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Chapter 8: Motivation and
Emotion
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Motivation

The factors that direct and
energize the behavior of
humans and other
organisms
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Explaining Motivation

Instincts
– Inborn patterns of behavior
that are biologically
determined rather than
learned
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Drive Reduction Approaches

When people lack some
basic biological requirement
such as water, a drive to
obtain that requirement is
produced
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Drive Reduction Approaches

Drive
– Motivational tension, or
arousal, that energizes
behavior in order to fulfill
some need

Primary drive
– Basic drives related to
biological needs of the body
or the species as a whole

Secondary drives
– Needs are brought about by
prior experience and
learning
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Drive Reduction Approaches

Homeostasis
– A basic motivational phenomena that underlies primary
drives and involves the body’s tendency to maintain a steady
internal state
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Arousal Approaches: Beyond Drive
Reduction

Arousal Approaches to
Motivation
– We try to maintain a certain
level of stimulation and
activity, increasing or
reducing them as necessary
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Incentive Approaches: Motivation’s
Pull

Incentive approaches to
motivation
– Suggests that motivation
stems from the desire to
obtain valued external
goals, or incentives
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Cognitive Approaches: The Thoughts
Behind Motivation

Suggest that motivation is a
product of people’s thoughts,
expectations, and goals

Intrinsic motivation
– Causes us to participate in an
activity for our own enjoyment

Extrinsic motivation
– Causes us to do something for
some concrete, tangible reward
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Maslow’s Hierarchy
Self
Actualization
Esteem
Love and Belongingness
Safety Needs
Physiological Needs
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Maslow’s Hierarchy

Self-actualization
– State of self-fulfillment in
which people realize their
highest potential in their
own unique way
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The Motivation Behind Hunger and
Eating

Obesity
– Body weight that is more
than 20% above the
average weight for a person
of a given height
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Biological Factors in the Regulation
of Hunger


Hypothalamus
Weight set point
– The particular level of
weight that the body strives
to maintain

Metabolism
– The rate at which food is
converted to energy and
expended by the body as
destined through heredity
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Social Factors in Eating



External social factors, based
on societal rules and
conventions and on what we
have learned about appropriate
eating behavior
Associations of food with
comfort and consolation via
classical and operant
conditioning
Escape from unpleasant
thoughts

Settling point
– Determined by a
combination of our genetic
heritage and the nature of
the environment in which we
live
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Eating Disorders

Anorexia nervosa
– A severe eating disorder in
which people may refuse to
eat, while denying that their
behavior and appearance
are unusual

Bulimia
– A disorder in which a person
binges on large quantities of
food, and then purges
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Sexual Motivation: The Facts of Life

Androgens
– Male sex hormones
secreted by the testes

Estrogen
– Female sex hormone

Progesterone
– Female sex hormone

Ovulation
– Greatest output of female
sex hormone when egg is
released from the ovaries
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Psychological Aspects of Sexual
Excitement

Erogenous zones
– Areas of the body that have an unusually rich array of nerve
receptors that are particularly sensitive not just to sexual
touch, but to any kind of touch

Erotic
– External stimuli which, through a process of learning, have
become sexually stimulating
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Surveying Sexual Behavior

Masturbation

– Sexual self-stimulation

Heterosexuality
– Extramarital sex

– Sexual attraction and
behavior directed
towards the opposite
sex

Premarital sex
– Double standard
– Permissiveness with
affection
Marital sex
Homosexuals
– Persons who are
sexually attracted to
members of their own
sex

Bisexuals
– Persons who are
sexually attracted to
people of the same
and opposite sex
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The Need for Achievement: Striving
for Success

Need for achievement
– A stable, learned characteristic in which
satisfaction is obtained by striving for and
attaining a level of excellence

Measuring achievement motivation
– Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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Needs

Need for affiliation
– An interest in establishing
and maintaining
relationships with other
people

Need for power
– Tendency to seek impact,
control, or influence over
others, and to be seen as a
powerful individual
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Understanding Emotional
Experiences

Emotions
– Feelings that generally have
both physiological and
cognitive elements and that
influence behavior
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The Function of Emotions

Preparing us for action
– A link between events in our
environment and our
responses

Shaping our future behavior
– Act as reinforcement

Helping us to interact more
effectively with others
– Act as a signal to observers,
allowing them to better
understand what we are
experiencing and to predict
our future behavior
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Truth, Lies, and Polygraph

Polygraph
– An electronic device designed to
expose people who are telling lies
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