Carries out the humoral immune response
61) Phagocytic white blood cell
62) General name for a B or T cell
63) Required for initiating the secondary immune response
64) Cell most commonly attacked by HIV
ANSWERS
1) Digestion is the
a. absorption of nutrients suspended in water.
b. conversion of glycogen to glucose.
c. chemical and mechanical breakdown of food for absorption into the body.
d. churning of food in the stomach and intestine.
e. process of building proteins from amino acids.
Answer C
2)
During which of the following stages of food processing is undigested material removed
from the digestive tract?
a. absorption
b. elimination
c. digestion
d. gestation
e. ingestion
Answer B
3) Through digestion, polysaccharides are broken down into
a. fatty acids.
b. monosaccharides.
c. glycerols.
d. nucleotides.
e. amino acids.
Answer B
4) Through digestion, nucleic acids are broken down into
a. fatty acids.
b. monosaccharides.
c. glycerols.
d. nucleotides.
e. amino acids.
Answer D
5) An alimentary canal is best defined as
a. the compartment in which an animal temporarily stores its food.
b. a digestive cavity in which food is churned and mixed.
c. a tube-shaped compartment with either one or two openings.
d. a tube-shaped compartment for the transport, digestion, and absorption of food.
e. an organ designed for regulation of food passage.
Answer D
6) Which of the following correctly lists the order of the parts of the human digestive
system, from first to last contact with food matter?
a. pharynx, oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, large intestine
b. oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
c. esophagus, pharynx, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
d. esophagus, pharynx, stomach, large intestine, small intestine
e. oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine
Answer B
7) Smooth muscle propels food through the alimentary canal by a process called
a. circular contractions.
b. diffusion.
c. active transport.
d. peristalsis.
e. progurgitation.
Answer D
8) The digestion of carbohydrates begins in the mouth. What is the name given to the
starch-digesting enzyme secreted by salivary glands?
a. bile salts
b. lipase
c. pepsin
d. amylase
e. trypsin
Answer D
9) Human saliva performs all of the following functions except
a. lubricating food.
b. neutralizing food acids.
c. controlling bacterial populations.
d. hydrolyzing starch.
e. hydrolyzing proteins.
Answer E
10) Which of the following mechanisms helps prevent the gastric juice from destroying the
stomach lining?
a. digestion of protein by pepsin
b. secretion of acid-neutralizing compounds
c. generation through mitosis of new cells to replace the stomach lining
d. protection of the cells of the stomach-lining by a bone-like substance
e. dilution of the acid by food passing through the stomach
Answer C
11) The stomach mixes food with secretions of the stomach wall to form
a. gastric juice.
b. a parietal bolus.
c. gastrin.
d. chyme.
e. acid gastrin.
Answer D
12) Heartburn is usually caused by the
a. secretion of acid by the lining of the lower esophagus.
b. reflux of chyme from the stomach into the lower esophagus.
c. retention of food at the bottom of the esophagus by a sphincter that is reluctant
to open.
d. irritation of the lower esophagus by substances in spicy food.
e. compression of the lower esophagus by an overfilled stomach.
Answer B
13) Epithelial cells lining the intestine have surface projections that increase nutrient
absorption. These projections are called
a. villi.
b. cilia.
c. microvilli.
d. rugae.
e. flagella.
Answer C
14) What is the main digestive function of the pancreas?
a. to produce digestive enzymes and bile salts
b. to produce bile
c. to produce digestive enzymes and a bicarbonate buffer
d. to produce bicarbonate-containing mucus
e. to aid in the control of cholesterol
Answer C
15) Which of the following nutrients is digested only after it reaches the small intestine?
a. fat
b. protein
c. starch
d. complex carbohydrate
e. polypeptide
Answer A
16) Nutrients absorbed by the intestines move directly to the liver, which
a. converts the nutrients into monomers.
b. converts excess glucose to glycogen.
c. produces platelets for blood clotting.
d. manages the amount of glucose that is converted to polysaccharides.
e. converts glucose to alcohol.
Answer B
17) Absorption of water is a major function of the
a. cecum.
b. esophagus.
c. colon.
d. rectum.
e. appendix.
Answer C
18) Interestingly, most herbivorous animals do not have the ability to digest the cellulose in
plants. However, in the absence of this ability, they have evolved a mechanism that
allows them to survive despite eating only plant matter, namely
a. production of saliva containing amylase.
b. digestion by symbiotic microorganisms.
c. avoidance of plants containing cellulose.
d. drinking large volumes of water.
e. converting cellulose to other carbohydrates.
Answer B
19) Which of the following digestive system structures is greatly expanded in size in koalas,
resulting in a very large surface area for prokaryotes to digest plant material?
a. liver
b. stomach
c. rumen
d. cecum
e. gall bladder
Answer D
20) High-flying birds are able to obtain enough oxygen even when the air is very thin
because
a. they have more efficient lungs than other vertebrates.
b. they have reduced amounts of hemoglobin in their blood.
c. their mitochondria are more efficient than those of other vertebrates.
d. their heart can increase or decrease in size as altitude changes.
e. they are able to store oxygen in oxygen chambers within muscle cells.
Answer A
21) If you were to move from around sea level to a much higher altitude, your body would
respond with
a. profuse sweating.
b. a decrease in the diameter and number of capillaries close to your body's surface.
c. an increase in energy production.
d. a decrease in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.
e. an increase in the number of your red blood cells.
Answer E
22) The reason animals need a continuous supply of oxygen is to
a. make carbon dioxide.
b. synthesize protein.
c. dispose of carbon dioxide.
d. carry out glycolysis.
e. obtain energy from their food.
Answer E
23) A waste product of respiration is
a. water.
b. electrons.
c. hydrogen peroxide.
d. carbon dioxide.
e. glucose.
Answer D
24) The chief advantage of gas exchange in water is that
a. water can contain more oxygen than air.
b. carbon dioxide is easier to eliminate in water than in air.
c. no energy is used to keep the exchange surface wet.
d. less energy is required to ventilate gills as compared to lungs.
e. contact between the respiratory surface and the gas-containing medium is more
efficient in water than in air.
Answer C
25) Evolutionary movement of aquatic animals to land involved an intermediate individual
that
a. could fly.
b. is called a "podafish."
c. evolved a tracheal system of branching internal tubes.
d. had both gills and lungs.
e. had ribs to protect the heart and lungs.
Answer D
26) Which of the following options correctly lists the direction of carbon dioxide travel as it
leaves the body?
a. alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, pharynx, larynx
b. alveoli, bronchi, bronchioles, trachea, larynx, pharynx
c. alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx
d. alveoli, bronchi, bronchioles, trachea, pharynx, larynx
e. alveoli, trachea, bronchioles, bronchi, pharynx, larynx
Answer C
27) What name is given to the sheet of muscle that helps move air in and out of the lungs?
a. trachea
b. alveolus
c. larynx
d. diaphragm
e. bronchus
Answer D
28) Within the lungs, gas exchange occurs across
a. alveoli.
b. tracheae.
c. bronchioles.
d. diaphragms.
e. bronchi.
Answer A
29) Why do cigarette smokers cough more than nonsmokers?
a. The tar in cigarette smoke tends to make alveoli stick together, and coughing
separates them.
b. Cigarette smoke harms the cilia that normally move debris out of the lungs, and
coughing is the remaining way to
clean the lungs.
c. Cigarette smoking partially paralyzes the muscles in the lungs, resulting in an
increased residual volume, and
coughing exchanges this "dead air."
d. Coughing stimulates blood flow to the lungs.
e. By raising the pressure in the lungs, coughing forces more oxygen into the blood.
Answer B
30) Cigarette smoking and secondhand smoke cause cancer due to the
a. effects they have on our breathing mechanisms.
b. toxins in the smoke.
c. resistance they have for products of our immune system.
d. immunosuppressive effects they display.
e. lack of antioxidants in smoke.
Answer B
31) When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes leads initially to
the urge to breathe again?
a. rising oxygen concentration
b. rising carbon dioxide concentration
c. falling oxygen concentration
d. falling carbon dioxide concentration
e. falling nitrogen concentration
Answer B
32) What part of the human brain contains the primary breathing control center?
a. neocortex
b. hippocampus
c. cerebellum
d. medulla oblongata
e. thalamus
Answer D
33) In a mammal, blood leaving the lungs goes to
a. the kidneys.
b. the heart.
c. the limbs.
d. the liver.
e. the brain.
Answer B
34) Oxygen moves from blood into the interstitial fluid and then to body cells because
a. it diffuses from a region of higher partial pressure to a region of lower partial
pressure.
b. it diffuses from a region of lower partial pressure to a region of higher partial
pressure.
c. it descends down an osmotic gradient, following the movement of water.
d. the cells of the body create molecular attractions that pull the oxygen to them.
e. oxygen diffuses from a higher to a lower pH.
Answer A
35) What prompts a newborn baby to start to breathe?
a. an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the baby's blood
b. a decrease in the concentration of oxygen in the baby's blood
c. a change in the temperature on the surface of the skin
d. exposure to air
e. an increase in the pH of the baby's blood
Answer A
36) Which of the following statements regarding circulation is true?
a. Muscle contraction tends to pull blood downward into the lower parts of the
body of a terrestrial vertebrate.
b. A standing giraffe requires a great deal more pressure to pump blood to its head
than an animal with a shorter neck.
c. Valves in veins and muscle contractions pressing against veins slow down the
return of blood to the heart.
d. When a corn snake climbs up a tree, its heart beats slower but with greater force.
e. Gravity significantly affects blood moving through the circulatory system.
Answer B
37) Which of the following statements regarding circulatory systems is true?
a. The smallest blood vessels in the body are veins.
b. A circulatory system is necessary in any animal whose body is too large or too
complex for vital chemicals to reach all
parts of the body by diffusion.
c. Red blood cells are too large to pass single file through capillaries.
d. Materials are exchanged directly between the blood and body cells.
e. The circulatory system transports gases and nutrients, but the lymphatic system
transports metabolic wastes.
Answer B
38) Although birds and mammals descended from different ancestors, they both have a fourchambered heart. This is the result of
a. the simplification of the cardiovascular system.
b. the necessity for rapid movement of blood.
c. the importance of entirely filling the chest cavity.
d. nature selecting adaptations of two unrelated individuals in response to similar
environmental challenges.
e. genetic aberrations that resulted from mistakes in somatic cell division.
Answer D
39) In mammals, blood returning from the head will pass through the ________ just before
entering the right atrium.
a. right ventricle
b. left atrium
c. superior vena cava
d. inferior vena cava
e. aorta
Answer C
40) In mammals, which of the following vessels transports oxygenated blood from the lung
back to the heart?
a. pulmonary artery
b. pulmonary vein
c. aorta
d. vena cava
e. coronary artery
Answer B
41) Oxygen-poor blood is carried from the heart of a mammal to the lungs via the
a. pulmonary arteries.
b. pulmonary veins.
c. venae cavae.
d. aorta.
e. coronary veins.
Answer A
42) Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs by the
a. pulmonary artery.
b. left atrium.
c. right atrium.
d. left ventricle.
e. right ventricle.
Answer E
43) From the left ventricle, oxygen-rich blood flows through the
a. superior vena cava.
b. inferior vena cava.
c. aorta.
d. pulmonary artery.
e. pulmonary vein.
Answer C
44) During which phase of the heartbeat does the heart fill with blood?
a. interphase
b. resting phase
c. diastole
d. atrial phase
e. systole
Answer C
45) Heart rate is least influenced by
a. emotional cues.
b. hormones.
c. exercise.
d. a pacemaker in the right atrium.
e. the number of cells per unit of blood.
Answer E
46) Using a stethoscope, you listen to a beating heart and hear "lub-dup, lub-dup." These
sounds are created by
a. muscles in the left ventricle.
b. blood flowing through the aorta.
c. muscles in the right atrium.
d. blood pressure differentials from chamber to chamber.
e. valves in the heart closing.
Answer E
47) Myocardial infarction, also called a heart attack,
a. is caused by excessive blood pressure in the heart.
b. actually causes no permanent damage to the heart.
c. is the result of angina pectoris.
d. is unrelated to cigarette smoking.
e. results from the death of cardiac muscle cells.
Answer E
48) Which blood vessels have the thinnest walls?
a. arteries
b. arterioles
c. veins
d. venules
e. capillaries
Answer E
49) In humans, which blood vessels have valves?
a. arteries in the neck
b. arterioles
c. capillaries
d. venules
e. veins
Answer E
50) As blood moves away from the heart, the relative size and number of blood vessels
________, the blood pressure ________, and the velocity of blood flow ________.
a. decreases . . . drops. . . slows
b. decreases. . . increases . . . increases
c. decreases. . . drops . . . increases
d. increases. . . increases. . . increases
e. increases. . . drops . . . slows
Answer A
51) What type of blood vessel is solely responsible for exchange between the blood and the
interstitial fluid?
a. artery
b. arteriole
c. capillary
d. venule
e. vein
Answer C
52) The liquid part of blood is called
a. water.
b. plasma.
c. serum.
d. extrastitial fluid.
e. anionic fluid.
Answer B
53) Cells make up about what percentage of total blood volume?
a. 10%
b. 25%
c. 45%
d. 65%
e. 80%
Answer: C
65) Which non-specific defense mechanism works by creating a thick barrier filled with
keratin and plentiful microbiota?
a. Mucous membranes
b. Lacrimal apparatus
c. Skin
d. White blood cells
e. Platelets
Answer: C
66) Which non-specific defense mechanism works by producing lysozomes and plentiful
microbiota?
a. Mucous membranes
b. Lacrimal apparatus
c. Skin
d. White blood cells
e. Platelets
Answer: A
67) Which non-specific defense mechanism is responsible for the process of phagocytosis?
a. Mucous membranes
b. Lacrimal apparatus
c. Skin
d. White blood cells
e. Platelets
Answer: D
68) Which statement best describes the process of phagocytosis?
a. Specific B and T cells identify an invader and target that cell for destruction.
b. Memory cells are formed after a specific pathogen enters the body.
c. Antibodies are produced and target cells for destruction.
d. Macrophage and neutrophils digest invading pathogens.
e. Lysozymes are produced by the lacrimal apparatus that attack invading
pathogens.
Answer: D
69) Which of the following best describes the difference in the way B cells and cytotoxic T
cells deal with invaders?
a. B cells confer active immunity; T cells confer passive immunity
b. B cells send out antibodies to attack; certain T cells can do the attacking
themselves
c. T cells handle the primary immune response; B cells handle the secondary
response.
d. B cells are responsible for the cell-mediated immune response; T cells are
responsible for the humoral immune response.
e. B cells attack the first time the invader is present; T cells attack subsequent times.
Answer: B
Use the following answers to match to the statements below
a. lymphocyte
b. cytotoxic T cell
c. helper T cell
d. macrophage
e. B cell
f. memory cell
70) Attacks infected body cells Answer: B
71) Carries out the humoral immune response Answer: E
72) Phagocytic white blood cell Answer: D
73) General name for a B or T cell Answer: A
74) Required for initiating the secondary immune response Answer: F
75) Cell most commonly attacked by HIV Answer: C