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WORLD WAR II 8th grade U.S. History Slide 1 Problems of Versailles Britain and France wanted to punish Germany Germany did not believe it had started war Reparations were too high League of Nations was weak Germany, Russia, US not members Allies did not come through with land promises for Italy Russian resentment with loss of territory when they surrendered to Germany Slide 2 Problems for Europe • Germany cannot pay reparations • Italy has economic & political problems • Massive inflation (Italy & Germany) • Great Depression ends any hope of reparations • US isolationism limits our involvement • Fear of a Socialist/Communist revolution • Dictators promise to restore prosperity • TURN AND TALK: Think about what you would do or say if a dictator promised you the help you and your family will need to get out of turmoil. Would you support the dictator? Why? Slide 3 Slide 4 Reasons for the Rise of Dictators in Europe • Severe economic problems • Fear of Socialism/Communism • League of Nations does nothing • Anger over Versailles • U.S. isolationism Slide 5 THINK PAIR SHARE The publishers of a new children’s encyclopaedia have asked young people to define what the terms ‘democracy’ & ‘dictatorship mean today. With your partner or group write a short definition of these words. Slide 6 • Democracy • Dictatorship • Government is determined through free elections that allow all citizens to vote. • Voters can choose between different candidates and parties. • Rule of law - Everyone has to follow the laws passed by the government • Basic freedoms, e.g. speech, religion, press, assembly (demonstrate) • Due process - No one is arrested or put on trial without first being made aware of the evidence against them • No free elections – elections (if any) are controlled by government • Voters cannot choose between different candidates and parties • Some people do not have to follow the law • Little or no basic freedoms • No Due Process – People that dislike the government are arrested and imprisoned without evidence Slide 7 What is the difference between a democracy and a dictatorship? Slide 8 Rise to Power Slide 9 Adolf Hitler Birth • Adolf Hitler was born on April 20, 1889 in Braunau, Austria. • Adolf was 1 of 6 children - 3 of who died at early ages Slide 10 Parents Alois Schickelgruber Hitler was a customs official who was illegitimate by birth. His father, Adolf’s grandfather, may have been Jewish. He died when Adolf was 14 and left him a small inheritance. Klara Hitler was very young when she married the older Alois. She showered young Adolf with love and affection. Adolf carried a picture of his mom until the day he died. She died of breast cancer when Adolf was 18 years old. Slide 11 Education • Attended a Benedictine Monastery School where he took part in the choir. • When it was time to choose a secondary school, Adolf wanted to become an artist. • His father wanted him to become a civil servant, but after his father died, he dropped out of high school and attempted to get into the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts - he failed. • The following slides are examples of Adolf’s artwork. Slide 12 A Piece of Artwork from Adolf Slide 13 Another of Adolf’s Works. What do you see in his work? Slide 14 Years in Vienna • After his mother died, Adolf (now 18) decided to move to Austria to pursue his dream of becoming a great artist. • Again he failed to gain entrance into the Academy • He eventually sold all his possessions and became a homeless drifter who slept on park benches and ate at soup kitchens throughout Vienna (age 19) • Adolf did manage to sell some paintings and postcards, but remained impoverished Slide 15 Vienna - Importance • Influenced by the antiSemitic mayor of Vienna, Karl Lueger • Became interested in the idea of German nationalism. • Also received first taste of politics Slide 16 Military Service • Adolf left Austria at the age of 24 to avoid mandatory military service that was required of all men. • He did sign up for military service at the start of WW I. • He joined a Bavarian Unit of the German Army. • This is a picture of Hitler listening to an enlistment speech. Slide 17 World War I • Excited to fight for Germany. • Found a home fighting for the Fatherland. • Highest rank held was corporal. • Was a regimental messenger, not an easy job at all. Slide 18 Military Record • Was awarded the Iron Cross twice. (5 medals overall) • Highest military honor in German Army. • Single handedly captured 4 French soldiers. • Blinded by gas attack towards end of war. Slide 19 German Loss in WW I • Hitler was devastated when he heard the news of the German surrender. • He was appalled at the anti-war sentiment among the German civilians. • Believed there was an anti-war conspiracy that involved the Jews and Marxists (Communists). • Also, felt that the German military did not lose the war, but that the politicians (mostly Jews) at home were responsible for the defeat. Slide 20 Life after WW I • Hitler was depressed after WW I. • Still in the army, he became an undercover agent whose job was to root out Marxists (Communists) • Also, lectured about the dangers of Communism and Jews Slide 21 German Worker’s Party • Hitler was sent to investigate this group in Munich in 1919. • He went to a meeting and gave a speech. • He was then asked to become a member, which he did Slide 22 NAZI Party is Formed • Hitler began to think big for the German Worker’s Party • Began placing ads for meetings in anti-Semitic newspapers • Hitler changed the name to National Socialist German Worker’s Party or the NAZIS Slide 23 Party Platform • Hitler drafted a platform of 25 points • Revoke Versailles Treaty • Revoke civil rights of Jews • Confiscate any war profits Slide 24 Besides changing the party name, the red flag with the SWASTIKA was adopted as the party symbol Beer Hall Putsch • October 30, 1923 • Hitler held a rally in Munich beer hall and declared revolution • Led 2000 men in take over of Bavarian Government • It failed and Hitler was imprisoned Slide 25 Trial and Jail •At his trial (Hitler was charged with treason), he used the opportunity to speak about the NAZI platform and spread his popularity. •The whole nation suddenly knew who Adolf Hitler was and what he stood for •He was sentenced to five years, but actually only served about 9 months •When he left prison, he was ready to go into action again. Slide 26 Mein Kampf • Hitler’s book “My Struggle” wrote while in jail • Sold 5 million copies, made him rich • Topics included: Jews were evil, Germans were superior race, Fuhrer principal, dislike of Communism and Democracy and need to conquer Russia • Turn and Talk What would a book like this do to a rising leader? Do you think this helped him rise to dictatatorship? Why? Slide 27 Legal Rise to Power • Used popularity from failed revolution and book to seize power legally • Spoke to mass audiences about making Germany a great nation again • Nazi Party: – 1930 = 18% of vote – 1932 = 30% of vote – Hitler becomes Chancellor in 1933 Slide 28 Appeal of Hitler • Germany was in the midst of an economic depression with hyper-inflation • Hitler was a WW I hero who talked about bringing glory back to the “Fatherland” • He promised the rich industrialists that he would end any communist threat in Germany • Constantly blamed Jews for Germany’s problems, not the German people. • Hitler was an excellent public speaker. Slide 29 Strong Arm Tactics • The “Brownshirts” or SA (Stormtroopers) – Wore brown shirts, pants and boots – Numbered almost 400,000 by 1932 – Used to put down opposition parties – Threatened and beat up Jews and anti-Nazi voters Slide 30 Dictator • “Reichstag fire” gives Hitler total power – A fire in the German legislature was blamed on the Communist Party – All Communist seats were given to Nazis • In 1933, all parties were outlawed except the Nazi party • People’s civil rights were suspended • “Night of the Long Knives” Brown Shirts killed any remaining opposition to Hitler. Slide 31 Absolute Power • German economy was improving, people were happy • Hitler had no political opposition • 1st concentration camp opened in 1933 • Began rearming the German Army Slide 32 "If I can send the flower of the German nation into the hell of war without the smallest pity for the spilling of precious German blood, then surely I have the right to remove millions of an inferior race that breeds like vermin." - Adolf Hitler What is your reaction to this quote? Take a minute to discuss with your group. Slide 33 swastika, Nazi party symbol Hitler’s Policies • Anti-Semitism – Banned from law, government, teaching, medicine – Lost citizenship – Banned Jew – non-Jew marriage – Forced to wear yellow Stars of David • Ignores Versailles – Builds military – Restores economy & shows strength to world Slide 34 Nov. 9 & 10, 1938 Kristallnacht - Night of the Broken Glass Purge against Jews in Germany 96 Jews killed Over 1,000 synagogues burned 30,000 Jews arrested sent to camps Considered the start of the Holocaust Hitler’s policies: - He created a totalitarian state, in which the Nazi’s controlled every aspect of German society. - Citizens must always obey the government, and the government could not be criticized. - Hitler built up his armed forces, in violation of the Versailles Treaty. - Jews had their German citizenship taken away, they were forbidden from using public facilities, and they were removed from most types of work. They were dehumanized or considered less than human. Slide 35 Dehumanization • In November 1937 'The Eternal Jew' exhibition opened in Munich, claiming to show the 'typical outward features' of Jews The exhibition also attempted to 'expose' a worldwide 'Jewish-Bolshevik' conspiracy. • It shows a Jew holding gold coins in one hand and a whip in the other. Under his arm is a map of the world, with the imprint of the hammer and sickle. Slide 36 Dehumanization Circa 1935: two Jewish pupils are humiliated before their classmates. The inscription on the blackboard reads "The Jew is our greatest enemy! Beware of the Jew!". Slide 37 Dehumanization German soldiers cutting the beard of an elderly Jew in Poland. Slide 38 Dehumanization German soldiers brutalizing a Jew in Poland. Slide 39 Dehumanization A synagogue burns in Siegen, Germany, on November 10, 1938 (Kristallnacht). Slide 40 Dehumanization Activity Interpersonal Question: After reviewing and discussing dehumanization, how would you react to this? What are some examples of dehumanization that you know about in the world today? In your guides, write your thoughts we will share these with the class in 5 minutes. Slide 41 - Thousands of Jews were sent to concentration camps. - Eventually, Hitler planned on killing all of Europe’s Jews in a plan he called the Final Solution. - Today the result of his plan is referred to as the Holocaust. - We will talk more about this later. Slide 42 Mussolini Italy • 1922 Prime Minister – Improves economy • Imperialism – 1924 - Treaty with Yugoslavia - takes Fiume – promised by Versailles – 1935 – Invades Ethiopia What does this do for Italy? • Sanctioned by League of Nations – no teeth • US does nothing – Neutrality Acts prevent us from aiding either side in a conflict. Slide 43 Guernica – Pablo Picasso Spanish Civil War – 1930’s Hitler & Mussolini support fascist Franco Rome – Berlin Axis is established 1939 Franco wins – Establishes fascist dictatorship but stays neutral. Fascists in Italy • Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini seized power in Italy in 1922. Mussolini’s policies: - He controlled the press and banned criticism of the government. Slide 44 Benito Mussolini, 1936 Fascism • A totalitarian government under a dictator with strict controls of social and economic policies • Uses terror, censorship, nationalism and racism to maintain power and put down any opposition. • Nazism is a form of Fascism Adolf Hitler – Nazism Slide 47 Benito Mussolini – Fascism Fascism in Europe Benito Mussolini • Italian • Invaded Ethiopia in 1935. •Took Somalia, and Fiume • German • Anger over the Versailles treaty • Believed Germans were a superior • Formed a totalitarian “Aryan” race. government • Blamed the Jews for Germany’s problems. • Used economic unrest and fears of communism to gain support. Slide 48 Adolf Hitler • Used nationalism to gain support. Rise of Totalitarian Regimes In a Totalitarian country, individual rights are not viewed as important as the needs of the nation Communist Dictatorship (USSR) Fascist Dictatorship (Germany, Italy) Totalitarianism Military Dictatorship (Japan) Slide 49 49 Fascism: military government based on racism & nationalism with strong support from the business community Appeasement – Preserve Peace • German aggression – 1936 – Rhineland • France & Soviets want military action but Britain refuses – 1938 – Austria & Sudetenland • British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain pursues a policy of appeasement • Gives in to Hitler in exchange for promise of peace – 1938 - Munich Agreement • Chamberlain cedes Sudetenland to Hitler • Hitler promises no further expansion • Hitler feels Britain & France are weak & will do nothing to stop him • Chamberlain proclaims “peace in our time” Slide 51 Europe 1939 Slide 52 Appeasement - One day a father is at the shopping mall with his small daughter. They pass a candy store and the child asks for some candy. When the father says no, the child starts crying. She continues crying until the father buys her some candy, but he makes her promise that the candy is the last thing she’ll ask for while they are at the mall. She agrees. A few minutes later they pass a cookie and once again she starts crying when the father says no. Frustrated, the father agrees to buy her a cookie if she stops crying and promises not to ask for anything else. The little girl agrees. Five minutes later they pass a toy store. What do you think happens? Slide 5053 World War II Visual Metaphor Slide 53 War Begins in Europe • 1939 – Germany Invades Czechoslovakia & makes demands on Poland – Chamberlain feels betrayed – pledges to support Poland – Nazi – Soviet Pact – Stalin agrees not to interfere with Hitler’s plan to invade Poland – Hitler invades Poland – Britain & France declare war – WW II begins • 1940 – France falls to Hitler only Britain left • June 22, 1941 - Germany launches a surprise attack and invades the Soviet Union which brings them into the war on the British side. Slide 54 The Holocaust Slide 55 The Holocaust • The Nazis killed over 6 million Jews during World War II, which became known as the Holocaust. • The Nazis also killed approximately 6 million Poles, Slavs, and Gypsies as well during the Holocaust. Slide 56 • Jews were forced to work in labor camps in order to help the Nazis. • Those too old, young, sick, crippled, and the mentally retarded were immediately sent to concentration camps where they were put to death. • After 1942 some concentration camps were built to function solely as death or extermination camps Slide 57 Jewish women at forced labor pulling hopper cars of quarried stones in the Plaszlow concentration camp, 1944. The Final Solution • The decision to systematically kill all the Jews of Europe was made at a conference in Berlin, in January, 1942. – Hitler called it "the final solution of the Jewish question“ • Why not just continue forced slave labor? – Jewish populations in Eastern Europe were too large – too many slaves for camps to handle • Germany only 500,000 Jews - 0.75% of population • Poland – 3,000,000 Jews – 9.5% of population • Russia – 2,500,000 Jews – 3.4% of population Slide 58 Prisoners from Buchenwald concentration camp building the WeimarBuchenwald railroad line. Slide 59 Mistreated, starved prisoners in the Ebensee concentration camp, Austria. Slide 60 Prisoners from Buchenwald awaiting execution in the forest near the camp. Slide 61 A mass execution of Jews in Nazi occupied Soviet Union. Slide 62 A mass execution of Jews in Nazi occupied Soviet Union. The SS man is firing at a Jewish woman who is wounded and trying to get up. Slide 63 A mass grave in the Bergen-Belsen camp, 1944 Slide 64 One of the cremation pits used to burn the victims of the gas chambers in Auschwitz, 1944 Slide 65 Bones of anti-Nazi German women are visible in the crematoria in the concentration camp at Weimar, Germany. April 14, 1945. Slide 66 Slide 67 A crate full of rings confiscated from prisoners in Buchenwald and found by American troops in a cave adjoining Buchenwald. A pile of the victims glasses at Auschwitz. Slide 68 Slide 69 A prisoner in a compression chamber loses consciousness (and later dies) during an experiment to determine altitudes at which aircraft crews could survive without oxygen. Dachau, Germany, 1942. A Romani (Gypsy) victim of Nazi medical experiments to make seawater potable. Dachau concentration camp, Germany, 1944. Slide 70 Slide 71 The barracks at Buchenwald. Elie Wiesel is among the prisoners on the far right of the center bunk. This photograph was taken on April 16, 1945, just after the liberation of Buchenwald. SS officer Eichelsdoerfer, the commandant of the Kaufering IV concentration camp, stands among the corpses of prisoners killed in his camp. Slide 72 A German girl is overcome as she walks past the exhumed bodies of some of the 800 slave workers murdered by the SS guards near Namering, Germany, and laid here so that townspeople may view the work of their Nazi leaders. Slide 73 German civilians under U.S. military escort are forced to see a wagon loaded with corpses in Buchenwald. Slide 74 Liberation Scene at Mauthausen, Austria 1945 Slide 75 General Dwight D. Eisenhower with other Army members view the bodies of executed prisoners while on a tour of Ohrdruf concentration camp on April 12, 1945 Slide 76 Never Again? Slide 77 The Rise and Fall of Imperial Japan. Slide 78 A Quick Rise Japan benefited from World War I – Trade with eastern markets – Gained territories in Asia – Russia weakened from war • 3rd largest navy in the world • Lacks world respect • Western powers’ colonies limit Japan’s expansion Slide 79 General Hideki Tojo • Prime Minister of Japan and primary military leader. • Rose to power in the Manchukuo ‘Kwantung’ army • Nicknamed the ‘razor’ • Keen on ultra nationalistic secret societies. • Responsible for 8m civilian deaths, countless deaths and experiments on prisoners of war. • Executed for war crimes 1948 • Apologized for military atrocities on his death. • Commemorated at the Yasukuni Shrine. Slide 80 Gradual Japanese advances. • The Japanese army gradually crept Southward, through China, fighting all the way. Slide 81 Japanese occupation of China. • By 1938 There were 1 million Japanese troops in China. • By 1941 2 million troops- but this was still not enough. • Japan could occupy only key areas and cities. – Didn’t have enough soldiers. • Out of fear they adopted The ‘Three All Campaign’ (‘Kill All, Burn All, Destroy All’) • By 1945 4 million Chinese people had died and 60 million had been displaced. • Many Chinese cities lay in ruins. • If you were a president or leader of a country at that time what would you have done about Japan? Would your country remain Isolationist? Get involved? Cut trade to Japan? 82 Slide 1 Slide 2 Japanese soldiers ‘conquer’ the Great Wall 1933 Slide 83 The Japanese army rapidly advanced through China, Indo-China, Malaya, and Indonesia. - Some Asian people welcome them as liberators from western Imperialists - Soon they were generally feared as new imperialists, not as Asian liberators • They treated non-Japanese peoples with ruthless cruelty. Slide 84 A baby caught up in the bombing of a Shanghai railway station Slide 85 Nearing War • Japan needed natural resources – 1931 – Manchuria • 1937 – sinks USS Panay – Apology averts war • 1940 – Joins Italy and Germany – Rome – Berlin – Tokyo Axis • U.S. warns but no action – Aggression continues – Washington Naval Conference – limits Japan Navy at 3rd Slide 86 Nearing War Japan wanted control of SE Asia resources Control of SE Asia would give them control of oil, rubber, and tin needed by the U.S. US embargos oil and steel shipments to Japan Japan joins Axis – Germany and Italy FDR froze Japanese assets in US Slide 87 Japan Had Three Choices 1. Abandon ambitions in China and SE Asia 2. Work out compromise with US to get oil and steel 3. Attack Dutch and British colonies in SE Asia and attack American bases In 1941 they plan the attack on Pearl Harbor while pretending to negotiate Slide 88 Imperial Japanese Expansion up to 1941 Slide 89 Japan’s Weapons to control the Pacific. The ‘Zero’ Fighter Plane. • Much faster and more maneuverable than any other fighter at the time. Slide 90 Slide 91 Big Battleships on Pacific Slide 92 The aircraft carrier. • Only a few people realized that old battleships were finally made obsolete by the airplane. • Pacific naval wars were to be decided by planes from ships, not by big guns. Slide 93 Soldiers • Soldiers, highly skilled in attack, defense, and jungle warfare. • Highly motivated to defend their Emperor and their land to the death. Slide 94 Britain's Response to Expansion of Japan • The British government- alarmed at the rapid Japanese advance-decided to send some big warships to show strength. • They ignored the advice of the navy that already knew that airplanes could now sink ships easily. • Both ships were sunk by over 100 Japanese planes. • It was a major blow to Britain. Another pointer to the new nature of naval warfare. Slide 95 The Prince of Wales and the Repulse Both Sunk Dec 1941. Slide 96 The Japanese Plan for Expanding further in 1941 • By November 1941 the Japanese were poised to even strike Australia! • Campaigns to attack Burma and Midway Island were to be a prelude to this. Slide 97 U.S. Involvement In World War II Slide 98 Depression Diplomacy - Isolationists passed a series of Neutrality Acts in the 1930’s. • banned arms sales or loans to countries at war. • warned U.S. citizens not to travel on ships of countries at war. - FDR announced the Good Neighbor Policy in an attempt to improve U.S. relations with Latin America. Slide 99 U.S. Gets involved indirectly by Roosevelt providing aid to the Allies: Lend-Lease - 1939 US “lent” war materials to cash-strapped Great Britain Atlantic Charter US secretly meets with England to commit to defeating Germany London Firefighter Tackles an Air Raid Blaze Slide 100 100 Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor • December 7, 1941 – Surprise attack – Sank or destroyed 8 battleships – Damaged 10 other ships – Destroyed 188 planes – Killed over 2,300 Americans – Luckily the 3 aircraft carriers were outside the harbor • December 8, 1941 – U.S. declares war on Japan USS Shaw at Pearl Harbor • December 11, 1941 – Germany & Italy declare war on the U.S. – U.S. declares war on Germany & Italy Slide 101 Pearl Harbor Movie World War II • Allied Powers – Big 3 – United States – Great Britain – Soviet Union Slide 102 • Axis Powers – Germany – Italy – Japan Slide 103 The War in Europe • U.S. & Britain agree to focus on defeating Germany in Europe before focusing on Japan in the Pacific Opening a Second Front Help!! Attack the Nazis on the Western Front, quick! • In order to ease pressure on the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin asked the Allies to open a Western front by crossing the English Channel and attacking the Germans in France. • This attack does not happen for 2 years – keep giving Stalin excuses • Claim not to be ready • Do not trust Stalin – Fear Soviets/Communism will take over all of Europe • Roots of the Cold War 104 Slide 1 Slide 2 The War in Europe • Soviets fight alone on the Eastern Front – – – – 8/22/1942 - Battle of Stalingrad – Finally Stop Germans Continue through Poland and into Germany May 2, 1945 – Battle of Berlin - Germany’s capital is captured More casualties than all countries combined • U.S & Great Britain on the Western Front – Nov. 1942 U.S. & Britain - North Africa & Italy • Soft underbelly – June 6, 1944 – D-Day – Operation Overlord • Invasion of Normandy, France – December 16, 1944 – Battle of the Bulge • Germany’s last big offensive battle – April 30, 1945 – Hitler commits suicide – May 7, 1945 Germany surrenders Slide 105 Slide 106 War in the Pacific • Japan takes Burma, Hong Kong, Malaya & Thailand • U.S. Strategy of Island Hopping – Battle of Coral Sea • U.S. stops invasion • Disables 2 aircraft carriers – Battle of Midway • Turning point of the war • Japan forced to retreat – Iwo Jima, Okinawa & Philippines • U.S. ready to invade Japan • Atomic bomb makes invasion unnecessary • September 2, 1945 – Japan surrenders Slide 107 Slide 108 Major Battles That Turned The Tide For The Allies Slide 109 • In 1943, the Allies invaded Italy from North Africa, eventually liberating Rome from Nazi control in June of 1944. Slide 110 Allied advance in El Guettar, Tunisia, North Africa, 3/21/43. The Tide Turns • The Allies enjoyed victories in the Pacific, North Africa, Italy and Russia. • In Italy, Mussolini had been overthrown and the new government joined the Allies. Slide 111 April 29, 1945 Mussolini and 15 other fascist leaders are executed and hanged at an Esso gas station in the Piazzale Loreto in Milan. World War II: Major Battles (1942 – 1944) Battle of Midway Island: When? – June 1942 Where? – Midway Island (Pacific Islands) Results? - The U.S. sank four Japanese aircraft carriers. Importance? – Limits Japan's ability to attack Hawaii and other Allied positions – Turning point of the war Slide 112 World War II: Major Battles (1942 – 1944) Campaign for Guadalcanal: • When? – August 1942 • Where? Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands (Pacific Islands) • Results? – The U.S. defeated the Japanese, gaining control of the island. • Importance? – Guadalcanal became a military base from which to counterattack the Japanese. Slide 113 Soldiers take a breather after making camp. The 25th Infantry Division was a large part of the effort to force the Japanese off Guadalcanal. Slide 114 World War II: Major Battles (1942 – 1944) Battle of El Alamein: • When? – October 1942 • Where? - El Alamein, Egypt • Results? – British and U.S. forces drove the German army, led by General Rommel, from Egypt west into Tunisia. • Importance? – U.S. Gen. Eisenhower led the Allies in an invasion of Tunisia, from Algeria, forcing Rommel to surrender in May of 1943. Slide 115 Slide 116 Australian soldiers at the Battle of El Alamein • The planned invasion of Europe was called Operation Overlord, and General Eisenhower was named commander of the Allied forces in Europe. Slide 117 • Eisenhower had to organize the eventual invasion of Normandy France, known as D-Day, which involved over 3 million Allied forces. General Eisenhower gives the order of the day "Full victory - Nothing else" to paratroopers in England just before they board airplanes in the first D-Day assault. Slide 118 World War II: Major Battles (1942 – 1944) D-Day: • When? – June 6, 1944 • Where? – Normandy, France • Results? – A fleet of 4,000 ships carried Allied troops to Normandy in order to invade France in an attempt to defeat the Germans. • Importance? – On August 25, 1944, Allied forces liberated Paris from Nazi rule. Slide 119 Slide 120 American soldiers wading through water into Nazi machine-gun fire on the coast of France. Slide 121 At Utah Beach, members of an American landing party help others whose landing craft was sunk by the Germans off the coast of France. The survivors reached Utah Beach, near Cherbourg, by using a life raft. Slide 122 Crossed rifles in the sand placed as a tribute to this fallen soldier. Slide 123 Medics help an injured American soldier. Slide 124 American assault troops of the 16th Infantry Regiment, injured while storming Omaha Beach, wait by the Chalk Cliffs for evacuation to a field hospital for further medical treatment. Collville-sur-Mer, Normandy. Slide 125 World War II: Major Battles (1942 – 1944) Battle of the Bulge: • When? – December 16, 1944 • Where? – border areas near Luxembourg, France and Germany • Results? – The Germans began a counterattack against the Allies as the Allies attempted to drive the Germans completely out of France. • Importance? – This battle showed the desperation of the German forces. While the Germans were able to slow down the Allied advance, they could not stop it completely. Slide 126 1. rationing - conserve food for the troops, 2. women in blue collar jobs replace men to maintain production, 3. scrap drives - conserve resources for the war effort, 4. victory gardens - conserve food for the troops, 5. War Bonds - raise money for the war effort The Home front Propaganda Slide 127 Man The Guns • Masculine strength was a common visual theme in patriotic posters. Pictures of powerful men and mighty machines illustrated America`s ability to channel its formidable strength into the war effort. American muscle was presented in a proud display of national confidence. Slide 128 Slide 129 Slide 130 It’s A Women’s War • In the face of acute wartime labor shortages, women were needed in the defense industries, the civilian service, and even the Armed Forces. Despite the continuing 20th century trend of women entering the workforce, publicity campaigns were aimed at those women who had never before held jobs. Poster and film images glorified and glamorized the roles of working women and suggested that a woman`s femininity need not be sacrificed. Whether fulfilling their duty in the home, factory, office, or military, women were portrayed as attractive confident, and resolved to do their part to win the war. Slide 131 Slide 132 New Roles for Women · There was an urgent need for women to enter the workforce to help with the war effort and to keep the nation’s economy going. · Over 6 million women entered the workforce, replacing men that joined the military. Slide 133 1942: a woman grinds the points on drills, and the drills will be used in the war effort. · “Rosie the Riveter” symbolized the millions of women that worked in factories producing planes, tanks, ships, and other war goods. · Women enjoyed a newfound confidence in their ability and right to work outside of the home and many began to earn salaries equal to men. Slide 134 We Can Do It! Rosie the Riveter Artist: J. Howard Miller “Rosie the Riveter” Lyrics by Redd Evans and John Jacob Loeb, 1942 All the day long, Whether rain or shine, She's a part of the assembly line. She's making history, Working for victory, Rosie the Riveter. Keeps a sharp lookout for sabatoge, Sitting up there on the fuselage. That little girl will do more than a male will do. Slide 135 Rosie's got a boyfriend, Charlie. Charlie, he's a Marine. Rosie is protecting Charlie, Working overtime on the riveting machine. When they gave her a production "E," She was as proud as she could be. There's something true about, Red, white, and blue about, Rosie the Riveter. United We Win • During World War II, racial restriction and segregation were facts of life in the U.S. military. Nevertheless, an overwhelming majority of African Americans participated wholeheartedly in the fight against the Axis powers. They did so, however, with an eye toward ending racial discrimination in American society. This objective was expressed in the call, initiated in the black press for the "Double V"-victory over fascism abroad and over racism at home. The Government was well aware of the demoralizing effects of racial prejudice on the American population and its impact on the war effort. Consequently, it promoted posters, pamphlets, and films highlighting the participation and achievement of African Americans in military and civilian life.. Slide 136 Slide 137 Mobilizing for Victory · During World War II, 10 million men were drafted, and another 6 million men and women enlisted. Slide 138 Slide 139 Warnings • Public relations specialists advised the U.S. Government that the most effective war posters were the ones that appealed to the emotions. The posters shown here played on the public's fear of the enemy. The images depict Americans in imminent danger-their backs against the wall, living in the shadow of Axis domination. Slide 140 Slide 141 Slide 142 Slide 143 Slide 144 He’s Watching • Concerns about national security intensify in wartime. During World War II, the Government alerted citizens to the presence of enemy spies and saboteurs lurking just below the surface of American society. "Careless talk" posters warned people that small snippets of information regarding troop movements or other logistical details would be useful to the enemy. Well-meaning citizens could easily compromise national security and soldiers` safety with careless talk. Slide 145 Slide 146 Slide 147 Slide 148 Use It Up Or Wear It Out • During the war years, gasoline, rubber, sugar, butter, and meat were rationed. Government publicity reminded people that shortages of these materials occurred because they were going to the troops, and that civilians should take part in conservation and salvage campaigns. Slide 149 · The government controlled the economy as it did during World War I. Examples: - the government set prices and rationed scarce goods - the War Production Board helped factories to produce war goods Slide 150 Slide 151 Slide 152 Slide 153 · Consumers faced a shortage of goods due to the war. Examples: - Many items, such as fuel and sugar, were rationed during the war. - No new cars were produced after 1942. Slide 154 Slide 155 Slide 156 Slide 157 The wartime demand for goods ended the Great Depression and unemployment fell. Slide 158 Slide 159 Slide 160 The Home – Japanese Internment Slide 161 Relocation of Japanese Americans · After the attack on Pearl Harbor, many Americans questioned the loyalty of Japanese Americans, fearing they may act as spies or help Japan invade the U.S. Slide 162 We're gonna have to slap the dirty little Jap And Uncle Sam's the guy who can do it We'll skin the streak of yellow from this sneaky little fellow And he'll think a cyclone hit him when he's thru it We'll take the double crosser to the old woodshed We'll start on his bottom and go to his head Performed by Carson Robison, December 1941 – audio link Slide 163 When we get thru with him he'll wish that he was dead We gotta slap the dirty little Jap We're gonna have to slap the dirty little Jap And Uncle Sam's the guy who can do it The Japs and all their hooey will be changed into chop suey And the rising sun will set when we get thru it Their alibi for fighting is to save their face For ancestors waiting in celestial space We'll kick their precious face down to the other place We gotta slap the dirty little Jap Slide 164 The Wartime Relocation Agency (WRA) forced approximately 120,000 Japanese Americans to sell their homes and businesses and relocate to inland camps. Slide 165 Slide 166 Japanese Americans were forced to live in crowded barracks behind barbed wire. No Japanese American was ever found to have helped the enemy. They were released in 1944, after victory against the Japanese seemed imminent. Internment camp in Manzanar, California Slide 167 Many Camps Were Over Crowded Slide 168 Japanese American Internment Kenji - Manzanar This is a video to the song "Kenji" by Fort Minor, or Mike Shinoda of Linkin Park. It describes his family's life in the time of World War II and how they were put in a Japanese Internment Camp. Effects used in this make it seem as though the video was actually from 1942. Slide 169 German American Bund had over 100,000 members None were put in camps or arrested Several ex-Bund members were later found to be German spies Slide 170 Bund March In New York Slide 171 Day 11 VE and VJ Days Slide 172 Election of 1944 · FDR won an unprecedented fourth term in office in 1944. · However, in April of 1945, FDR died, forcing Vice-President Harry Truman to assume the Presidency. Slide 173 Slide 174 Harry S Truman taking the oath of office after the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt, April 12, 1945. The following day, Truman spoke to reporters and said, "...I don't know whether you fellows ever had a load of hay fall on you, but when they told me yesterday what had happened, I felt like the moon, the stars, and all the planets had fallen on me." Victory in Europe · By April of 1945, American and Soviet troops were closing in on Berlin. · Adolf Hitler committed suicide on April 30, and Germany officially surrendered on May 7. Slide 175 The endless procession of German prisoners marching through the ruined city streets to captivity. Red army soldiers raising the Soviet flag on the roof of the Reichstag (German Parliament) in Berlin, Germany. Slide 176 · On May 8, the Allies celebrated V-E Day (Victory in Europe). Churchill waves to crowds in Britain after broadcasting to the nation that the war with Germany had been won, May 8, 1945. Slide 177 V-E Day Celebrations in New York City, May 8, 1945. Slide 178 V-E Day celebrations, Bay Street, Toronto, Canada May 7, 1945 Slide 179 VE-Day Parade, Red Square, Moscow, Russia on 6/24/1945 Slide 180 Island Hopping in the Pacific • The two main goals of the U.S. in the Pacific • Regain the Philippines. • Invade Japan. • The U.S. began a policy of island hopping, using islands as stepping-stones towards Japan. Slide 181 · By February of 1945, the U.S. had recaptured the Philippines and captured the islands of Iwo Jima and Okinawa. Slide 182 Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima depicts five United States Marines and a U.S. Navy corpsman raising the flag of the United States atop Mount Suribachi during the Battle of Iwo Jima The photograph became the only photograph to win the Pulitzer Prize in the same year as its publication, and ultimately came to be regarded as one of the most significant and recognizable images of the war, and possibly the most reproduced photograph of all time. Slide 183 Slide 184 · The Japanese continued to fight, oftentimes using kamikaze attacks against U.S. ships. Yoshinori Yamaguchi's plane explodes in a ball of fire. The Yokosuka D4Y3 dive bomber piloted by Yoshinori Yamaguchi strikes the USS Essex, November 25, 1944. Slide 185 Slide 186 Burial at sea after the Kamikaze attack. Sixteen men lost their lives as a result of this action. Defeat of Japan · The U.S. planned to invade Japan in 1945, though experts warned that the invasion could cost over a million casualties. Stalin, Truman and Churchill at the Potsdam Conference. Slide 187 · Upon learning about the atomic bomb, Pres. Truman sent the Japanese the Potsdam Declaration, warning them to surrender or face “prompt and utter destruction.” · Unaware of the atomic bombs, the Japanese ignored the Potsdam Declaration. The first atomic bomb ever made was a uranium-enriched bomb. It was dropped on the city of Hiroshima, Japan, on August 6, 1945. Slide 188 Paul Tibbets, pilot of the Enola Gay, which dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan, on August 6, 1945. Slide 189 · On August 6, 1945, the U.S. dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan, killing at least 70,000 people and destroying most of the city. Slide 190 A Uranium bomb, the first nuclear weapon in the world, was dropped in Hiroshima City. It was estimated that its energy was equivalent to 15 kilotons of TNT. Aerial photograph from 80 kilometers away, taken about 1 hour after the dropping. Slide 191 The aftermath of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima. Slide 192 Ohmura Navy Hospital: A 14 year old girl after the bombing of Hiroshima at Ohmura Navy Hospital on August 10-11. Slide 193 · On August 9, the U.S. dropped another atomic bomb on the city of Nagasaki, killing at least 40,000 people. Mushroom cloud from the nuclear explosion over Nagasaki rising 60,000 feet into the air on the morning of August 9 1945 Slide 194 Slide 195 · On August 14, Japan officially surrendered ending World War II. This date became known as V-J Day (Victory over Japan). Slide 196 For millions of Americans, Alfred Eisenstaedt's 1945 LIFE photograph of a sailor stamping a masterly kiss on a nurse symbolized the cathartic joy of V-J Day. Crowds outside the White House celebrate V-J Day, the Japanese surrender and the end of World War II. August 1945 Slide 197 Spread of Communism • All of Eastern Europe become Communist and Germany is divided? 1. At the Yalta Conference the allies decided to Divide Germany into four zones 2. Great Britain, United States, France, and Soviet Union each took one of the four zones. 3. Did the same with the city of Berlin – The Soviet Union was communist, while the other countries were non communist. 4. Later the U.S. Great Britain & France combine their sections to form the democratic country of West Germany; the Soviet section becomes the communist country of East Germany See Map on next slide 198 Slide 1 Slide 2 Dividing Korea 1. Japan defeated after WWII. 2. In the North they surrender to the Soviets. In the South the surrender to the U.S. 3. Korea is divided at the 38th parallel into North & South Korea – supposed to be temporary Slide 3 Counting The Costs Slide 199 Cities and towns worldwide were completely destroyed and millions of people were left homeless. Wesel, Germany – 97% of the town’s buildings were destroyed by Allied bombs. Slide 200 Slide 201 Warsaw, Poland – August, 1944 Bataan Death March • The Japanese forced about 60,000 U.S. and Filipino soldiers to march 100 miles with little food or water after Japan defeated the Philippines in 1942. Americans improvise to carry comrades who have collapsed along the road from a lack of food and water. Slide 202 • About 10,000 people died or were killed during the march. Allied POWs with hands tied behind their backs pause during the Bataan Death March. Slide 203 A war crimes investigation photo of the disfigured leg of a survivor from Ravensbrueck, Polish political prisoner Helena Hegier (Rafalska), who was subjected to medical experiments in 1942. This photograph was entered as evidence for the prosecution at the Medical Trial in Nuremberg. The disfiguring scars resulted from incisions made by medical personnel that were purposely infected with bacteria, dirt, and slivers of glass. Slide 204 War Crimes Trials · In 1945 and 1946, as a result of the Nuremberg Trials, 12 Nazi leaders were sentenced to death for their war crimes. Slide 205 Goering, Hess, Von Ribbentrop, and Keitel in front row Prosecution Points Goering bore responsibility for the elimination of Jews from political life and for the destruction and takeover of Jewish Hermann Goering: businesses and • Reichsmarschall property....He was and Luftwaffe (Air Force) Chief quoted as saying, "I wish you had killed • President of the 200 Jews and not Reichstag destroyed such • Director of "Four valuable property.” Year Plan" Slide 206 In the End Goering committed suicide on the day before his scheduled hanging by taking a cyanide pill that was smuggled into his cell. Goering wrote in his suicide note, "I would have no objection to getting shot," but he thought hanging was inappropriate for a man of his position. Rudolf Hess Deputy to the Fuhrer and Nazi Party Leader Slide 207 Prosecution Points In the End Hess was "the engineer tending to the Party machinery." He signed decrees persecuting Jews and was a willing participant in aggression against Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland. Hess was sentenced to life in prison. He remained--lost in his own mental fog-- in Spandau prison (for many years as its only prisoner) until he committed suicide in 1987 at age 93. • Many top Nazis committed suicide • Heinrich Himmler • • • Josef Goebbels • • • • • Orchestrated the mass deportation of Jews from their countries into waiting ghettos and extermination camps Captured by the Israelis in Argentina in 1962 - Tried and executed in Israel Sadly some Nazis did escape • Joseph Mengele • • • Minister of Propaganda, and a vehement anti-Semite Goebbels speeches of hatred helped initiate the final solution Killed himself, his wife and six children just after Hitler’s suicide Some Nazis tried to escape • Adolf Eichmann • • the architect of the holocaust. He tried to breed a master race of Nordic appearance, the Aryan race. He committed suicide by swallowing a cyanide capsule. Experiments included attempts to take one twin’s eyeballs and attach them to the back of the other twin’s head Escaped to Argentina and died without being caught in 1979 Thousands of other Nazis were found guilty of war crimes and were imprisoned, and in some cases, executed. Slide 208 • The Allies also tried and executed Japanese leaders accused of war crimes including Prime Minister Hideki Tojo. • No one in the royal family including Emperor Hirohito was tried or punished. One of the earlier images of the war to come out from China, this photo appeared in LIFE magazine. (Nanking, China, 1937) Slide 209 Hsuchow, China, 1938. A ditch full of the bodies of Chinese civilians, killed by Japanese soldiers. Slide 210 Aitape, New Guinea, 1943. An Australian soldier, Sgt Leonard Siffleet, about to be beheaded with a katana sword. Many Allied prisoners of war were summarily executed by Japanese forces during the Pacific War. Slide 211 Two Japanese officers, competing to see who could kill (with a sword) one hundred people first. The bold headline reads, "'Incredible Record' (in the Contest To Cut Down 100 People— Mukai 106 – 105 Noda) Slide 212 Casualties in World War II Country Military Dead Military Wounded Civilian Dead Britain 389,000 475,000 65,000 France 211,000 400,000 108,000 Soviet Union 7,500,000 14,102,000 15,000,000 United States 292,000 671,000 2,850,000 7,250,000 5,000,000 77,500 120,000 100,000 Japan 1,576,000 500,000 300,000 Total 12,895,500 23,518,000 20,573,000 Germany Italy Slide 213