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Systems Assessed
Adrenal Fatigue
Adrenal fatigue is a term that’s used by some to say that fatigue and other
symptoms are caused by a poorly working adrenal gland in people who
are under mental, emotional, or physical stress. Your adrenal glands make
hormones. One of these is cortisol, which helps your body deal with stress.
According to the adrenal fatigue theory, if your life is too stressful, your adrenal glands may not pump out enough hormones, leading to a wide variety
of symptoms. But there’s no evidence to support this theory. Symptoms
may include: trouble getting out of bed, chronic tiredness, trouble thinking
clearly or finishing your tasks
Arteries/Veins
The arteries are the blood vessels that deliver oxygen-rich blood from
the heart to the tissues of the body. Each artery is a muscular tube lined
by smooth tissue and has three layers: the intima, the inner layer lined by
a smooth tissue called endothelium; the media, a layer of muscle that lets
arteries handle the high pressures from the heart; the adventitia, connective
tissue anchoring arteries to nearby tissues. The largest artery is the aorta, the
main high-pressure pipeline connected to the heart’s left ventricle. The aorta
branches into a network of smaller arteries that extend throughout the body.
The arteries’ smaller branches are called arterioles and capillaries. The pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs under
low pressure, making these arteries unique. Coronary arteries supply blood
to your heart muscle. Peripheral arteries carry blood to other tissues and
organs throughout your body. Both can have deposits of fat, cholesterol, and
other substances on their inside walls. These deposits are known as plaque.
Over time, plaque can build up, narrowing the vessel and making it hard for
blood to flow. Symptoms may include: blockage in coronary arteries can
cause chest pain (angina) or a heart attack; blockage in the kidneys can lead
to trouble with how they work, uncontrolled high blood pressure, and heart
failure; a blockage in a leg can lead to leg pain or cramps when you’re active
— a condition called claudication — skin color change, sores or ulcers, and
your legs feeling tired.
Eustachian Tube
The primary function of the eustachian tube is to ventilate the middle ear
space, ensuring that its pressure remains at near normal environmental air
pressure. The secondary function of the eustachian tube is to drain any accumulated secretions, infection, or debris from the middle ear space. Several
small muscles located in the back of the throat and palate control the opening
and closing of the eustachian tube. Swallowing and yawning cause contractions of these muscles located in the back of the throat and help regulate
eustachian tube function. If it were not for the eustachian tube, the middle ear
cavity would be an isolated air pocket inside the head that would be vulnerable to every change in air pressure and lead to unhealthy middle ear space
function. Symptoms may include: ear pressure, ear popping or cracking,
mild hearing loss, ringing in the ears, occasional poor balance.
Eyes
The outer layer of the eyeball is a tough, white, opaque membrane called the
sclera (the white of the eye). The slight bulge in the sclera at the front of the
eye is a clear, thin, dome-shaped tissue called the cornea. The middle layer
is the choroid. The front of the choroid is the colored part of the eye called
the iris. In the center of the iris is a circular hole or opening called the pupil.
The inner layer is the retina, which lines the back two-thirds of the eyeball.
The retina consists of two layers: the sensory retina, which contains nerve
cells that process visual information and send it to the brain; and the retinal
pigment epithelium (rpe), which lies between the sensory retina and the
wall of the eye. Symptoms may include: dryness/itching; burning/stinging;
watering eyes; sensitivity to light; a gritty or sandy sensation; feeling like
something is in your eye; blurry vision or difficulty seeing at night; problems
wearing contact lenses
Heart
The heart is a muscular organ in humans which pumps blood through the
blood vessels of the circulatory system. Blood provides the body with oxygen and nutrients, as well as assists in the removal of metabolic wastes. The
heart is located between the lungs, in the middle compartment of the chest.
The most common symptom of coronary artery disease is angina, or chest
pain. Angina can be described as a discomfort, heaviness, pressure, aching,
burning, fullness, squeezing, or painful feeling in your chest. It can be mistaken for indigestion or heartburn. Angina may also be felt in the shoulders,
arms, neck, throat, jaw, or back. Symptoms may include: shortness of breath;
palpitations ; a faster heartbeat; weakness or dizziness; nausea; sweating
Joints
A joint or articulation (or articular surface) is the connection made between
bones in the body which link the skeletal system into a functional whole. They
are constructed to allow for different degrees and types of movement. Some
joints, such as the knee, elbow, and shoulder, are self-lubricating, almost
frictionless, and are able to withstand compression and maintain heavy loads
while still executing smooth and precise movements. Other joints such as
sutures between the bones of the skull permit very little movement (only
during birth) in order to protect the brain and the sense organs. The connection between a tooth and the jawbone is also called a joint, and is described
as a fibrous joint known as a gomphosis. Joints are classified both structurally
and functionally. Symptoms may include: joint redness, joint swelling, joint
tenderness, joint warmth, limping, locking of the joint, loss of range of motion
of the joint, stiffness, weakness.
Kidney
Your kidneys are bean-shaped organs, each about the size of your fist. They
are located near the middle of your back, just below the rib cage. The kidneys are sophisticated trash collectors. Every day, your kidneys process about
200 quarts of blood to sift out about 2 quarts of waste products and extra
water. The waste and extra water become urine, which flows to your bladder through tubes called ureters. Your bladder stores urine until you go to
the bathroom. Symptoms may include: vomiting or nausea; urinating more
often than normal, or less often; have swelling, particularly of the ankles, and
puffiness around the eyes; feel tired or short of breath all the time; not feel
like eating; not be able to taste much; have muscle cramps, especially in your
legs; have very dry, itchy skin; sleep poorly; lose weight for no obvious reason
Large Intestine
The large intestine, or the large bowel, is the last part of the gastrointestinal
tract and of the digestive system in vertebrates. Water is absorbed here and
the remaining waste material is stored as feces before being removed by
defecation. Most sources define the large intestine as the combination of the
cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal. Some other sources exclude the anal
canal. Symptoms may include: diarrhea; fever and fatigue. Abdominal pain
and cramping; blood in your stool; reduced appetite; unintended weight loss.
Liver
The liver is a vital organ of vertebrates. It is located in the upper right quadrant
of the abdomen, below the diaphragm. The liver has a wide range of functions, including detoxification of various metabolites, protein synthesis, and
the production of biochemicals necessary for digestion. The liver is a gland
and plays a major role in metabolism with numerous functions in the human
Systems Assessed
Continued…
body, including regulation of glycogen storage, decomposition of red blood
cells, plasma protein synthesis, hormone production, and detoxification. It
is an accessory digestive gland and produces bile, an alkaline compound
which aids in digestion via the emulsification of lipids. The gallbladder, a
small pouch that sits just under the liver, stores bile produced by the liver.
The liver’s highly specialized tissue consisting of mostly hepatocytes regulates a wide variety of high-volume biochemical reactions, including the
synthesis and breakdown of small and complex molecules, many of which
are necessary for normal vital functions. Symptoms may include: skin and
eyes that appear yellowish (jaundice); abdominal pain and swelling; swelling
in the legs and ankles; itchy skin; dark urine color; pale stool color, or bloody
or tar-colored stool; chronic fatigue; nausea or vomiting; loss of appetite;
tendency to bruise easily
Lungs
The lungs are the primary organs of respiration in the body. Two lungs are
located near the backbone on either side of the heart. Their function in the
respiratory system is to extract oxygen from the atmosphere and transfer it
into the bloodstream, and to release carbon dioxide from the bloodstream
into the atmosphere, in a process of gas exchange. The primary muscle
that drives breathing is the diaphragm. The lungs also provide airflow that
makes vocal sounds including human speech possible. Symptoms may
include: a cough that does not go away or gets worse; coughing up blood
or rust-colored sputum (spit or phlegm); chest pain that is often worse with
deep breathing, coughing, or laughing; hoarseness; weight loss and loss of
appetite; shortness of breath; feeling tired or weak; infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia that don’t go away or keep coming back; new onset
of wheezing
Lymphatic
The lymphatic system is part of the circulatory system and a vital part of
the immune system, comprising a network of lymphatic vessels that carry a
clear fluid called lymph (from latin, lympha meaning “water”) directionally
towards the heart. Unlike the cardiovascular system, the lymphatic system is
not a closed system. The human circulatory system processes an average of
20 liters of blood per day through capillary filtration, which removes plasma
while leaving the blood cells. Roughly 17 liters of the filtered plasma are reabsorbed directly into the blood vessels, while the remaining three liters remain
in the interstitial fluid. One of the main functions of the lymph system is to
provide an accessory return route to the blood for the surplus three liters.
Symptoms may include: fever; excessive sweating at night; itchiness all over
your body; loss of appetite; a feeling of weakness; breathlessness along with
swelling of the face and neck
Maxillary Sinus
It is the largest air sinus in the body. Found in the body of the maxilla, this
sinus has three recesses: an alveolar recess pointed inferiorly, bounded by
the alveolar process of the maxilla; a zygomatic recess pointed laterally,
bounded by the zygomatic bone; and an infraorbital recess pointed superiorly, bounded by the inferior orbital surface of the maxilla. The medial wall
is composed primarily of cartilage. The ostia for drainage are located high on
the medial wall and open into the semilunar hiatus of the lateral nasal cavity;
because of the position of the ostia, gravity cannot drain the maxillary sinus
contents when the head is erect. The ostium of the maxillary sinus is high
up on the medial wall and on average is 2.4 Mm in diameter; with a mean
volume of about 10 ml. Symptoms may include: sinus infection, toothache,
migraine headache, pressure in the sinus cavity, fever, redness and swelling
around the eye and check area, pain around the upper teeth, yellow or green
nasal discharge, fatigue, loss and of smell.