Download Performance and Cost Implication of Feeding Broilers

AU J.T. 10(4): 232-236 (Apr. 2007)
Performance and Cost Implication of Feeding Broilers with
Cornflakes Waste Based Diet
S.S.A. Egena and V.E. Aya
Department of Animal Production, Federal University of Technology
Minna, Niger State, Nigeria
Abstract
The effect of replacing maize with cornflakes waste and the cost implication of
such a replacement was investigated in 150 ANAK 2000 breed broilers for nine weeks.
Maize was substituted at 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 100% levels representing 0%,
10.57%, 21.14%, 31.71% and 54% of cornflakes waste respectively. The experimental
design used was the complete randomized design. Analysis showed that the treatment
had a pronounced effect (P<0.05) on body weight at the starter phase of the experiment
while feed intake, weight gain and feed: gain ratio were not affected (P>0.05). a
difference (P<0.05) was also observed for feed intake and feed: gain ratio at the
finisher phase but body eight and weight gain showed no effect (P>0.05). The cost/Kg
of meat produced significantly affected (P<0.05) as well as feed cost and cost of feed
intake. These results show that cornflakes waste has an effect n the performance of
broilers and the cost of feeding the birds. It can therefore effectively be used as a
substitute for maize in broiler diet.
Keywords: Performance, cornflakes waste, broilers, cost, maize.
poultry nutrition (Benitez et al. 1999) and it is
also very expensive. In order to reduce the cost
of raising birds, alternatives must be sought
which can effectively replace maize especially
in energy. Cornflakes waste is one of such
product.
Cornflakes according to Asiedu (1989) is
a hydrothemically treated maize product of
worldwide popularity. It is high in nutrient
value and with good digestibility. Cornflakes
have an energy value as high as that of maize
with moderate digestible fat content (Castberg
and Kampen 1990). It is with this in mind that
the authors set out to investigate the effect of
replacing maize with cornflakes waste in
broiler diets as well as the cost implication of
the replacement.
Introduction
There is a rapid increase in world
population coupled with a decrease in cereal
production especially in developing countries.
This has created a great competition between
man and animals for food especially grains
such as maize, Sorghum and wheat which are
sources of energy for both man and livestock.
This competition means that raising poultry
birds will demand a greater monetary input
from farmers with most of it going into
feeding. This cost of feeding was estimated to
be about 70% of the total cot of raising birds to
market weight (Ogunfoworola 1984; Oluyemi
1984).
The growing fluctuation in feed cost and
price of poultry meat as a result of the rising
cost of conventional feed ingredients has
therefore led to the search for alternative
sources of feed ingredients particularly those
energy and protein origin. Maize is one of the
most widely used energy yielding ingredient in
Materials and Methods
Cornflakes waste was used in
formulating five diets. It was used to replace
maize at 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 100% levels
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AU J.T. 10(4): 232-236 (Apr. 2007)
representing 0%, 10.57%, 21.14%, 31.71% and
54% of cornflakes waste respectively (Table
1). The diets were isocaloric and
isonitrogenous.
One hundred and fifty day old chicks of
the ANAK 2000 breed were used for the
experiment. That means 30 birds/treatment and
10 bird/replicate. The necessary sanitary
precautions were observed which includes
daily cleaning of the feeders and drinkers.
Wood shavings were used as bedding material
and the house was electrically heated using
200watt bulbs. The chicks were weighed on
arrival in groups and randomly allotted to the
five treatment groups of three replicates in a
complete randomized design (CRD). Feed and
water were given ad libitum. All the necessary
preventive medication and vaccinations were
provided and administered at the appropriate
time schedule.
The chemical composition of the
experimental diets and the test material
(cornflakes waste) were analyzed using the
method of (AOAC 1995). Parameters measured
include: mean body weight, mean body weight
gain, mean feed intake and mean feed: gain
ratio. Equally, the cost: benefit ratio of the
replacement of maize with cornflakes waste
was evaluated.
All data obtained were subjected to
analysis of variance (ANOVA) using (Minitab
1993). The treatment means were separated
using (Duncan 1955) where there were
significant differences (P<0.05).
result of the inclusion of the cornflakes waste
at the different levels. It indicates a near perfect
constant value in dry matter, nitrogen free
extract, crude protein, crude fibre, and ash.
This was basically because the diets were
isocaloric and isonitrogenous. The values of
the nutrients in the diets fall within the range
recommended by Aduku (1992) and Oluyemi
and Roberts (2000).
The chemical composition of cornflakes
waste (Table 3) shows that it is high in nitrogen
free extract, low in protein and relatively low
in oil, ash and crude fibre. The trend is similar
to that reported for maize grain (West et el.
1988). Cornflakes waste like maize is starchy
and low in protein, minerals and oil.
The mean body weight was significantly
affected (P<0.05) as a result of the inclusion of
cornflakes waste in the diet at the starter phase
(Table 4). Birds fed 60% cornflakes waste had
significantly higher body weight than the
control and the 100% cornflakes waste diet.
This is an indication that nutrient utilization
was better when maize and cornflakes waste
were fed together to the birds (T2, T3 and T4)
than when fed separately (T1 and T5). This
finding upholds the report of Sibbald (1975)
about the associative effect of feed. No
significant effect (P>0.05) was observed at the
finisher phase as a result of the replacement of
maize with cornflakes waste in the diet. This is
an indication that the birds showed
compensatory growth as the experiment
approached its completion. The final body
weights of the birds were similar statistically at
the end of the trial and compares well with
values reported for broilers by Ayanwale
(1999).
Feed intake did not show any significant
difference (P>0.05) as a result of the feeding of
cornflakes waste at the starter phase of the
experiment (Table 4). This might be because
the diet met the nutrient requirements of the
birds (for protein and energy) at that phase.
The situation was however different at the
finisher phase where birds fed 60% cornflakes
waste consumed more feed (P<0.05) than those
fed the control.
Results and Discussion
The chemical composition of the
experimental diets and the test material are
presented in Table 2 and Table 3 respectively.
The mean body weight, mean feed intake,
mean body weight gain and mean feed: gain
ratio of the experimental birds for both the
starter and finisher phases of the experiment
are presented in Table 4. The cost implication
of replacing maize with cornflakes waste in
broiler diets is presented in Table 5.
The chemical composition of the
experimental diet did not vary significantly as a
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AU J.T. 10(4): 232-236 (Apr. 2007)
Table 1. Composition of experimental diets
Ingredient
Maize
Cornflakes waste
Soyabean meal
Rice offal
Fish meal
Palm oil
Bone meal
Oyster meal
Methionine
Lysine
Salt
Premix
Total
%CP
Energy (Kcal/Kg)
T1
56.00
=
3.00
3.00
3.00
2.00
2.00
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.30
0.25
100
21.38
3233.55
T2
44.80
10.57
3.00
3.00
3.00
2.00
2.00
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.30
0.25
100
21.34
3136.20
T3
33.60
21.14
3.00
3.00
3.00
2.00
2.00
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.30
0.25
100
21.31
3090.40
T4
22.40
31.71
3.00
3.00
3.00
2.00
2.00
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.30
0.25
100
21.29
3248.90
T5
*
54.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
2.00
2.00
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.30
0.25
100
20.82
3204.40
* = No value.
Table 2. Proximate composition of experimental diets
Components
Moisture
Dry matter
Crude protein
Ether extract
Ash
Crude fibre
Nitrogen free extract
T1
8.74
91.26
21.33
7.32
9.29
12.14
41.18
T2
8.69
91.31
22.32
6.46
8.37
9.84
44.32
T3
8.52
91.48
22.35
6.10
8.62
10.48
43.92
T4
8.37
91.63
22.18
7.11
9.17
9.92
43.25
T5
8.26
91.74
21.78
8.33
9.15
10.28
42.20
Table 3. Composition of cornflakes waste
Component
Moisture
Dry matter
Crude protein
Ether extract
Ash
Crude fibre
Nitrogen free extract
ME (Kcal/Kg)
(%)
5.30
94.70
6.74
3.80
0.14
2.74
81.28
3330
Table 4. Performance characteristics of broilers fed cornflakes waste based diets
Parameter
T1
T2
Body weight (g)
Feed intake (g)
Weight gain (g)
Feed: gain
426.72a
423.99
206.67
1.97
446.90ab
436.79
211.47
2.00
Body weight (g)
Feed intake (g)
Weight gain (g)
Feed: gain
1803.00
903.91a
333.26
2.96a
1722.61
922.53ab
279.86
3.47ab
T3
Starter phase
448.73b
442.23
225.33
2.03
Finisher phase
1709.65
1002.91ab
276.74
4.14b
234
T4
T5
SEM
482.06b
452.07
225.07
2.03
415.47a
464.83
202.10
2.33
78.5*
6.53ns
4.61ns
0.06ns
1737.50
1043.17b
288.61
3.90ab
1616.63
1004.70ab
274.54
3.88ab
26.16
20.03*
4.61ns
0.16*
AU J.T. 10(4): 232-236 (Apr. 2007)
Table 5. Cost: benefit analysis
Parameter
Initial body weight (g)
Final body weight (g)
Body weight (g)
Feed intake (g)
Feed cost (N)
Cost of feed intake (N)
Cost/Kg meat (N)
T1
50
2333.23
2283.23
206.67
51.56c
299.56c
131.73c
T2
50
2177.78
2117.78
211.47
46.67bc
276.47bc
130.58c
T3
50
2111.10
2061.13
225.33
43.79b
272.35b
132.22c
T4
50
2277.78
2227.78
225.07
39.91b
256.74b
115.31b
T5
50
2075.31
2025.31
202.10
31.37a
198.97a
98.31a
SEM
46.18ns
16.86ns
4.61ns
1.82*
9.52*
3.92*
* Significant difference (P<0.05).
Legend: ab: Means denoted by different alphabets in the same row are significantly different (P<0.05).
ns: Not significant (P>0.05).
SEM: standard error of mean.
The high values of intake observed for
birds fed diets composed of maize and
cornflakes waste (T2, T3 and T4) is an
indication that their combination encouraged
more feed intake than when maize was fed
separately. Sibbald (1975) had earlier reported
the associative effect of feeds on feed
consumption in birds. The high intake values
observed for birds fed 100% cornflakes waste
compared to the control might be due to the
fact that birds find the cornflakes waste more
digestible.
There was no significant difference
(P>0.05) observed in weight gain at both the
starter and finisher phases respectively (Table
4). The almost similar rate of gain at both
phases of the experiment might be due to the
level of energy and protein in the diet. The
birds were able to meet their need for these
nutrients and hence growth was enhanced. This
shows that efficiency of gain is closely related
to intake levels of nutrients especially protein
and energy (Fashina- Bombata et al. 1994).
The lower body weight gain noticed for birds
fed 100% cornflakes waste diet at both the
starter and finisher phases is an indication that
cornflakes waste is better utilized when fed
with maize or other cereal grain.
Feed: gain ratio did not differ
significantly (P>0.05) at the starter phase of the
experiment (Table 4). This is an indication of
the adequacy of nutrients in all the diets. The
diets were able to meet the need of the birds. A
significant effect (P<0.05) was however
observed at the finisher phase. The value
obtained for the birds fed 40% cornflakes
waste diet might be due to the lower energy
level of the diet which grossly affected its
ability to meet up with the maintenance and
growth requirement of the birds as the birds
age.
Cost: benefit analysis shows that feed
cost (N), cost of feed intake (N) and cost/Kg of
meat (N) were all reduced (P<0.05) by the
inclusion of cornflakes waste in the diet (Table
5). This might be due to the prevailing price of
cornflakes waste (N 14.00) compared to that of
maize (N 50.00) as at the time of the
experiment. Increasing the level of cornflakes
waste in the diet therefore led to a decrease in
the cost of feed/Kg. This equally translated to
lower cost/Kg meat in the birds fed 60% and
100% cornflakes waste respectively.
Conclusion
This study showed that performance
characteristics as well as cost of raising birds
are affected by the replacement of maize with
cornflakes waste in broiler diets. The study
also showed that broiler birds were able to
perform better when fed a combined diet of
maize and cornflakes waste compared to when
cornflakes wastes is fed alone. Equally, the
cost implication of the replacement is least
when cornflakes waste was fed alone. It was
concluded that comparable performance of
broilers could be obtained when maize is
replaced with cornflakes waste at all levels of
inclusion.
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AU J.T. 10(4): 232-236 (Apr. 2007)
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