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NUTRI-BITES®
Webinar Series
Functional Foods:
Phytochemicals – Hidden Nutrition
Gems
January 15, 2015
Presenter:
Sylvia Escott-Stump, MA, RD, LDN
Director, Dietetic Internship
Department of Nutrition Science – East Carolina University
Moderator:
James M. Rippe, MD – Leading cardiologist, Founder and Director,
Rippe Lifestyle Institute
Approved for 1 CPE (Level 2) by the Commission on Dietetic Registration, credentialing agency for the
Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.
ConAgra Foods Science Institute

With a mission of:
Promoting dietary and related
choices affecting wellness
by linking
evidence-based understanding
with practice
Webinar logistics

CEUs – a link to obtain your Continuing Education Credit
certificate will be emailed and available on this webinar’s page at
www.ConAgraFoodsScienceInstitute.com within 2 days.

A recording of today’s webinar, slides, and summary PowerPoint
will be available to download as a PDF within 2 days at:
www.ConAgraFoodsScienceInstitute.com

The presenter will answer questions at the end of this webinar.
Please submit questions by using the ‘Chat’ dialogue box on
your computer screen.
Today’s Faculty
 Sylvia Escott-Stump, MA, RD, LDN
Director, Dietetic Internship
Department of Nutrition Science
East Carolina University

Moderator:
James M. Rippe, MD – Leading cardiologist,
Founder and Director, Rippe Lifestyle Institute
NUTRI-BITES®
Webinar Series
Phytochemicals – Hidden Nutrition Gems
Learning Objectives
After the webinar the participant will be able to:
 Review current knowledge and identify future research
questions regarding phytochemicals
 Offer practical dietary strategies for clients to include more
phytochemicals into their diets
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FUNCTIONAL FOODS –
PHYTOCHEMICALS: HIDDEN
NUTRITION GEMS
Sylvia Escott-Stump, MA, RD, LDN
East Carolina University, Greenville NC
[email protected]
252-328-1352
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Life Span
8
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LIFE EXPECTANCY
• Bronze & iron ages:
26 years
• In the US: 78.74 years
• In Japan: 83.10 years
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What are the Keys to Longevity?
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What are “functional foods?”
“Whole foods and fortified, enriched, or enhanced foods
have a potentially beneficial effect on health when
consumed as part of a varied diet on a regular basis, at
effective levels….”
2013 Academy position paper on functional foods
http://www.eatright.org/About/Content.aspx?id=8354
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Kapsak WR et al. Functional Foods: Consumer Attitudes, Perceptions, and Behaviors in a Growing Market. JADA
111:804, 2011.
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Our Professional Goal?
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Total Diet Approach
• …communicate healthy eating
messages that emphasize a balance
of food and beverages within energy
needs, rather than any one food or
meal.
• 2013 Academy Position Paper: Total Diet
Approach to Healthy Eating
INFOGRAPHIC
• http://www.eatright.org/Public/content.aspx?id=6442
480412
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Bioactive Compounds
Animal foods (zoochemicals)
Marine foods (fish, shellfish, sea
vegetables)
Plant foods (phytochemicals)
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Spices and Herbs
SPICES
HERBS
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What could a Nutrition Diagnosis be?
Inadequate intake of
bioactive substances
Excessive intake of
bioactive substances
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Phytochemical Chart
Liu RH. Health-promoting components of fruits and vegetables in the diet. Adv Nutr. 2013 ;4:384S-92S.
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Polling Question
• Have you taken any academic courses or intense
workshops about phytochemicals?
• Yes
• No
Various forms of indicators.
Ellwood K et al. Adv Nutr 2014;5:693-701
©2014 by American Society for Nutrition
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Nutritional Genomics
Altered
SNP
+ or –
Health
Effect
Biologic
Effect
Bioactive
Product
Absorbed
Dose
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Role of Bioactive Dietary Components
“BIG FIVE ”
• Curcumin (turmeric)
• EGCG (green tea)
• Genistein (soybean)
• Resveratrol (grapes)
• Sulforaphane (cruciferous vegetables)
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Nuclear factor-κB (NF-kB)
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Interesting comment on modern diet…
“Antibiotics, disinfectants, and low use of plant
foods may have forever altered our ancient gut
microbiome….Dietary modulation to
manipulate specific gut microbial species may
offer therapeutic approaches.”
--Greiner AK et al. Chemoprevention in gastrointestinal physiology and disease. Natural
products and microbiome. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 307:1-15, 2014.
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Mediterranean Diet Influences on the Gut*
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How Phytochemicals Protect Us
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Sources of Phytochemicals
• Fruits
• Vegetables
• Legumes
• Whole grains
• Nuts and Seeds
• Herbs and Spices
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4 Major Classes of Phytochemicals
1-Terpenes:
• Carotenoids (35%)
• Terpenoids
3- Thiols & Organosulfur
compounds:
• Cruciferous vegetables
• Onions, garlic
2-Phenols:
• Ellagic, caffeic, ferulic acids
• Flavonoids (65%)
• Lignans and phytosterols
4- Allium Compounds:
• Onions, garlic, leeks, shallots
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TERPENES: CAROTENOIDS
• Yellow, orange, red
lipophilic pigments
• 600 known
• 14 are found in human
serum
• 6 are common in the food
supply
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Beta-Cryptoxanthin
Orange Fruits, Egg Yolk
Possible dose: 1-2 Servings per day
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Inflammation and Cancer
Tanaka T et al. Cancer chemoprevention by citrus pulp and juices containing high amounts of β-cryptoxanthin
and hesperidin. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2012; 2012:516981.
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Lycopene
Tomato Products, Watermelon
Dose: 20 mg/day;
½ to 1 cup of tomato products per week
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Lycopene Lowers DNA Damage
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Limonoids
Citrus Fruits
Dose: 100 micrograms/day; 1 serving
per day
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PHENOLS
• Phenols are the big
guns in the
phytochemical world!
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ANTHOCYANINS
BLUEBERRIES, CHERRIES, GRAPES, BEETS
Proposed dose:
Blueberries 1/2 cup per day
Bing cherries 45/day lowers
elevated C-reactive protein (CRP)
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ELLAGIC ACID
Raspberries and Strawberries
• Strawberries and strawberry powder
Dose: 3 cups whole berries
(500 mg/day)
lower blood glucose and inflammatory
markers in the obese
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PUNICALAGIN + ELLAGIC ACID
Pomegranate
Dose: 3.5 oz/day
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Triterpenoids
PHYTOSTEROLS
Dose: 2 to 3 g plant sterols per
day (lowers LDL levels 6-12%)
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Phytosterol – Campesterol, β-sitosterol
AVOCADO, SEEDS
• Avocado (Persea americana)
Dose: ½ avocado/day
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Polling Question
• How frequently do you edit or share recipes for patient or
clients to include more phytochemical-rich foods in their
diets?
• All of the time
• Some of the time
• Rarely
• Never
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FERULIC ACID, HYDROXYTYROSOL
Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO)
Dose: 1-2 Tbsp of EVOO per day
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Catechins
Tea
Epigallocatechin (EGCG) =
major polyphenol
Dose: 3 cups green tea a
day (50 mg/kg EGCG)
Or 100 - 750 mg per day of
standardized green tea
extract
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Resveratrol
Skin of Red Grapes, Peanuts, Berries
Dose: 2 grams per day (5 oz red wine or 5-10 mg/kg)
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Capsaicin (substance P)
Chili Peppers
Dose for weight management:
2mg before meals to reduce
appetite
Dose for digestive problems: 30120 mg capsule, 3 x/day
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Soluble Fiber (Beta Glucan), Antioxidant (Ergothioneine)
Mushrooms
White button mushrooms
(Agaricus bisporus)
Dose: “one handful” per day
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Soluble Fiber – Prebiotics
Fructo-Oligosaccharides (FOS)
• Sunchoke (Jerusalem artichoke)-
best. Jicama, leeks, bananas, onion,
wheat, asparagus, blue agave extract.
Dose: ¼ to ½ cup/day
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Whole Grains
Dose: 3-5 serving/d
(48-80 g whole grain/day)
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Polling Question
• How often do you offer specific advice to patients, clients
or students regarding the polyphenol phytochemicals?
• All of the time
• Some of the time
• Rarely
• Never
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SPICES HERBS
Kaefer CM, Milner JA. The role of herbs and spices in
cancer prevention. J Nutr Biochem. 2008;19:347-61.
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Carnosol
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Rosemary, Sage, Oregano, Basil, Parsley
DOSE: Carnosol
100-400 mg/kg
increases GST activity
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Curcuminoids
Turmeric, Curcumin
Proposed Dose: 400 mg turmeric/curcumin
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ORGANOSULFUR COMPOUNDS
and THIOLS
Cruciferous
Vegetables
Broccoli, Brussels
sprouts, Cabbage,
Cauliflower, Kale,
Rutabaga, Horseradish
Sulfur-containing
phytonutrients
Subclasses:
• Indoles
• Dithiolethiones
• Isothiocyanates
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Liver Detoxification Pathways
Phase I
Cytochrome P450 or mixed
function oxidase system
(MFOS) activates enzymes
Hormones, prostaglandins and
xenobiotics (toxins) are broken
down, become more water
soluble and ready for
elimination.
Phase 2
Metabolites from phase I are
conjugated in a series of
reactions controlled by
Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST)
and NADPH quinone reductase,
then excreted in the urine or
feces (in bile).
Glutathione: modulates cell death;
blocks carcinogens from damaging
cell DNA; makes carcinogens
easier to excrete
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Sulforaphane (Isothiocyanate)
Broccoli
Sulforaphane: Antioxidant
Pancreatic ductal cancer stem
cells: sulforaphane + EGCG +
quercetin
Inhibits H pylori infections;
blocks gastric tumor formation
↑ production of the
detoxification enzyme,
Glutathione-S-Transferase
(GST)
•
Appari M et al. Sulforaphane, quercetin and catechins
complement each other in elimination of advanced
pancreatic cancer by miR-let-7 induction and K-ras inhibition.
Int J Oncol. 2014;45:1391-400.
Dose: 100-200 g/day
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Allicin (Allium sativum L.)
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GARLIC, CHIVES, LEEKS, ONIONS, SCALLIONS, SHALLOTS
Dosage: 1/2 to 1 clove of
garlic per day (0.25-l g of
garlic per Kg)
Caution: Dried preparation may
not be effective; heartburn, gas,
and GI tract disturbances
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Other Forms of Nutritional Dosing -Nano-medicine
Almonds 60 grams per day
Dark chocolate 100 g
EPA 3 g + DHA 2 g
Ginger juice or extract 2-4 g for
analgesia
Oat bran 60 g
Soy Isofavones 25-50 mg/day
Tree Nuts 2-3 servings/day
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Example: Nutraceutical approach to
cardiovascular risk reduction
• Armolipid Plus
• 8 wks versus Pravastatin
•
•
•
•
•
•
Red yeast rice extract
Berberine
Policosanol
Astaxanthin
CoQ10
Folic Acid
Ruscica M et al Nutraceutical approach to
moderate cardiometabolic risk: results of a
randomized, double-blind and crossover study
with Armolipid Plus. J Clin Lipidol. 2014;8:61-8.
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Guiding Principles for Counseling
• Apply a “wholeness
orientation” in health
care delivery: mind,
body, spirit, and
environment
• Support and promote
the natural capacity of
recovery and selfhealing
• Disseminate
comprehensive, quality
and timely information
• Recognize the patient’s
right to choose freely
among safe and effective
care or approaches
• White House Commission on Complementary
• Respect the diversity of
all health traditions
and Alternative Medicine
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Overall: Balanced Diet Approach
• Even natural, whole
foods could be
troublesome if overconsumed
• More is NOT ALWAYS
BETTER
Advice to the
Registered Dietitians
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Overall: Safety
Botanical supplements
are not regulated by the
Food and Drug
Administration
• Any biologically active
ingredient, consumed in
excess, can be harmful.
“Natural” does not
guarantee safety -SNAKE VENOM is
natural…
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Overall: Choose Where You Stand
• Guiding
• Make
suggestions?
• Promoting
• Back a product,
food or
supplement?
• Help client to
reach own
conclusion?
• Encourage use?
© S. Escott-Stump
Overall: Be a Client Advocate
• Identify and document
use of herbs and
botanicals
• Discuss with physician.
• Advocate for better
regulation of herbs and
botanicals as drugs,
not foods
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Polling Question
• After this webinar, how likely are you to discuss specific
phytochemicals for improving health?
• Very likely
• Likely
• Somewhat likely
• Plan to review the literature again
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REMEMBER Our Professional Goal!
Let’s ensure that the
public has not only
great nutrition tips but
accurate information!
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References and Further Information
Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Position Paper on Functional Foods. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2013; 113:10961103. http://www.eatright.org/About/Content.aspx?id=8354
Aggarwal BB et al. Identification of novel anti-inflammatory agents from Ayurvedic medicine for prevention of
chronic disease. Curr Drug Targets 2011; 12(11):1595-1653.
FDA food labeling/claims
http://www.fda.gov/food/ingredientspackaginglabeling/labelingnutrition/default.htm
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine
http://nccam.nih.gov/health/antioxidants/introduction.htm
Nutrition.gov
http://www.nutrition.gov/whats-food/antioxidants-phytonutrients
University of Maryland – Complementary and Alternative Medicine Guide
http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed
US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/guidance
US Department of Agriculture USDA Flavanol Database
http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data/Flav/flav.html
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Specific References
Nutritional Genomics
•
•
Academy, Position Paper on Nutritional Genomics. 2014,JAND 114: 299-312.
Barnes S. Nutritional Genomics, Polyphenols, Diets, and Their Impact on Dietetics.2008, JADA 108:1888-1895.
Bioactive Dietary Components
•
•
Meeran SM et al. Epigenetic targets of bioactive dietary components for cancer prevention and therapy. Clin Epigenetics.
2010 Dec 1;1:101-116.
Wang S et al. Novel insights of dietary polyphenols and obesity. J Nutr Biochem. 2014 Jan;25:1-18.
Mediterranean Diet and Microbiome
•
•
Del Chierico F et al. Mediterranean diet and health: food effects on gut microbiota and disease control. Int J Mol
Sci. 2014;15:11678-99.
Urpi-Sarda M et al. Virgin olive oil and nuts as key foods of the Mediterranean diet effects on inflammatory biomakers
related to atherosclerosis. Pharmacol Res. 2012;65:577-83.
Carotenoids
Ciccone Dietary intake of carotenoids and their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in cardiovascular care.
Mediators Inflamm. 2013;2013:782137.
• Jacob JK et al. Biochemical basis for functional ingredient design from fruits. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol.
2012;3:79-104.
•
Beta-Cryptoxanthin
•
•
Lucas EA et al. Mango modulates body fat and plasma glucose and lipids in mice fed a high-fat diet. Br J Nutr. 2011;
106 :1495-505.
Min KB, Min JY. Serum carotenoid levels and risk of lung cancer death in US adults. Cancer Sci. 2014;105:736-43.
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Specific References
Lycopene
Garridio M et al. A lycopene-enriched virgin olive oil enhances antioxidant status in humans. J Sci Food Agric. 2013;
93:1820-6.
• Raiola A et al. Enhancing the health-promoting effects of tomato fruit for biofortified food. Mediators Inflamm. 2014;
2014:139873.
•
Phenols
Malireddy S et al. Phytochemical antioxidants modulate mammalian cellular epigenome: Implications in health and
disease. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2012;17:327-39.
• Nicod N et al. Green tea, cocoa, and red wine polyphenols moderately modulate intestinal inflammation and do not
increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) production. J Agric Food Chem. 2014;62:2228-32.
•
Anthocyanins
He J, Guisti MM. Anthocyanins: natural colorants with health-promoting properties. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol.
2010;1:163-87.
• Kelley DS et al. Sweet bing cherries lower circulating concentrations of markers for chronic inflammatory diseases in
healthy humans. J Nutr. 2013;143:340-4.
•
Ellagic Acid
Alvarez-Suarez JM et al. One-month strawberry-rich anthocyanin supplementation ameliorates cardiovascular risk,
oxidative stress markers and platelet activation in humans. J Nutr Biochem. 2014; 25:289-94.
• Basu A et al. Strawberry as a functional food: an evidence-based review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2014;54:790-806.
• Hseu YC et al. Ellagic acid protects human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells against UVA-induced oxidative stress and
apoptosis through the upregulation of the HO-1 and Nrf-2 antioxidant genes. Food Chem Toxicol. 2012 50:1245-55.
• Zunino et al. Effects of dietary strawberry powder on blood lipids and inflammatory markers in obese human
subjects. Br J Nutr. 2011, 9:1-10.
•
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Specific References
Punicalagin (Pomogranate)
Banihani S et al. Pomegranate and type 2 diabetes. Nutr Res. 2013;33:341-8.
• Fedder MD et al. An extract of pomegranate fruit and galangal rhizome increases the numbers of motile sperm: a
prospective, randomised, controlled, double-blinded trial. PLoS One. 2014;9:e108532
•
Phytosterols (sterols, stanols)
Ras RT et al. LDL-cholesterol-lowering effect of plant sterols and stanols across different dose ranges: a metaanalysis of randomised controlled studies. Br J Nutr. 2014;112:214-9.
• Talati et al. The comparative efficacy of plant sterols and stanols on serum lipids: a systematic review and metaanalysis. J Am Diet Assoc. 2010; 110:719-26.
•
Campesterol (Avocado)
• Fulgoni VL 3rd et al. Avocado consumption is associated with better diet quality and nutrient intake,
and lower metabolic syndrome risk in US adults: results from the National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001-2008. Nutr J. 2013;12:1.
• Wien M et al. A randomized 3×3 crossover study to evaluate the effect of Hass avocado intake on
post-ingestive satiety, glucose and insulin levels, and subsequent energy intake in overweight
adults. Nutr J. 2013;12:155
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Specific References
Extra Virgin Olive Oil
• Estruch R et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet. N Engl J
Med. 2013;368(14):1279-90.
EGCG/Catechins
• Saleh F et al. Analysis of the effect of the active compound of green tea (EGCG) on the proliferation of peripheral
blood mononuclear cells. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014;14:322.
Resveratrol
• Tong LX, Young LC. Nutrition: the future of melanoma prevention? J Am Acad Dermatol 2014; 71:151-60.
Capsaicin
• Leung FW. Capsaicin as an anti-obesity drug. Prog Drug Res. 2014;68:171-9.
• Mozsik G. Capsaicin as new orally applicable gastroprotective and therapeutic drug alone or in combination
with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in healthy human subjects and in patients. Prog Drug
Res. 2014;68:209-58.
• Whiting S et al. Could capsaicinoids help to support weight management? A systematic review and metaanalysis of energy intake data. Appetite. 2014;73:183-8
Mushrooms
Feeney MJ et al. Mushrooms and Health Summit proceedings. J Nutr. 2014 Jul;144(7):1128S-36S.
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Specific References
Whole Grains
• Belobrajdic DP, Bird AR. The potential role of phytochemicals in wholegrain cereals for the prevention
•
of type-2 diabetes. Nutr J. 2013;12:62.
Ye EQ et al. Greater whole-grain intake is associated with lower risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular
disease, and weight gain. J Nutr. 2012;142:1304-13.
Carnosol
Barni MV et al. Carnosic acid inhibits the proliferation and migration capacity of human colorectal cancer cells.
Oncol Rep. 2012; 27:1041-8.
• Chun KS et al. Carnosol: a phenolic diterpene with cancer chemopreventive potential. J Cancer
Prev. 2014;19:103-10.
• Wang T et al. Carnosic acid (CA) prevents lipid accumulation in hepatocytes through the EGFR/MAPK pathway.
J Gastroenterol. 2012; 47:805-13.
•
Sulforaphane
Rajendran P et al. Dietary phytochemicals, HDAC inhibition, and DNA damage/repair defects in cancer cells. Clin
Epigenetics. 2011;3:4.
• Suganuma H et al. Stimulation of phagocytosis by sulforaphane. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2011;405:14651.
•
Allicin
•
•
Antony ML, Singh SV. Molecular mechanisms and targets of cancer chemoprevention by garlic-derived bioactive
compound diallyl trisulfide. Indian J Exp Biol. 2011;49:805-16.
Tsubura A et al. Anticancer effects of garlic and garlic-derived compounds for breast cancer control. Anticancer Agents
Med Chem. 2011;11:249-53.
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What Questions Do You Have?
NUTRI-BITES®
Webinar Series
Phytochemicals – Hidden Nutrition Gems
Based on this webinar the participant will be able to:
 Review current knowledge and identify future research
questions regarding phytochemicals
 Offer practical dietary strategies for clients to include more
phytochemicals into their diets
ConAgra Foods Science Institute
Nutri-Bites® Webinar details
A link to obtain your Continuing Education Credit certificate
will be emailed within 2 days



Today’s webinar, including certificate link, will be available to download within 2
days at: www.ConAgraFoodsScienceInstitute.com
For CPE information: [email protected]
Recent CEU webinars archived at the ConAgra Foods Science Institute website:
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 A Decade of Nutrigenomics: What Does it Mean for Dietetic Practice?
 Ethics for All: Applying Ethics Principles across the Dietetics Profession
 Sports Nutrition: The Power to Influence Exercise Performance
 Culinary Competency to Enhance Dietetic Practice
 Nutrition and Oral Health: What Dietitians Should Know
Next
ConAgra Foods Science Institute Nutri-Bites® Webinar
In the Eye of the Beholder:
Critical Evaluation of Nutrition Research
Andrew W. Brown, PhD
Post-doctoral Fellow, Office of Energetics
Nutrition Obesity Research Center
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Date: March 12, 2015
2-3 pm EDT/1-2 pm CDT
www.ConAgraFoodsScienceInstitute.com
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Phytochemicals: Hidden Nutrition Gems
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