Download I.S.L.A.M.I.C.

The Beliefs of
Islam
„
Pneumonic Device
I.S.L.A.M.I.C.
Islam’s Holy
Book
The Quran or Koran – contains the
teachings revealed to Muhammad the
prophet of Allah
Started in the
Middle East
„ Islam
began
in Saudi
Arabia, in
the Middle
East
Laws = The 5
Pillars of Islam
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
llah
„ Allah
is the
Islamic name
for GOD
„ Those who
follow Allah are
called MUSLIMS
Faith in Allah
Prayer 5 times a day facing Mecca
Giving alms to the poor (charity)
Fasting during Ramadan
Make a pilgrimage to Mecca once in
their lifetime
Islam is
Monotheistic
Muhammad
„Muhammad
is the
founder of Islam
„His
teachings are
written in the Koran
„ Name
another religion we
have studied that is
monotheistic =
Cities that are
holy
ities that
are holy
„ Mecca
–
Muhammad
was born here
and is where
the KAABA is
located
Cities that are
holy
„ Jerusalem
–
This is where
Muhammad
left to heaven
from
„ Medina
–
This is the city
where
Muhammad
started Islam
Kaaba
Is a large cube
building
„ It is the holiest
place in Islam
„ This is the
building Muslims
face during
prayer
„
The
Spread
Of
Islam
Crisis
►Muhammad
100%
Islam
dies
in 632
►Muslims now had
to find a new
leader
►Muhammad did
not name a
successor
Copyright © Clara Kim 2007. All rights reserved.
Solution
►Muslims
chose
Abu-Bakr who was
a loyal friend of
Muhammad
►He became the
first Caliph
►Caliph – (kay-lif)
means successor
or deputy
Abu-Bakr
►After
Muhammad died some
Muslims
ƒ Refused to pay taxes
ƒ Tried to say they were
prophets themselves
ƒ Some tribes abandoned Islam
►In
order to get things under
control, Abu-Bakr used the
military to get authority.
►By
Muslim State
the time Abu died,
died, the Muslim state
controlled all of Arabia
►Under the next 2 caliphs they took:
ƒ Syria
ƒ Lower Egypt
ƒ Parts of Persia
►By
750 they controlled from the Atlantic
Ocean to the Indus River (2x the width
of the USA!!)
USA!!)
Byzantine and Persia
Muslim Troops
►They
were
successful because
they were
ƒ Willing to struggle till
the end for Islam
ƒ Well disciplined
ƒ Expertly commanded
►Enemies
were not
used to their style of
warfare
Treatment of
Conquered
People
►Muslims
►The
Byzantine and Persia were
already weak from long time
conflicts
►The people welcomed Islam
were tolerant of conquered
people
►The Quran forbids forceful conversion
ƒ They let others keep their religion if
they paid a poll tax
ƒ People who did not convert were not
allowed to spread their own religions
The Spread
Of Islam 2
100%
Islam
Internal Conflict
„ The
2 Caliphs after
Abu Bakr were
assassinated
„ After their
assassinations, the
elective system of
choosing caliphs
ended
Copyright © Clara Kim 2007. All rights reserved.
Umayyads
„A
family that came to
power in 661
„ They set up a
hereditary system of
getting new leaders.
„ They moved the
Muslim capital to
Damascus
Umayyads
„ Surrounded
themselves with
riches
„ Some Muslims did
not agree with
the Umayyads
and split.
The Split
„Muslims
groups:
SHI’A
split into two
„Believe
the leader should be a
relative of Muhammad
„This
SUNNI
group followed the Umayyad
rule and followed Muhammad’s
example.
Sufi
„ Another
group who
reacted against the rich
life of the Umayyads
„ They led a life of
poverty and devotion to
the spiritual life of Islam
„ They meditated and
chanted
„ Focused on the Quran
Muslim
Achievement
Muslim Architecture
Cultural Contributions
Copyright © Clara Kim 2007. All rights reserved.
Cultural Blending
„ It
is in Architecture that the greatest
cultural blending can be seen
„ Already existing buildings were
modified by Islamic Ideals
„ Islamic Features:
– MultiMulti-lobed interwoven arches
– Domes
– Minarets
– Large courtyards
Multi-lobed interwoven arches
Domes
Minarets
„Towers
built
from where
Muslims are
called to
prayer 5
times a day
Dome of the Rock
„ Located
in Jerusalem
„ Rock in the center is believed to be the
spot from where Muhammad ascended
(rose)
up to
Heaven
Large Courtyards
Mosaics
„ Artwork
created
using tiny pieces
of colored glass
tiles
„ Muslims use
mosaics to
create geometric
decorations on
Mosques
Calligraphy
„ Art
of beautiful
handwriting
„ In Islam, showing
living things in art
was not allowed
„ So artists turned to
calligraphy to
express themselves.
„ Turn to page 247 in
books
Arabic Alphabet
„ Arabic
was first
used to translate
the context of the
Quran (The Holy
Book of Islam)
Islam)
„ Written from Right
to Left
„ Made up of 28
letters
Universities
„ Muhammad
strongly believed in
the power of learning
– This led to support of places of
learning by Muslim Leaders
„ Qualified
physicians = treat the
sick
„ Mathematicians and Astronomers =
Calculated times for prayer
Muslim
Achievement
Math
„
„ Included
Part 2
ZERO
„
Scientific Contributions
Arabic Numbers were
adapted from India
the number
Led to study of optics
which helped develop
lenses for telescopes and
microscopes
Copyright © Clara Kim 2007. All rights reserved.
Medical Advances
„
The Comprehensive
Book – An
encyclopedia of
medicine using
knowledge from
Greek, Syrian,
Syrian,
Arabic and Indian
sources of
knowledge
Science
„ Relied
on
Scientific
observation and
experimentation
„ Translated and
studied Greek
texts
Astrolabe?
What is it?
„ What does it
measure?
„ What is it
compared to?
„ Describe this
device.
Science and Learning in Medieval Islam
• Early Islamic teaching encouraged the
pursuit of all knowledge that helped to
improve people’s lives
• Muslims translated important works
from ancient Greece and Egypt - Arabic
became the international language of
scholarship
• Huge libraries were established in big
cities like Baghdad, Cairo and Damascus
Museum of the History of Science
Science and Islam
Introduction to Astronomy in Islam
Astronomy
Astronomy was important to Muslims for
practical reasons:
• Observations of the sun and moon were
used to determine prayer times and an
accurate calendar
• Astronomical observations were important
for purposes of navigation
• Astronomical observations were import for
the practice of astrology
The quadrant
The quadrant is an
observational instrument
used to measure the angle
or altitude of a celestial
object.
Horary quadrants also had
markings on one side that
would enable the user to
calculate the time of day.
Raj Jai Singh II’s observatory (C18th) in Jaipur, India
Large observatories were
established and new instruments
such as the astrolabe were
developed
Ottoman observatory 1781
Photograph: The Whipple Museum, Cambridge
Armillary sphere
The astrolabe
The armillary sphere was a model
used to demonstrate the motions
of the celestial sphere (stars) and
the annual path of the sun (the
ecliptic).
The astrolabe was a type of astronomical
calculator and were developed to an
extraordinary level of sophistication by
early Muslim scholars.
They were often
used for religious
purposes to
calculate prayer
times and
religious festivals.
It could also be used to
demonstrate the seasons, the path
of the sun in the sky for any day of
the year, and to make other
astronomical calculations.
This instrument
has prayer lines
marked on the
back to indicate
prayer times.
Early Islamic models were based
on a model of the Universe
established by Ptolemy in which
the Earth was placed at the centre.
Astrolabe, by Muhammad Muqim, Lahore, c. 1650
Muslim astronomers in Medieval Islam
adopted the geocentric model
Ptolemy’s Universe
Muslim astronomers
inherited much of their
learning from the
Ancient Greeks.
The ancient Greeks came
up with different theories
about the Universe.
Harmonia Macrocosmica, by Andreas Cellarius, printed in 1661
– Museum of the History of Science
The geocentric model
described by the
influential Greek
astronomer and
geographer Claudius
Ptolemy (~85-165) was
unchallenged for well over
1000 years.
This included the
geocentric theory
about the Universe.
The geocentric model
could be used to
explain the apparent
movement of the sun
and stars and to make
accurate predictions.
Ottoman manuscript, 1781
Cambridge
Photograph: The Whipple Museum,