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48 LIFESTYLE WEDNESDAY, MARCH 26, 2014 ‒ 27 TUESDAY, MARCH 4, 2014 HERALDSUN.COM.AU the learn poster NIE LEARNING POSTER More than 200 bones form our body’s coathanger The human body is an amazing, complex thing and to understand it we have to learn how its parts are put together and how they function. Study of the body’s structure is known as anatomy while the study of the body’s function is known as physiology. Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into eight systems: the skeleton, the muscles, the circulatory and respiratory systems, the digestive system, the urinary system, the glandular system, the nervous system, and the skin. Despite the fact we are all different and come in all shapes and sizes, we are all strikingly similar beneath our skin. Most of us have the same number of bones and muscles and our frame is the scaffolding that supports our body. The combination of our muscles and skeleton, the musculo-skeletal system, is the main driver of our body. It works in conjunction with the heart (the body’s engine) and the brain (our control centre). DID YoU KnoW? body Humerus 300 n Babies are born with about ber num this od, ltho adu bones but by es fuse bon y bab our as 206 to s reduce to form stronger structures. look dry, n While skeletons in the lab tle but brit our bones are not dry and ing out dry y onl er; are 20 per cent wat y. bod the from d ove when rem n Everybody has 12 pairs of ribs born with however one in 20 people is at least one extra rib. body at n The bones of the leg join the is. the pelv the body n The bones of the arm join the back at e bon flat the a, pul at the sca of the shoulder. atlas radius Humerus radius pivot joint Turn your head side to side; that's an example of a pivot joint. An extension or projection from one bone revolves inside another ringshaped bone. Pivot joints move along only one plane. trochlea scaphoid ellipsoidal joint This type of joint is like the ball-and-socket joint, except movement is more limited. Ball-and-socket joints can move in three planes, but the ellipsoidal can move only in two planes, at right-angles to each other. The wrist (radiocarpal) joint is an example. scapula ribs Vertebral column Humerus Ilium sacrum Ulna Carpals Ball-and-socket joint The shoulders and hips have ball-and-socket joints. Like its namesake, a bone with a circular end fits into a bone with a scoopor cup in it. It is the most flexible of joints, as witnessed when people star-jump or squat. These joints move in three planes. Metacarpals phalanges Femur tarsals patella trapezium of wrist Condyles Metatarsals First metacarpal bone of thumb tibia Gliding joint This is where one bone slides over another. This kind of joint is found in the foot and the wrist. Joint surfaces are almost flat. Fibula saddle joint Saddle joints are limited to the base of our thumbs. They have concave and convex ends, allowing the joint to rotate, move left to right, and back and forth to limited degrees. Medial malleolus lateral talus Cuneiform Bones tarsals navicular Metatarsals phalanges cartilage. It provides support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body. It also provides points of attachment for the muscles that move the body. Our 206 adult bones have various shapes-long, short, cube-shaped, flat, and irregular. Long bones, like the femur, have a long cylindrical shaft with two ends of spongy bone. Many long bones have an interior space filled with bone marrow, where blood cells are made. Our human skeleton has two main structures; the appendicular skeleton and the axial one. The appendicular skeleton is comprised of the bones in our arms and legs while the axial variety is the skull, backbone, ribs and sternum. The spine, with its 33 bones called vertebrae which are cushioned by robust cartilage — is one of the most important components of the Calcaneus human skeleton. A joint is where bones are joined together. The connection between them can be so tight that no movement is possible, as with the skull. Other kinds of joints allow movement: either back and forth in one plane — as with the hinge joint of the elbow — or pivoting around a single axis — as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate. A wide range of movement is possible when the ball-shaped end Compiled by12-part Jane series, Howard. Download previousactivity pages from:www.mercurynie.com.au Britannica.com Kids.britannica.com The Human Body, published by the Herald & Weekly Times WeBsItes soUrCes V1 - MERE01Z01MA axis epicondyles Draw your own skeleton. Highlight five bones and research five facts about each bone. Write a short story about your body’s coathanger — your skeleton — mention all the things it does to support your life. It’s the body’s coathanger, the collection of human bones that fit neatly together to provide a frame for our muscles, organs and our personality. Humans have endoskeletons, ones located inside our bodies, while animals like molluscs, centipedes and millipedes have exoskeletons on the body’s exterior. Our skeleton is comprised of bones, joints between bones, and Coracoid process Hinge joint Hinge joints occur where a concaveended bone meets a convex-ended bone. The elbows are examples. Lie your arm flat, then raise your fingers towards your face to see how this joint works. tHInGs to Do HUMan sKeleton Clavicle sternum Ulna of one bone fits into a socket at the end of another bone, as we see with shoulder and hip joints. To make movement easier, bone endings are coated with a layer of cartilage and there’s fluid lubricating the space between them. Joints are held together by bands of connective tissue called ligaments. Cartilage is more flexible than bone, providing a cushioning layer where bones meet. It also connects ribs to the breastbone. Compiled by Jane Howard MHSE01Z01MA - V1