Download End-of-Course Test Study Guide: (15% of Final Average!) KEY

End-of-Course Test Study Guide: (15% of Final Average!) KEY
Content Domain 1: Scientific Processes and Nature of Biology
1. List the steps of the scientific method, in order. Write a brief description of each step.
a. OBSERVE
b. QUESTION
c. HYPOTHESIS
d. EXPERIMENT
e. ANALYZE DATE
f. CONCLUSION
g. PUBLISH/SHARE OR RETHINK HYPOTHESIS
2. In ANY experiment, what kind of data IS collected; quantitative or qualitative? What is the
Difference? Quanlitative-descriptive “looks like” Quantitative- numerical value “measured”
3. What is the independent variable?the variable the experimenter changes How do you know? It
can be changed
4. What is the dependent variable?what the experimenter wants to find out
How do you know? It depends on the independent variable
5. What are some controlled variables (constants)? Unchanged parts of the experiment
6. What is the difference between a conclusion and an inference? Conclusion is the summation of
data and results while an inference is based on prior knowledge
7. Describe when you would use the following types of graphs:
a. Line graph-change over time
b. Bar graph-compare different groups data
c. Pie graph-compare parts of a whole
8. Label the parts of the microscope. How do you calculate total magnification?
Objective magnification x eyepiece magnification
9. Common Safety Rules: When should goggles be worn? When handling glassware, working with
chemicals or heating anything. When should you wash your hands? At the conclusion of every
lab and when they are contaminated or visibly dirty
10. What is the subject of each of the following branches of biology?
a. Botany study of plants
b. Ecology study of the interaction of living organisms and their environment
c. Genetics study of heredity
d. Microbiology study of microorganisms
e. Taxonomy study of classification and grouping of living organisms
f. Zoology study of animals
11. List the 7 levels of Linnaean classification in order from most broad to most specific. KINGDOM,
PHYLUM, CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES (King Philip Came Over For Great
Sex)
12. The scientific name for humans is Home sapiens (write it properly).
13. Humans would be most closely related to organisms with the same genus (K P C O F G S).
14. What are the three domains determined by DNA. Archae, Bacteria and Eukarya
15. Complete the following Kingdom Chart
Kingdom
archaebacteria
eubacteria
protist
fungi
plants
animals
Main characteristics
Prokaryotic single celled NO peptidoglycan in cell
wall very ancient domain=Archae
Prokaryotic single celled peptidoglycan in cell wall
either Gram + or – good(helpful)or bad(diseases)
Domain=bacteria
Eukaryotic cell
Three main types: animal like, plant like, fungi like
Very unique group MOSTLY single celled
Cell wall made of chitin, ALL eukaryotic cells ALL
multicellular except yeast ALL heterotrophs!!!
Cell wall made of cellulose, ALL eukaryotic cells
ALL multicellular ALL autotrophs!!!
NO Cell ALL eukaryotic and multicellular ALL
heterotrophs!!!
Examples
Halophiles,
thermophiles
E coli Staphycoccus
Amoeba, protozoa,
algae, slime molds
Yeast, mushrooms,
ALL molds (except
slime and water)
Trees, ferns mosses,
corm wheat
You, sponges, dogs,
jellyfish
Content Domain 2: Cellular Basis of Life
1. List the 3 parts of the cell theory: 1-basic unit of life 2-all living things are made of at least one
cell 3-all cells come from pre-existing cells
2. List the characteristics of living things:
a. Made of cells
b. Require food for chemical energy to carry out life processes
c. Respond to stimuli in their environment
d. Produce offspring
e. grow and develop
f. Maintain homeostasis; a balance of internal conditions
g. Have and pass on a genetic (DNA) code
3. A unicellularorganism has to perform all metabolic activities within one cell.
4. A multicellular organism has specialized cells that perform certain jobs.
5. In multicellular organisms, a group of related cells makes up tissue, which makes up organ, which
are grouped into organ system which work together to make up the organism.
6. A prokaryotic cell does NOT contain a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.
7. A EUKARYORIC cell does have a nucleus and other organelles.
8. PASSIVE transport does not require energy. There are 3 examples:
a. DIFFUSION- movement of materials from high to low concentration.
b. OSMOSIS- movement of water from high to low concentration.
c. FACILTAED DIFFUSION- movement of materials from high to low, with the help of a
transport protein.
9. ACTIVE transport does require energy input from the cell because materials are moving against
the concentration gradient, from LOW to HIGH.
10. Large particles may be engulfed into the cell by ENDOCYTOSIS(phagocytosis); while they are
removed from the cell by EXOCYTOSIS. Both of these require energy.
11. If a cell is placed in a HYPERTONIC solution, water will leave the cell, causing it to SHRINK.
Remember, water also goes from HIGH to LOW.
12. If a cell is placed in a HYPOTONIC solution, water will enter the cell, causing it to EXPAND
OR BURST.
13. If a cell is placed in an ISOTONIC solution, there will be no net movement of water because
dynamic equilibrium has already been reached.
Label the following solutions as hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic. Use arrows to indicate the
direction water will move.
5% NaCl
15% other
80% water
10% NaCl
15% other
75% water
hypertonic
Match the organelle with its function.
14. _E_plasma (cell) membrane
15. _J__chloroplast
16. _F__nucleus
17. _A__nuclear membrane
18. _C_cytoplasm
19. _B__cell wall
20. _I__Golgi body
21. _K__endoplasmic reticulum
22. _D__ribosome
23. _L__chromatin/chromosome
24. _H___vacuole
25. _G__mitochondria
a. Boundary that surrounds the
nucleus
b. Found in plants for support &
protection
c. Gel-like material where
organelles are found
d. Site of proteins synthesis
5% NaCl
15% other
80% water
hypotonic
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
5% NaCl
5% other
90% water
5% NaCl
15% other
80% other
5% NaCl
15% other
80% other
isotonic
Gatekeeper; controls what comes in & out of cell
Control center of cell; where DNA is found
Powerhouse; where energy is made from food
Stores substances
Packages proteins
Site of photosynthesis in plant cells
Distributes proteins like a roadway
Structure inside nucleus that contains genetic code
Label the following plant and animal cells ANIMAL CELL.
CELL MEM
CYTOPLASM
ER
NUCLEUS
ER
DNA
NUCLEAR MEM
VACUOLE
MITOCHONDIA
RIBOSOMES
GOLGI
CYTOPLASM
CELL WALL
CYTOPLASM
CELL MEM
VACUOLE
ER
NUCLEUS
ER
NUCLEAR MEM
CHLOROPLAST
MITOCHONDIA
RIBOSO
GOLGI
Content Domain 3: Chemical Basis of Life
1. MATTER is anything that takes up space and has mass. The 3 states are GAS, LIQUID and
SOLID.
2. The ATOM is the building block of all matter.
3. An ELEMENT is a substance made up of all the same kind of atoms. The most common
ones found in living things are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus.
4. hydrogen bonds: weak attractions between polar molecules. Ex- holds water molecules to
other water molecules; holds nitrogenous bases together in DNA molecule
5. A chemical REACTION is when chemical bonds are broken and new bonds form.
6. An ORGANIC compound always contains carbon and hydrogen.
7. An INORGANIC compound does not contain C & H and comes from nonliving things.
8. The most important inorganic compound for living things is WATER It is polar (the
hydrogen side is positive while the oxygen side is negative). It is a great SOLVENT (it can
dissolve most things), necessary for most chemical reactions in living things.
9. The Ph scale, from 0 to 14, is a measure of how acidic or basic something is. Neutral is7
Acids are less than 7. Acids release hydrogen ions (H+). Bases are more than 7. Bases release
hydroxide ions (OH-). Stronger acids and bases are FURTHER from 7, while weaker acids
and bases are CLOSER to 7.
10. The four basic types of organic compounds found in living things are PROTEINS, LIPID,
CARBOHYDRATES & NUCLEIC ACIDS
11. Carbohydrates contain these 3 elements: C, H, & O. Carbs provide a major source of
energy. Monosaccharide example: GLUCOSE_ polysacchararide example: STARCH and
cellulose
12. Three types of lipids are WAXES, OILS AND TRIGLYGERIDES The building blocks of
TRIGLYCERIDES are 1 GLCEROL and 3 FATTY ACIDS Uses in the body: ALL
CELL MEMBRANES, SOME HORMONES, STORED ENERGY AND INSULATION
13. Proteins contain these elements: C, H, O, N The building blocks are AMINO ACIDS. They
are used for growth and repair. A special type of protein that LOWERS THE ENERGY OF
ACTIVATION in a chemical reaction is called an enzyme.
14. Nucleic acids contain an organism’s GENETIC CODE The building blocks are
NUCLEOTIDES. Ex: DNA & RNA
15. When cells break down glucose to make energy, they are carrying out CELLULAR
RESPIRATION Plants get this food by performing PHOTOSYNTHESIS
16. Write the balanced chemical equation for cellular respiration: Circle the reactants, underline
the products. C6H1206 + 6O2  H2O + 6CO2
17. Write the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis: Circle the reactants, underline the
products. H2O + 6CO2 C6H1206 + 6O2
18. The molecule that cells use to carry out cellular activities is called ATP Energy is released
when one P, PHOSPHATEis removed, formingADP
19. What is the ultimate source of energy for all living things? SUNLIGHT
20. What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? OXYGEN
21. What are the 2 types of anaerobic respiration?_LACTIC ACID AND ETHANOL How
many net ATPs are produced in each? 2 ATP How many net ATPs are produced in aerobic
respiration? 36 ATP
DNA Replication, Transcription, and Translation
22. What 3 things make up a nucleotide? N BASE, PHOSPHATE GROUP & SUGAR
23. How do the nitrogenous bases pair up? HYDROGEN BONDING
24. What would the complementary strand of DNA look like for: A T T C G C A T G?
TAAGCTTAC
25. Name 3 ways that DNA and RNA differ DOUBLE V SINGLE STRANDED, THYMINE
INSTEAD OF URACIL N BASE, BIG V SMALL, ONLY IN THE NUCLEUS V ALL
OVER THE CELL
26. What are the 3 types of RNA and what do they do? TRNA CARRIES MINO ACIDS TO
TO THE RIBOSOME, MRNA COPIES THE DNA AND CARRIES THE MESSAGE
TO THE RIBOSOME TO MAKE THE PROTEIN RRNA MAKES UP THE
RIBOSOMES
27. What is it called when DNA is used to make mRNA? TRANSCRIPTION
28. Transcribe the following A T T C G C A T G
UAAGCGUAC
29. Three bases in a row make up a CODON. This matches to the ANTICODON found on the
TRNA. The tRNA carries the appropriate AMINO ACID to build a protein. This occurs at
the RIBOSOME. This final process is called protein synthesis, or TRANSLATION.
30. What shape does a DNA molecule have? DOUBLE HELIX
Content Domain IV: Genetics and Patterns of Change
1. The 2 main stages of the cell cycle are M PHASE (MITOSIS) AND INTERPHASE
2. Interphase is the longest phase. What 3 things happen during this phase?
a. G1 GROWTH AND WORK
b. S DNA SYNTHESIS
c. G2 FINAL PREP FOR MITOSIS
3. Mitosis is the division of the NUCLEUS in EUKARYOTIC cells.
4. Cytokinesis is the division of the CYTOPLASM.
5. The two resulting cells are IDENTICAL and are called DAUGHTER cells.
6. The four phases of mitosis are (include a description of each):
a. PROPHASE _______________________________________________________
b. METAPHASE: _______________________________________________________
c. ANAPHASE: _______________________________________________________
d. TELOPHASE_: _______________________________________________________
Label the following diagrams and put them in order.
2 METAPHASE 3 ANAPHASE 4 TELOPHASE
1 PROPHASE
INTERPHASE(not
a part of mitosis)
7. The difference between animal cell division and plant cell division is the formation of a cell
PLATE in PLANT cells
8. Cell division is necessary in order for a cell to REPLACE ITSELF AND PREVENT DNA
OVERLOAD
9. Mitosis makes TWO cells, which means there are 2 of each chromosome (pairs). In humans,
these cells have 46 chromosomes. Since the 2 chromosomes in the pair are similar, they are
referred to as HOMOLOGOUS.
10. Meiosis is how SEXcells are formed (also called GAMETES). They have HALF the
number of chromosomes and are therefore referred to as HAPLOIDcells.
11. In meiosis, 4 cells are formed, all of which are NONIDENTICAL. In egg production, only
ONE egg forms, along with 3 POLAR BODIES It makes FOUR sperm.
Genetics
12. Genetics is the study of HEREDITY. The father of genetics was GREGOR MENDEL,
who did his research on PEA plants.
13. A characteristic a person receives from his/her parent is a TRAIT. The instructions for them
are carried on DNA, which are found on CHROMOSOMES.
14. A person gets one gene for each trait from each parent. The alternative versions of genes are
known as ALLELES If the two alleles are identical, the pair is HOMOZYGOUS, if the pair
is different, it is HETEROZYGOUS, or hybrid. The combination of alleles is called the
GENOTYPE, while the physical appearance is the PHENOTYPE
15. The allele that shows up is DOMINANT, while the one that is hidden is RECESSIVE.
16. Mendel’s work is summarized in 3 laws:
a. Law of Dominance: In a cross of parents that are pure for contrasting traits, only one
form of the trait will appear in the next generation.
b. Law of Segregation: members of a pair of homologous chromosomes separate during the
formation of gametes and are distributed to different gametes so that every gamete
receives only one member of the pair
c. Law of Independent Assortment: the alleles for a trait separate when gametes
are formed
17. A genetic cross involving only one trait is a MONOHYBRID trait. If it involves 2 traits, it is
a DIHYBRID trait. The cross is done on a PUNNETT square.
18. Black fur is dominant to white fur in rabbits. If a heterozygous rabbit is crossed with a white
rabbit, what will the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the offspring be?
Bb x bb_
__B__ __b__
Genotypic ratio: 2/4 Bb 2/4 bb
Phenotypic ratio: 2/4 black 2/4 white
__b__ Bb bb
__b__
Bb
bb
19. The sex chromosomes in males are X Y, while females have XX.
20. Some traits are carried only on the sex chromosomes. These are called SEX-LINKED traits.
Usually, they are on the X chromosome, so are more common in males since males only have
ONE X chromosomes.
21. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes may CROSS over, resulting in a new
combination of genes.
22. Changes in the genetic code of an organism result from MUTATION, which may be
spontaneous or caused by a MUTAGEN.
23. Sometimes during meiosis, homologous pairs do not separate, so the resulting sperm or eggs
will have either one extra or one missing chromosome. This is called NONDISJUNCTION
and can lead to genetic disoders called trisomy or monosomy. An example of a trisomy of the
21st chromosome is DOWN’S SYNDROME
24. Genetic ENGINEERING has lead to many advances in medicine and agriculture. Bacteria
have been produced that can make insulin, thanks to TRANSGENIC DNA.
25. When a species changes over time, it is referred to as EVOLUTION. This occurs due to
NATURAL SELECTION. This theory was proposed by CHARLES DARWIN.
26. According to natural selection, organisms that are BEST suited to their environment will
SURVIVE and REPRODUCE, therefore passing on their traits.
27. Evolution that involves small changes in a species is called MICROEVOLUTION.
28. Evolution that occurs slowly over where big changes occur is called
MACROEVOLUTION.
Content Domain 5: Viruses, Monerans, Protists, and Fungi
Viruses
1. Viruses are [living, nonliving]. They are composed of an outer CAPSID OR PROTEIN
SHELL, with DNA OR RNA (GENOME) inside. They must replicate IN A HOST CELL
(where).
2. When a virus injects its DNA into the host cell, it hijacks the host, forcing it to MAKE
COPIES of viral DNA. Once the viral proteins are assembled, the cell BURSTS, releasing
the viruses. This is referred to as the LYTIC cycle.
3. If the viral DNA is not immediately copied, it becomes integrated within the HOST’S DNA
When the host cell divides, the daughter cells produced will also contain copies of the
VIRUS DNA The virus may be DORMANT/LATENT for several years in this state, but it
is being spread. This is called the LYSOGENIC cycle. After time the lytic cycle will take
over CAUSING ACUTE DISEASE AGAIN.
4. Some common diseases caused by viruses are HERPES, CHICKEN POX, COLDS AND
FLU.
5. Viruses do not respond to ANTIBIOTICS. The body produces ANTIBODIES to help fight
viruses. Animals can receive immunity from viruses through VACCINES, which is when the
animal is injected with dead or weakened viruses so that ANTIBODIES will be produced
against it.
Bacteria
6. Bacteria belong to the Kingdoms archeabacteria and EUBACTERIA. They are UNI-celled
organisms [with, without] a nucleus. Therefore they are referred to as PROKARYOTES.
7. Most bacteria are HETEROTROPHS because they must get food from an outside source.
However, blue-green bacteria are AUTOTROPHS who do photosynthesis. Some perform
CHEMOSYNTHESIS, getting food from chemical compounds.
8. The three shapes of bacteria are COCCI(which is A SPHERE), BACILLI(which is ROD
SHAPED), and SPIRELLA, (which is A SPIRAL).
9. The circular DNA of bacteria is called a CHROMOSOME. Some bacteria also have a tail,
called a FLAGELLA. Some bacteria form ENDOSPORES, in which the DNA is protected
in a coating until conditions are favorable. The process whereby bacteria MOST reproduce is
referred to as BINARY FISSION They cannot do mitosis, since there is no NUCLEUS.
10. In what ways are bacteria beneficial to us? MAKE FOOD, MEDICINE, HELP
DIGESTION, PROTECT FROM BAD BACTERIA
11. What are some foods produced with bacteria?YOGURT, COTTAGE CHEESE, KIMCHI,
PICKLES , SAURKRAUT
12. Some common diseases caused by bacteria are STREP THROAT, PNEUMONIA,
SYPHILLIS AND CAVITIES
13. Some bacteria cause disease by releasing TOXINS, while others cause disease by breaking
down tissues for FOOD. Bacterial diseases can be transmitted by SURFACES,
EXCHANGE OF FLUIDS, DIRECT CONTACT, or VECTORS (like ticks, fleas, lice,
raccoons, etc.). To fight bacterial infections, ANTIBIOTICS may be taken.
14. Some ways to prevent bacterial infection are STERILIZATION, PASTUERIZATION,
GOOD HYGENE AND HAND WASHING.
Protists
15. Kingdom Protista is composed of mostly UNIcelled organisms that all have a
MEMBRANE-bound NUCLEUS. Thus, they are referred to as EUKARYOTES.
16. Plant-like protists are known as ALGAE; animal-like protists are referred to as
PROTOZOA, while fungus-like protists are just fungus-like protists!
17. Protozoa are classified based on their method of MOVEMENT.
18. Algae contain CHLOROPHYLL in order to do photosynthesis. They must live in a
WATER environment. They are generally classified based on the color PIGMENTS they
contain.
19. How are protists beneficial? FOOD, CONSTRUCTION, CLEANING PRODUCTS,
OXYGEN PRODUCTION
20. What are some diseases caused by protists? MALARIA, CHAGAS DISEASE,
DYSENTARY
21. What is an algal bloom? RAPID GROWTH OF ALGEA DUE TO INCREASE IN
NITROGEN (USALLY ANIMAL WASTE) IN WATER
22. What causes red tides? AN ALGAL BLOOM OF A RED ALGAE
Fungi
23. Fungi are usually MULTI-celled organisms that must OBTAIN FOOD to get energy.
Unlike plants, they DO NOT perform PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
24. Fungi are made of filaments called HYPHAE, which intertwine into a tangled mass known
as a MYCELLIUM. Their cell walls are composed of CHITIN.
25. Fungi reproduce both SEXUALLY AND ASEXUALLY They are classified based on the
way they form SPORES.
26. How are fungi beneficial? FOOD(MAKE AND ARE), MEDICINE, DECOMPOSERS
27. What are some foods produced with fungi? CHEESES, BREAD(YEAST), SOY SAUCE
28. What are some diseased caused by fungi? ATHLETES FOOT, THRUSH, RINGWORM
What are some negative effects of fungi? GROW ON ANYTHING AND “DECOMPOSE IT”
Who am I? PARAMECIUM AND AMOEBA
Content Domain 6: Ecology and the Environment
1. The thin layer of land, air, and water where life on Earth exists is the BIOSHPERE.
2. Ecology is the study of the interactions between ORGANISMS and their
ENVIRONMENT.
3. A group of the same species of organisms living in an area is a POPULATION.
4. All of the species in an area is a COMMUNITY
5. Different species of organisms in an area, plus the nonliving parts of the environment make
up the ECOSYSTEM_.
6. Environmental factors that are living are referred to as BIOTIC, while those that are
nonliving are known as ABIOTIC. Plants, animals, and bacteria are examples of biotic
factors. Five examples of abiotic factors are TEMPERATURE, CLIMATE, SPACE,
WATER AND AIR.
7. The place where an organism lives is its HABITAT, while it’s “job” or “way of life” is
called its NICHE.
8. The ultimate source of energy in an ecosystem is the SUN, but only 10% of this energy is
transferred to the next TROPHIC level.
9. Organisms that make their own food are called AUTOTROPHS OR PRODUCERS They
are found at the BOTTOMof the energy PYRAMID.
10. The path of energy from producer to consumer is a FOOD CHAIN Make one containing at
least four organisms.
GRASS_GRASSHOPPERSONGBIRDHAWK
11. Many interconnected food chains make up a FOOD WEB
12. T or F. Energy is recycled in an ecosystem.
13. T or F. Matter is recycled in an ecosystem.
14. Water Cycle: Rain, snow, and sleet are examples of PRECIPITATION. When liquid water
changes into the gaseous state, it is called EVAPORATION. When water evaporates from
leaves into the atmosphere, it is called TRANSPIRATION. When water changes from a
gaseous state to a liquid state, it is called CONDENSATION.
15. Nitrogen Cycle: BACTERIA are found in the root nodules of special plants called
LEGUMES; they convert nitrogen gas into a usable form for the plants. Animals get this
nitrogen when they EAT PLANTS AND OTHER FOOD. When organisms die, nitrogen is
returned to the soil.
16. Carbon Cycle: Carbon enters the atmosphere when FOSSIL FUELS OR ANY ORGANIC
MATERIALS are burned, when organisms do cell RESPIRATION, and during volcanic
eruptions. Carbon leaves the atmosphere (CO2-abiotic) and enters the biotic parts when
plants perform PHOTOSYNTHESIS. CO2 is also produced when decomposers break
down dead organisms.
17. Phosphorus Cycle: Plants get phosphorus from the soil and rocks. Animals get it when they
EAT. It is returned to the soil when plants and animals DECOMPOSE
18. When communities change over time, it is called ecological SUCCESSION. There are 2
types. If NO LIFE existed there before, it is PRIMARY SUCCESSION The first organisms
to colonize such an area are pioneer species, such as LICHEN. What types of organisms are
next? AFTER SOIL IS FORMED, PLANTS LIKE MOSSES
19. When there used to be life, but a disaster occurs, killing everything, SECONDARY
succession occurs. It is faster because SOIL is already present. This type usually begins with
things like GRASSES AND OTHER SMALL PLANTS.
20. A community that is relatively stable and unlikely to change is called a CLIMAX
community.
21. If the number of births equals the number of deaths in a community, ZERO POPULATION
GROWTH is the result.
22. If the population grows exponentially because there are no LIMITING factors, the growth
curve looks like the letter J. The population size will rapidly exceed the AVAILABLE
FOOD AND SPACE, CALLED CARRYING CAPACITY and will likely crash.
23. If the population levels off (stabilizes) at the CARRYING CAPACITY due to LIMITING
factors, the curve is called logistic, and is shaped like the letter S
24. Some examples of limiting factors are SPACE, FOOD AVAILABLE MATES, DISEASE
25. A large region that has a certain climate and characteristic animals and plants is called a
BIOME. The climate is based on amount of PRECIPITATION and TEMPERATURE.
Biome
Tropical rainforest
Climate
WET WARM
Animals
MANY -HIGH
DIVERSITY
Savanna
WARM SEASONAL
PRECIP
GRAZING &
BURROWING
Desert
HOT DRY
REPTILES MANY
NOCTURNAL
Temperate grassland
SEASONAL TEMPS
& PRECIP
SEASONAL TEMPS
& MODERATE
PRECIP
COOL TO COLD
MOD PRECIP
GRAZING &
BURROWING
WIDE VARIETY
Temperate forest
Taiga
Tundra
COLD & DRY
PERMAFROST
WIDE VARIETY
OF COLD
TOLERANT SP
FEW IN VARIETY
MANY IN #
Plants
MANY BROAD
LEAF PLANTS &
TREES
GRASSES &
SHRUBS SOME
TREES
SPINY LEAVED
W/ WAXY
COVERINGS
GRASSES &
SHRUBS
MANY
DECIDUOUS
TREES
CONIFEROUS
TREES
SEDGES. MOSSES
SMALL PLANTS
26. Aquatic environments: examples of standing FRESH water: ARE LAKES AND PONDS,
examples of moving water:RIVERS AND STREAMS There is freshwater and SALT
27. The photic zones of lakes and the ocean have LIGHT, while WATER(MARINE). An
ESTUARY is a combination of the two.the aphotic zone can only support organisms that can
live in the DARK_.
28. What are some ways humans have caused the extinction of species? HABITAT
DESTRUCTION, POLLUTION, OVERHUNTING/HARVESTING
29. A harmful product, or waste product in the environment is a POLLUTANT. Much air
pollution is caused from burning of FOSSIL FULES Examples of air pollutants are CO2,
CO, NOx, SOx, SMOG, OZONE, CFCs. A combination of smoke, gases is called SMOG.
If air pollutants SOx and NOx (sulfur oxides and nitrous oxides) combine with water vapor,
it produces ACID RAIN (PRECIPITATION)
30. The greenhouse effect is vital on our planet to MAINTAIN temperature. If too much carbon
dioxide, a greenhouse gas, is present in the atmosphere, it leads to the INCREASE OF THE
GREENHOUSE effect. This is thought to contribute to GLOBAL WARMING
31. What are some things that may cause water pollution? INDUSTRY, ANIMAL WASTE,
MINING, IMPROPER DUMPING (THINK Simpson’s movie)
32. What are two alternate sources of energy for electricity, instead of burning fossil fuels?
SOLAR power & WIND power
33. All plants are [unicellular, multicellular] and are [eukaryotes, prokaryotes].
34. Plant cells contain 2 things not found in animal cells: CELL WALL & CHLOROPLASTS
35. The cell walls are made of CELLULOSE which is a type of CARBOHYDRATE.
36. Some small plants transport water and food only by diffusion. These are ________________
plants. Larger, more complex ________________ plants have conductive tissue for this job.
37. Bryophytes (2 examples: mosses & hornworts) are nonvascular plants that reproduce by
producing spores. -found in WET environments.
38. Plant life cycles are referred to as “alternation of generations”, cycling between haploid
39. (1 N, gametophyte) and diploid (2 N, sporophyte) generations.
40. Alternation of generations: the haploid gametophyte generation produces GAMETES (eggs
& sperm) by mitosis. They come together to form a ZYGOTE, which is the sporophyte. The
sporophyte then produces SPORES by meiosis. They develop into the gametophyte.
41. The two types of vascular tissue are XYLEM (which transports WATER up from the roots
to the rest of the plant) and PHLOEM (which transports GLUCOSE from the leaves to the rest
of the plant).
42. The seed of a plant contains the EMBRYO and a food supply (endosperm) surrounded by
the SEED COAT.
43. Seed-producing plants are divided into 2 groups: GYMNOSPERM (naked seeds, often in
cones) and ANGIOSPERM (flowering plants). Examples of gymnosperms are PINES,
CEDARS, SEQUOIA & CONIFERS Examples of angiosperms are CORN, GRASS, OAKS,
ROSES, AND APPLE TREES
44. In flowers, the seeds are protected within a FRUIT (an enlarged ovary). They are further
divided into 2 groups: monocots (one cotyledon, ex-GRASS & corn) and dicots (2 cotyledons,
ex-POISON IVY & roses).
45. The three main organs of a plant are the LEAVES, ROOTS & STEMS
46. Three jobs of roots:ABSORB WATER AND NUTRIENTS & ANCHOR THE PLANT.
Two kinds of roots: TAP & FIBROUS.
47. Two jobs of stems: SUPPORT & TRANSPORT.
48. Main job of leaves: PHOTOSYNTHESIS
49. What can carry their pollen? WIND, WATER & ANIMALS
50. Under the right conditions, seeds will sprout, or GERMINATE.
51. What are some ways that humans use plants? FOOD, PRODUCE OXYGEN
52. Label the parts of the flower.
Word Bank
pistil
petal
stamen
stigma
ovary
ovule
filament
style
anther
sepal
20. Animals with a backbone are VERTABRATES; those without are INVERTABRATES
21. Comparative Invertebrate Survey…this should look like a table you have already done!
22. All vertebrates have BILATERAL symmetry, a [true coelom, pseudocoelom, or no coelom]
and an [endoskeleton, exoskeleton].
Phylum
Name
(scientific)
Common
name
Body plan
(symmetry)
Type of body
cavity
Circulatory
system type?
Digestive
system type?
nervous
system type/
cephalization?
Type of
Reproduction?
Examples
Porifera
Cnidaria
Platyhelminthes
Nematoda
Annelida
Mollusca
Arthropoda
Echinodermata