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Download Chapter 12, Race And Ethnic Relations
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Chapter 11 Race and Ethnicity Chapter Outline Race and Ethnicity Racial Stereotypes Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism Theories of Prejudice and Racism Chapter Outline Diverse Groups, Diverse Histories Patterns of Racial and Ethnic Relations Attaining Racial Equality: The Challenge Race and Ethnicity Race is primarily a socially constructed category based on physical criteria. An ethnic group is a social category of people who share a common culture. The New Immigration Description of U.S. Census Classifications Date 1890 1900 1910 African White American Native Asian American American White Black Indian Mulatto Quadroon Octoroon White Black Indian White Black Mulatto Indian Other Chinese Japanese Chinese Japanese Chinese Other Japanese Description of U.S. Census Classifications Date White African Native Asian American American American Other 1920 White Black Mulatto Indian Chinese Other Japanese 1930 White Negro Indian Chinese Mexican Japanese Other Filipino Hindu Korean Description of U.S. Census Classifications African Native Asian Date White American American American Other 1940 White Negro Indian Chinese Other Japanese Filipino Hindu Korean 1950 White Negro Indian Chinese Hawaiian Japanese Other Filipino Description of U.S. Census Classifications African Native Asian Date White American American American Other 1960 White Negro American Chinese Hawaiian Indian Japanese Other Aleut Filipino Eskimo 1970 White Negro or Black Indian (American) Chinese Hawaiian Japanese Other Filipino Korean Description of U.S. Census Classifications Date White 1980 White 2000 White African American Black or Negro Black or African American Native American Asian American Other Indian (American) Eskimo Aleut Chinese Japanese Filipino Korean Asian Indian Vietnamese Hawaiian Guamanian Samoan Asian or Pacific Islander Other American Indian Alaskan Native Chinese Japanese Filipino Korean Asian Indian Vietnamese Native Hawaiian Other Pacific Islander Other Ethnic Minority: Characteristics 1. 2. Possesses characteristics regarded as different from the dominant group (race, ethnicity, sexual preference, age, religion.) Suffers prejudice and discrimination by the dominant group. Ethnic Minority: Characteristics 3. 4. Membership is ascribed rather than achieved. Members feel a sense of group solidarity. Stereotypes Reinforce prejudices and cause them to persist in society. Racial and gender stereotypes receive ongoing support in the media. Justify the oppression of groups based on race, ethnicity and gender. Prejudice, Discrimination and Racism Prejudice is an attitude involving prejudgment on the basis of race or ethnicity. Discrimination is actual behavior involving unequal treatment. Racism involves both attitude and behavior. The Income Gap Prejudice and Socialization Media stereotypes began to improve as a result of civil rights activity in the 1960s. Positive interactions between Blacks and Whites have been 5% or less of total interactions on television programs. Poverty Among Racial Groups Scapegoat Theory Members of the dominant group harbor frustrations in their desire to achieve success. They vent their anger in the form of aggression. The aggression is directed toward members of minority groups who serve as scapegoats. Authoritarian Personality Characteristics: Tendency to categorize other people Rigidly conform Intolerance of ambiguity Inclined to superstition Theories of Race and Ethnicity The Racial Order Functionalism Conflict Theory Symbolic Interaction Social stability when racial and ethnic groups are assimilated into society Is intricately intertwined with class stratification Based on social construction that assigns people to racial and ethnic categories Theories of Race and Ethnicity Minority Groups Functionalism Assimilated into dominant culture as they adopt cultural practices Conflict Theory Life chances result from opportunities formed by intersection of class, race, and gender Symbolic Interaction Form identity as the result of sociohistorical change Contact Theory 1. 2. 3. Interactions will reduce prejudice if 3 conditions are met: Contact is between individuals of equal status. Contact is sustained. Participants agree upon social norms favoring equality. Native Americans Population in north America in 1492 was from 1 to 10 million. Conquest, disease, and expulsion from their lands resulted in a population of 300,000 by 1850. Native Americans 55% of Native Americans live on or near a reservation. Highest poverty rate of all minorities and 50% unemployment among males. African Americans Between 20 and 100 million Africans were transported to the Americas. The majority went to Brazil and the Caribbean, 6% went to the U.S. Slavery evolved as a rigid caste system, also involving the domination of men over women. African Americans After the civil war, sharecropping emerged as a new exploitative system. The migration of Blacks to the urban north from the 1900s through the 1920s encouraged the development of political, social, and cultural action. Latinos Includes Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cubans, and other Latin American immigrants. Includes Latin Americans who were early settlers in the U.S. The terms Hispanic and Latino/a mask the great diversity among the groups. Latinos Entries into U.S. Society: Mexican Americans through military conquest (1846-1848). Puerto Ricans through war with Spain (1898). Cubans as political refugees (1959). Chinese 1865-1868, thousands of Chinese laborers worked for the Central Pacific railroad. In 1882, the Chinese exclusion act banned immigration of laborers and intermarriage. Hostility and exclusion resulted in the creation of Chinatowns. Japanese Immigration of the first generation (Issei) took place between 1890 and 1924. In 1924, passage of the Japanese immigration act forbade further immigration. The second generation (Nisei) became better educated and assimilated. Japanese Members of the third generation (Sansei) met with prejudice and discrimination. During WWII, Japanese Americans were forced into relocation camps. In 1987, legislation was passed awarding $20,000 to each relocated person and offering an apology. Middle Easterners Immigrants from Middle Eastern countries such as Syria, Lebanon, Egypt, and Iran began arriving in the mid-1970s. Like other immigrants, many experienced downward mobility and formed their own ethnic enclaves. White Ethnic Groups Immigration dates to the WASP immigrants from England, Scotland, and Wales. 40% of the world’s Jewish population lives in the U.S. In 1924, the National Origins Quota Act, the most discriminatory act in U.S. immigration history, was passed. Domestic Colonialism Model Four elements: Forced and involuntary entry. Control of the group’s affairs by the colonizers. Racism justifies the colonizer’s domination. The minority is prevented from expressing its culture and values. Ethnic Conflict Around the World Civil Rights Movement Encouraged resistance to segregation through nonviolent techniques. 1964- Civil rights bill 1965- Voting rights act 1968 - Fair housing act Quick Quiz 1. A social category of people who share a common culture is referred to by sociologists as: a. a minority group b. a cultural group c. a racial group d. an ethnic group Answer: d A social category of people who share a common culture is referred to by sociologists as an ethnic group. 2. Which of the following statements is true regarding minority groups? a. Members of a minority group have a strong sense of group solidarity b. Membership in a minority group is usually achieved. c. Members of a minority group are usually female. d. Members of a minority group usually know each other. Answer: a The statement, members of a minority group have a strong sense of group solidarity is true regarding minority groups. 3. An oversimplified set of beliefs about members of a social group that is used to categorize members of that group is referred to as: a. salience principle b. discrimination c. prejudice d. stereotype Answer: d An oversimplified set of beliefs about members of a social group that is used to categorize members of that group is referred to as stereotype. 4. The gendered racism theory is most closely associated with the: a. symbolic interactionist perspective b. evolutionary perspective c. functionalist perspective d. conflict perspective Answer: d The gendered racism theory is most closely associated with the conflict perspective. 5. De facto segregation is common in housing and education. a. True b. False Answer: True De facto segregation is common in housing and education.
