Download Clinical Infectious Diseases 15 August 2013

Clinical Infectious Diseases
15 August 2013
Volume 57
Number 4
i News
iii In the Literature
IDSA GUIDELINE
485
On the cover: Father Thames Introducing His
Offspring to the Fair City of London, wood engraving in Punch (magazine), 1858. Museum of London,
London, Great Britain. The Art Archive at Art
Resource, NY. Reproduced with permission.
This caricature in which Father Thames introduces his offspring, primary among which is cholera, appeared on the cover of Punch on 3 July 1858, at the
peak of the scandal referred to as the “Great Stink”
of London caused by industrial development and
sewage pumped into the River Thames. By the 1850s,
the Thames resembled a fermenting cesspit, polluted
by the sewers that disgorged untreated waste, rubbish
and offal thrown into it from slaughter-houses, tanneries, and factories. (See Clinical Infectious Diseases
1 February 2012 cover).
Part of the problem was due to the introduction of
flush toilets (“water closets”), first exhibited in 1851
at the Crystal Palace of the Great Exhibition of London.
Replacing the chamber-pots that most Londoners had
used, these dramatically increased the volume of water
and waste that was now poured into existing cesspits
or holding tanks. These often overflowed into street
drains designed originally to cope with rainwater, but
now also used to carry outfalls from factories, slaughterhouses, and other activities, contaminating the city
and abetting the spread of cholera before emptying
into the River Thames.
(Mary & Michael Grizzard, Cover Art Editors)
A Guide to Utilization of the Microbiology Laboratory for Diagnosis of
Infectious Diseases: 2013 Recommendations by the Infectious Diseases
Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society for Microbiology
(ASM)
Ellen Jo Baron, J. Michael Miller, Melvin P. Weinstein, Sandra S. Richter, Peter H. Gilligan,
Richard B. Thomson Jr., Paul Bourbeau, Karen C. Carroll, Sue C. Kehl, W. Michael Dunne,
Barbara Robinson-Dunn, Joseph D. Schwartzman, Kimberle C. Chapin, James W. Snyder,
Betty A. Forbes, Robin Patel, Jon E. Rosenblatt, and Bobbi S. Pritt
ARTICLES AND COMMENTARIES
489
Obesity as a Risk Factor for Clostridium difficile Infection
Jihad Bishara, Raymond Farah, Julnar Mograbi, Wissam Khalaila, Omar Abu-Elheja, Mahmud Mahamid,
and William Nseir
In this retrospective, case-control study, using a multivariable model of conditional logistic regression
for matched pairs, obesity was found to be a significant and independent risk factor for Clostridium
difficile infection. Further restriction and prudent use of antibiotics in obese patients are recommended.
494
Does Empirical Clostridium difficile Infection (CDI) Therapy Result in
False-Negative CDI Diagnostic Test Results?
Venkata C. K. Sunkesula, Sirisha Kundrapu, Christine Muganda, Ajay K. Sethi, and Curtis J. Donskey
Patients with suspected Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) often receive empirical therapy prior to
diagnostic testing. We demonstrated that such therapy can result in false-negative CDI test results if
there are delays in collection of stool specimens.
501
Suspected Early Lyme Neuroborreliosis in Patients With Erythema
Migrans
Katarina Ogrinc, Stanka Lotrič-Furlan, Vera Maraspin, Lara Lusa, Tjaša Cerar, Eva Ružič-Sabljič, and
Franc Strle
Cerebrospinal fluid was analyzed in patients with erythema migrans and symptoms/signs suggesting
nervous system involvement. Several epidemiologic, clinical, and microbiologic differences were found
between patients with and without pleocytosis. Predictive values of pleocytosis for microbiologically
proven Lyme neuroborreliosis were established.
510
Editorial Commentary: Toward a Better Understanding of European
Lyme Neuroborreliosis
Gary P. Wormser and John J. Halperin
513
Aspergillosis due to Voriconazole Highly Resistant
Aspergillus fumigatus and Recovery of Genetically
Related Resistant Isolates From Domiciles
Jan W. M. van der Linden, Simone M. T. Camps, Greetje A. Kampinga,
Jan P. A. Arends, Yvette J. Debets-Ossenkopp, Pieter J. A. Haas,
Bart J. A. Rijnders, Ed J. Kuijper, Frank H. van Tiel, János Varga,
Anna Karawajczyk, J. Zoll, Willem J. G. Melchers, and Paul E. Verweij
552
Kenneth V. I. Rolston
555
Editorial Commentary: Voriconazole Resistance in
Aspergillus fumigatus: Should We Be Concerned?
David W. Denning and Paul Bowyer
524
Population Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous
Polymyxin B in Critically Ill Patients: Implications
for Selection of Dosage Regimens
Ana M. Sandri, Cornelia B. Landersdorfer, Jovan Jacob,
Márcio M. Boniatti, Micheline G. Dalarosa, Diego R. Falci, Tainá F. Behle,
Rosaura C. Bordinhão, Jiping Wang, Alan Forrest, Roger L. Nation,
Jian Li, and Alexandre P. Zavascki
Our model suggests that when approximately 50% of isolates are
NAP1/BI/027, fidaxomicin use for Clostridium difficile infection is not
cost-effective at its current cost. However, typing and treatment with
fidaxomicin based on strain may be more promising depending on its
costs.
PHOTO QUIZ
562
INVITED ARTICLES
564
Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass
spectrometry is a new clinical microbiologic laboratory tool that enables
rapid, cost-effective, and accurate identification of bacteria and fungi
growing in cultures. Limitations include a requirement for culture and lack
of provision of antimicrobial susceptibility results.
573
Antifungal Therapy and Management of
Complications of Cryptococcosis due to
Cryptococcus gattii
Sharon C.-A. Chen, Tony M. Korman, Monica A. Slavin,
Deborah Marriott, Karen Byth, Narin Bak, Bart J. Currie,
Krispin Hajkowicz, Christopher H. Heath, Sarah Kidd,
William J. H. McBride, Wieland Meyer, Ronan Murray,
E. Geoffrey Playford, and Tania C. Sorrell; for the Australia and New
Zealand Mycoses Interest Group (ANZMIG) Cryptococcus Study
Induction amphotericin plus 5-flucytosine is indicated for Cryptococcus
gattii lung (2 weeks) and neurologic disease (6 weeks), followed by
fluconazole (total course 6–12 and 18 months, respectively). Shunting for
raised intracranial pressure is frequent. Immune reconstitution
inflammatory syndrome occurs in 9% of cases.
CLINICAL PRACTICE
Clinical Reasoning for the Infectious Disease
Specialist: A Primer to Recognize Cognitive Biases
Amanda Vick, Carlos A. Estrada, and J. Martin Rodriguez
In a multicenter study of a cohort of 2140 pulmonary patients with
suspected tuberculosis disease in 2008–2010, we evaluate the use,
effectiveness, health-system benefits, and cost-effectiveness of MTD
Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing for diagnosing tuberculosis disease at
4 US sites.
543
MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY
Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–
Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry in Clinical
Microbiology
Robin Patel
The Health-System Benefits and Cost-effectiveness
of Using Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Direct
Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing to Diagnose
Tuberculosis Disease in the United States
Suzanne M. Marks, Wendy Cronin, Thara Venkatappa, Gina Maltas,
Sandy Chon, Sharon Sharnprapai, Mary Gaeddert, Jane Tapia,
Susan E. Dorman, Sue Etkind, Claud Crosby, Henry M. Blumberg, and
John Bernardo
Generalized Pain in a 20-Year-Old Man With
Chronic Granulomatous Disease
(Answer on pages 616–7.)
This is the first population pharmacokinetic study demonstrating that
doses of intravenous polymyxin B are best scaled by total body weight
and should not be based on renal function.
532
Is Fidaxomicin Worth the Cost? An Economic
Analysis
Sarah M. Bartsch, Craig A. Umscheid, Neil Fishman, and Bruce Y. Lee
The emergence of voriconazole highly resistant Aspergillus fumigatus
is reported in Dutch university hospitals. Patients with azole-resistant
invasive aspergillosis failed voriconazole therapy. Resistant isolates with
identical resistance mechanisms were recovered from domiciles,
indicating an environmental route of resistance selection.
521
Editorial Commentary: Cryptococcosis due to
Cryptococcus gattii
Infectious disease specialists are frequently consulted for diagnostic
and therapeutic guidance regarding challenging cases. Using a casebased approach, we review and reflect upon diagnostic errors, clinical
reasoning, and cognitive biases and provide strategies that may aid in
their prevention.
579
HEALTHCARE EPIDEMIOLOGY
Infection Prevention in the Cancer Center
Kerri A. Thom, Michael Kleinberg, and Mary-Claire Roghmann
In this review, we focus on infection prevention measures, including
surveillance, prophylaxis, and prevention, that are specific to patients,
healthcare personnel, and visitors in the cancer center setting.
HIV/AIDS
586
Relationship Between Weight, Efavirenz Exposure,
and Virologic Suppression in
HIV-Infected Patients on Rifampin-Based
Tuberculosis Treatment in the AIDS Clinical
Trials Group A5221 STRIDE Study
619
Samad E. J. Golzari, Kamyar Ghabili, Arash Aslanabadi,
Hadi Mohammad Khanli, Amir Mohammad Bazzazi, Babak Sabermarouf,
Reza Piri, and Ata Mahmoodpoor
619
Anne F. Luetkemeyer, Susan L. Rosenkranz, Darlene Lu, Florence Marzan,
Prudence Ive, Evelyn Hogg, Susan Swindells, Constance A. Benson,
Beatriz Grinsztejn, Ian M. Sanne, Diane V. Havlir, and Francesca Aweeka;
for the Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5221 Study Team
In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/tuberculosis–coinfected
patients, coadministration of efavirenz (EFV) and rifampin-based
tuberculosis therapy was associated with a trend toward higher, not
lower, EFV trough concentrations compared to EFV alone. Neither weight
≥50 kg nor ≥60 kg was associated with decreased HIV virologic
suppression.
594
Skewing of the CD4+ T-Cell Pool Toward
Monofunctional Antigen-Specific Responses
in Patients With Immune Reconstitution
Inflammatory Syndrome in The Gambia
604
Prediction of HIV Drug Resistance Based on
Virologic, Immunologic, Clinical, and/or
Adherence Criteria in the Stratall ANRS 12110/
ESTHER Trial in Cameroon
Charlotte Boullé, Charles Kouanfack, Gabrièle Laborde-Balen,
Avelin Fobang Aghokeng, Sylvie Boyer, Maria Patrizia Carrieri,
Serge Kazé, Jean-Marc Mben, Marlise Dontsop, Bruno Spire,
Martine Peeters, Eitel Mpoudi-Ngolé, Eric Delaporte, and
Christian Laurent, for the Stratall ANRS 12110/ESTHER Study Group
Epidemiologic Characteristics of Cases for
Influenza A(H7N9) Virus Infections in China
Wenyi Zhang, Liya Wang, Wenbiao Hu, Fan Ding, Hailong Sun,
Shenlong Li, Liuyu Huang, and Chengyi Li
620
Lack of Association Between Interleukin 28B
Polymorphisms and Spontaneous Viral Clearance
in Hepatitis B Virus Patients
Yun Liao, Yi Li, Bei Cai, Jie Chen, and Lanlan Wang
622
Reply to Liao et al
Wai-Kay Seto, Danny Ka-Ho Wong, Ching-Lung Lai, and Man-Fung Yuen
622
Harry Wilson, Bouke C. de Jong, Kevin Peterson, Assan Jaye,
Beate Kampmann, Martin O. C. Ota, and Jayne S. Sutherland
Responses to tuberculosis antigens were analyzed in a longitudinal
cohort of patients with immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome
(IRIS). IRIS patients had a slow recovery of general T-cell responses (both
CD4+ and CD8+) but specific increases in monofunctional CD4+IFN-γ+
responses to tuberculosis antigens during IRIS.
Infectious Threats After Iran’s Bushehr
Earthquake
Evolutionary Characteristics of A/Hangzhou/1/
2013 and Source of Avian Influenza Virus H7N9
Subtype in China
Chenglong Xiong, Zhijie Zhang, Qingwu Jiang, and Yue Chen
624
Do Patient Data Really Support the Clinical and
Laboratory Standards Institute Recommendation
for Lowering Third-Generation Cephalosporin
Interpretive Breakpoints?
Pranita D. Tamma and John H. Powers
625
Understanding Increased Mortality in Clostridium
difficile–Infected Older Adults
Seth T. Walk, Dejan Micic, Andrzej T. Galecki, Vincent B. Young, and
David M. Aronoff
626
Reply to Walk et al
A. S. Walker, D. W. Eyre, D. W. Crook, T. E. A. Peto, and M. H. Wilcox
608
Long-term Outcomes of a Cell Phone–Delivered
Intervention for Smokers Living With HIV/AIDS
Ellen R. Gritz, Heather E. Danysh, Faith E. Fletcher, Irene Tami-Maury,
Michelle Cororve Fingeret, Rachel Marks King, Roberto C. Arduino, and
Damon J. Vidrine
Smokers with human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS receiving a cell
phone–based intervention with supportive counseling were more likely to
demonstrate smoking abstinence over 12 months compared to smokers
receiving usual care. The greatest impact was at 3 months, and
intervention efficacy decreased over time.
CORRESPONDENCE
618
Testing Antimicrobial Drugs
Subhash C. Arya and Nirmala Agarwal
627
How Much Is a Life Worth? Food for Thought
Mark E. Lustberg and Karri A. Bauer
BOOK REVIEW
629
Medically Important Fungi 5th ed.
Joshua D. Nosanchuk
ELECTRONIC ARTICLES
e22
A Guide to Utilization of the Microbiology
Laboratory for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases:
2013 Recommendations by the Infectious Diseases
Society of America (IDSA) and the American
Society for Microbiology (ASM)
Ellen Jo Baron, J. Michael Miller, Melvin P. Weinstein,
Sandra S. Richter, Peter H. Gilligan, Richard B. Thomson Jr.,
Paul Bourbeau, Karen C. Carroll, Sue C. Kehl, W. Michael Dunne,
Barbara Robinson-Dunn, Joseph D. Schwartzman, Kimberle C. Chapin,
James W. Snyder, Betty A. Forbes, Robin Patel, Jon E. Rosenblatt, and
Bobbi S. Pritt
e122 Genotype 4 Hepatitis E Virus in France: An
Autochthonous Infection With a More Severe
Presentation
Asma Jeblaoui, Stephanie Haim-Boukobza, Eric Marchadier,
Camelia Mokhtari, and Anne-Marie Roque-Afonso
Among hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections diagnosed in 2011 by the
French Reference Centre for HEV, 9 were due to genotype 4, which until
recently was limited to Asia. Sequences from autochthonous cases
formed a single cluster very similar to Belgian swine sequences. Clinical
presentation differed from genotype 3 infections.
e127 First Isolation of Mimivirus in a Patient With
Pneumonia
Hanene Saadi, Isabelle Pagnier, Philippe Colson, Jouda Kanoun Cherif,
Majed Beji, Mondher Boughalmi, Saïd Azza, Nicholas Armstrong,
Catherine Robert, Ghislain Fournous, Bernard La Scola, and Didier Raoult
Our study is the first to describe the isolation of a giant virus from a
patient. Our finding is important conceptually because it is evidence for
the presence and pathogenicity of giant viruses in humans, specifically as
causative agents of pneumonia.
The electronic articles listed above are freely available in this issue
of Clinical Infectious Diseases online (http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/
content/current).