Download Human Diseases

Unit II
Common Diseases and Disorders of
Body Systems
Copyright
Copyright
© 2010
© 2010
Delmar,
Delmar,
Cengage
Cengage
Learning.
Learning.
ALLALL
RIGHTS
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RESERVED.
RESERVED.
Chapter 5
Immune System Diseases
and Disorders
Copyright
Copyright
© 2010
© 2010
Delmar,
Delmar,
Cengage
Cengage
Learning.
Learning.
ALLALL
RIGHTS
RIGHTS
RESERVED.
RESERVED.
Anatomy and Physiology
• Organs:
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Thymus gland
Bone marrow
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Liver
Tonsils
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Anatomy and Physiology
• Types of immunity:
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Active natural
Active artificial
Passive natural
Passive artificial
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Common Signs and Symptoms
• Vary
• Related to factors, such as the following:
– Immunodeficient
• Lack of immunity
– Autoimmune
• Immunity against self
– Isoimmune
• Immunity against other humans
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Diagnostic Testing
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Skin tests
Desensitization
Blood count
Coombs’ test
Anti-nuclear antibody (ANA)
Rheumatoid factor (RF)
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Hypersensitivity Disorders
• Allergies
– E.g., hay fever, asthma
– Common reactions:
• Urticaria
• Contact dermatitis
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Urticaria
Photo courtesy Robert A. Silverman, MD,
Pediatric Dermatology, Georgetown University
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Hypersensitivity Disorders
• Allergies
– Symptoms:
• Elevated eosinophil count
• Redness, heat, swelling, and itching
• Runny nose, coughing, sneezing, wheezing, and nasal congestion
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Hypersensitivity Disorders
• Hay fever
– Reaction to allergen in mucous membranes of nose and
upper respiratory tract
– Symptoms:
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Sneezing
Watery eyes
Runny nose
Itching
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Hypersensitivity Disorders
• Hay fever
– Causes of seasonal:
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Tree pollen
Grasses
Ragweed pollen
Agricultural crops
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Hypersensitivity Disorders
• Hay fever
– Causes of nonseasonal:
• Dust mites
• Pet dander
• Food allergies
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Hypersensitivity Disorders
• Hay fever
– Treatment:
• Removal of allergen
• Air-conditioned environment
– Or move to different climate
• Antihistamines
• Allergy desensitization
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Hypersensitivity Disorders
• Asthma
– Also known as bronchial asthma
– Symptoms:
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Extreme shortness of breath
Difficulty breathing
Wheezing
Anxiety
Cough
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Hypersensitivity Disorders
• Asthma
– Treatment:
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Avoidance of causative allergens
Desensitization
Education
Medication
– No cure
• But can be controlled
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Animation
Click Here to Play Asthma Animation
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Hypersensitivity Disorders
• Anaphylaxis
– Severe allergic response to allergen
– Causes:
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Antibiotics
Anesthetics
Codeine
Insulin
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Hypersensitivity Disorders
• Anaphylaxis
– Causes:
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Vaccines
Foods
Pollens
Latex
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Hypersensitivity Disorders
• Anaphylaxis
– May be mild to life-threatening
– Symptoms:
• Itching of throat, tongue, and scalp
• Edema of face and airways leading to difficulty breathing
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Hypersensitivity Disorders
• Anaphylaxis
– Treatment:
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Emergency tracheostomy
Epinephrine
Corticosteroids
Antihistamines
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Hypersensitivity Disorders
• Food allergies
– E.g., chocolate, shellfish
– Symptoms:
• Cramping
• Diarrhea
• Vomiting
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Contact Dermatitis
• Acute or chronic allergic skin reaction
– E.g., poison ivy
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Contact Dermatitis
• Causes:
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Cosmetics
Laundry products
Plants
Jewelry
Paint
Drugs
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Autoimmune Disorders
• Rheumatic fever
– Follows group A strep infection
– Occurs one to four weeks after strep infection
• Sudden or gradual onset
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Autoimmune Disorders
• Rheumatic fever
– Symptoms:
• Fever
• Malaise
• Joint pain
– Prevention:
• Accurate diagnosis of strep infections
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Autoimmune Disorders
• Rheumatoid arthritis
– Abnormal antibody that attacks or attaches to body’s own
cells and tissues
– RF antibody in blood indicative of disease
– Classic sign:
• Ulnar deviation
– Progressive disease
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Autoimmune Disorders
• Rheumatoid arthritis
– Treatment:
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Anti-inflammatory medications
Analgesics
Exercise and rest routine
Short-term corticosteroids
Surgical joint replacement
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Autoimmune Disorders
• Myasthenia gravis
– Slow onset
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Autoimmune Disorders
• Myasthenia gravis
– Symptoms:
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Diplopia
Ptosis
Dysphagia
Dysphonia
Difficulty with facial expressions
Fatigue
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Autoimmune Disorders
• Myasthenia gravis
– Periods of remission and exacerbation
– Treatment:
• Mestinon
• Plasma exchange
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Autoimmune Disorders
• Type 1 diabetes mellitus
– Formerly known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
– Alters carbohydrate or sugar metabolism
– Triggered by viral infections
• E.g., rubella, mumps, influenza
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Autoimmune Disorders
• Lupus erythematosus
– Two types:
• Cutaneous
– Discoid
– Limited to skin
• Systemic
– Diffuse
– Affects multiple systems
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Autoimmune Disorders
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
– Chronic with remissions and exacerbations
– Symptoms:
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Butterfly rash
Joint pain
Fever
Weight loss
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Autoimmune Disorders
• Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
– Symptomatic treatment:
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Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)
Antipyretics
Analgesics
Corticosteroids
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Autoimmune Disorders
• Scleroderma
– Hardening, thickening, and shrinking of connective tissues
• Including skin
– Periods of remission and exacerbation
– Symptoms:
• Joint contractures
• Raynaud’s phenomenon
• Thick, leather-like, shiny, taut skin
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Autoimmune Disorders
• Scleroderma
– Treatment:
• No cure or treatment
• May use antibiotics, immunosuppressives, and anti-inflammatories
• May be beneficial to perform muscle stretching and strengthening
exercises
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Isoimmune Disorders
• Blood transfusion reaction
• Type of tissue transplant
• Type O
– Universal blood donor
• Type AB
– Universal blood recipient
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Isoimmune Disorders
• Symptoms of transfusion:
– Chills
– Shivering
– Fever
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Isoimmune Disorders
• Erythroblastosis fetalis
– Mother’s antibodies attack and destroy antigen on baby’s
red blood cells (RBCs)
• Ultimately causing death
– Usually no problem with first baby of Rh-negative mother
and Rh-positive baby
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Isoimmune Disorders
• Erythroblastosis fetalis
– Condition only affects Rh-positive babies carried by Rhnegative mothers
– Also known as hemolytic disease of the newborn
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Isoimmune Disorders
• Erythroblastosis fetalis
– Treatment:
• Transfusion of baby’s blood at birth
– RhoGAM
• Halted this condition
• Given prophylactically after delivery of first fetus
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Organ Rejection
• Human immune system attacks transplanted
tissue
• More closely matched donor decreases chance
of rejection
• Acute rejection occurs early
• Chronic rejection occurs over long period
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Immune Deficiency Disorders
• Inability of immune system to protect
individual against disease
• Congenital, genetic disorder or acquired
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Immune Deficiency Disorders
• Acquired types may be due to:
– Bone marrow suppression from chemotherapy and
radiation
– Medications given to organ transplant recipients
– Immunodeficiency
• E.g., acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
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Immune Deficiency Disorders
• AIDS
– Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
– Eradicates individual’s lymphocytes
– Stages:
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Acute infection
Asymptomatic HIV
Symptomatic HIV
Advanced HIV
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Immune Deficiency Disorders
• Advanced HIV
– T-cell count less than 50 per microliter
– Anti-viral medications may slow HIV replication and
disease progress
• E.g., azidothymidine (AZT)
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Immune Deficiency Disorders
• Transmission of AIDS
– Intimate contact and sharing of body fluids
– Virus must enter bloodstream to cause infection
– Misconceptions about transmission
• Cannot acquire from toilet seats, doorknobs, furniture, water
fountains, social kissing, coughing, or sneezing
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Immune Deficiency Disorders
• AIDS primarily spread three ways:
– Sexual intercourse
– Sharing of hypodermic needles
– In utero from infected mother to unborn baby
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Rare Diseases
• Severe combined immunodeficiency disease
– Group of inherited disorders that cause partial or complete
dysfunction of immune system
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Effects of Aging
• Degenerated thymus gland
• Changed function of antibodies
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