Download Chapter 21: Immigration and the Growth of Cities

Chapter 21:
A New Urban Culture
(1865-1914)
(American Nation Textbook Pages 598-624)
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1. New Immigrants in a Promised Land
Between 1866 and 1915, more than 25 million immigrants
poured into the United States. Both push factors and pull
factors played a part in the vast global migration. Push
factors are conditions that attract people from their
homes pull factors are conditions that attract immigrants
to new areas.
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Political and religious prosecution pushed many people
to leave their homes. In the late eighteen hundreds, the
Russian government supported programs, organized
attacks on Jewish villages. Millions of Jews fled Russia
and Eastern Europe to settle in American cities.
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Ottoman
Empire
Persecution also played
a factor for Armenian
immigrants. The
Armenians lived in the
Ottoman Empire which is
present day Turkey.
Between the 1890’s days
and the 1900’s, the
Ottoman government
killed a million or more
Armenians. Many fled to
the United States and
settled in California.
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Leaving their homes required great courage. The voyage
across the Atlantic and Pacific was often miserable. Most
immigrants could afford only the cheapest seats on boats
traveling to the Americas. Ship owners jammed up to
2000 people in steerage compartments in crowded spots
on their ships.
In these close quarters, disease is spread rapidly.
Diseases such as the measles infected many immigrants.
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For most European immigrants, the voyage
ended in New York City. There, after 1886,
they saw the giant Statue of Liberty in the
harbor. The statue of liberty became a symbol
of a hope and freedom offered by the United
States.
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After 1892, ships entering New York harbor stopped at
the new receiving station on Ellis Island. Here,
immigrants faced a last hurdle, the dreaded medical
inspection.
Doctors examined eyes, ears and throats. The sick
had to stay on Ellis Island until I got well. With
hundreds of immigrants to process each day,
officials had only minutes to check each new arrival.
To save time they often changed names that they
found difficult to spell.
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Ellis Island
In the late 1800’s, the patterns of
immigration changed. Large
numbers of people arrived from
the Southern Eastern Europe.
Millions of Italians, Polish, Greeks, Russians,
and Greeks and landed in the Eastern United
States. Stopped at Ellis Island before arriving in
New York City.
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Many immigrants have
heard stories that the
streets of the United States
were paved with gold.
Once in the United States,
the newcomers had to adjust
their dreams to reality. They
immediately set out to find
work. Through friends,
relatives, labor contractors,
and employment agencies
they found jobs.
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Immigrants adjusted to their new lives by settling in
neighborhoods with their own ethnic group. An ethnic
group is a group of people who share a common culture.
Within these ethnic neighborhoods, newcomers spoke of
their own language and celebrated special holidays with
food prepared as in the old country.
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Religion stood at the center
of immigrant family life.
Houses of worship sprang
up in most neighborhoods.
They brought at the groups
together.
In their effort to adapt, many immigrants
sometimes blended their native tongues with
English. They became part of a new culture.
The process of becoming part of another
culture is called assimilation.
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Many Americans opposed the increase in
immigration. They felt the newcomers were
too different. They wanted to limit immigration
and preserve the country for native born white
Protestants. These people were called
nativists.
Many nativists resented the new immigrants
because they took jobs for low pay away from
working Americans.
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One of the cultures that the nativists
targeted was the Chinese. The Chinese
immigrants helped build the railroads.
Most Chinese people lived in cities in an
area called Chinatown. Most Americans
didn’t understand why the Chinese would
learn American ways. As the numbers of
Chinese moved into the United States.
Prejudice and violence against them
began to increase.
Congress responded to the violence
aimed at the Chinese by passing the
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. Under it,
no Chinese laborer could enter the
United States. In addition, no Chinese
living in the United States could return15
once they left of the country.
2. An Age of Cities
Many people moved from farms to the cities. This move
and was called urbanization. As industrialization continued
cities grew more rapidly.
By 1860 one out of every five Americans lived in a city.
Jobs drew people to the city. People worked in steel mills,
meatpacking plants, and garment factories.
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African Americans moved to the cities to
improve their lives. Most African Americans
lived in the rural south. When hard times hit or
prejudice lead to violence, some African
Americans headed to northern cities.
By the 1890’s, the south side of Chicago has a
thriving African-American community. Detroit, New
York, Philadelphia, and other northern cities also
had growing African American neighborhoods.
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City Life
Many poor families crowded into the cities oldest
sections. Middle-class people lived father out in row
houses or new apartment buildings. Beyond them, the
rich built fine homes with green lawns and trees.
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Poor families struggled to survive in slums. The streets were jammed with
people, horses, pushcarts, and garbage. Living space was very limited so
builders devised a new kind of house to hold more people. They put up
buildings six or seven stories high. The divided the buildings into small
apartments, call tenements. Many tenements had no windows, heat, or
indoor bathrooms. Typhoid and cholera infected the tenants. Tuberculosis,
a long disease was the biggest killer.
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In the1880’s reformers asked for changes.
Building codes were established that
provided standards of safety. Fire escapes
were added to buildings.
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Just beyond the slums stood the homes of the new
middle class people. These people were the doctors,
lawyers, and business managers, skilled machinists,
and office workers. These people lived in rows of neat
houses lined with three shaded streets. Here diseases
broke out less frequently.
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Many religious organizations helped the poor. The
Protestant ministers began preaching Social
Gospel. They called upon their church members
to do what is needed to help the poor.
In 1865 William Booth, a
minister, established the
Salvation Army in London to
help the poor. He later
expanded it to the United
States.
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The first Young Men’s Hebrew Association, or
YMHA, provided help and social activates for
many Jewish Americans. Later these places
were called the JCC or Jewish Community
Centers.
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Settlement Houses, or
community centers, were also
started to help the poor. Jane
Addams became famous in
organizing settlement houses
in America.
Addams opened a
settlement house called
the Hull House 1n 1869.
In the Hull house
teachers taught the
English language and
classes on American
government.
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Section 2 quiz
1. What was Urbanization?
2. What problems did African Americans
face? List 2.
3. What is a slum?
4. What is a tenement?
5. Why were building codes started?
6. What organization did William Booth
start?
7. What was the name of the settlement
house Jane Addams established?
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Section 2
8. Why did people move to the suburbs?
9. What was city life like?
10.Write 2 paragraph comparing some of
the problems facing city dwellers in the
late 1800s to the problems faced by city
dwellers today.
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3. Life in Changing Cities
A building boom changed the face of
American cities in the late eighteen
hundreds. Cities like New York ran out
of space in their downtown areas.
Resourceful city planners and
architects decided to build up instead of
out. Using new technology, the
designed tall buildings with many floors
called skyscrapers.
Newly invented elevators carried
people two upper floors. As more
people moved into the cities, traffic
jams developed. Downtown streets
were choked with horse drawn buses,
carriages and carts.
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Because of the traffic many people
moved to the outskirts of the city called
suburbs.
Electricity offered a new solution to many of the cities
problems. Electric’s street cars were used on the streets.
Trolleys are also used. Many cities such as New York
built steam driven passenger trains on tracks. In 1897,
Boston led the way in building the first American subway,
or underground electric railway.
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Shopping areas with a new look. In the late
1800’s, department stores sprang up. A
department store sold all kinds of items in
different sections or departments. In 1902, R.H.
Macy opened a nine story department store in
New York. Soon other cities have department
stores.
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By the late 1800’s, American
cities supported a wide
variety of cultural activities.
Many contributions were
made to the world of music
and theater by immigrants.
Music and other kinds of
entertainment brought
Americans together.
Many vaudeville houses
opened in the cities.
Vaudeville was a variety
show that included
comedians, song and
dance routines and
acrobats.
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Songwriters
produced many
popular tunes such
as Shine On, and
Harvest Moon.
Ragtime was a new
kind of music with
lively, rhythmic
sounds. Scott Joplin,
an African American
composer helped
make ragtime music
popular. His Maple
Leaf Rag was a
nationwide hit.
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John Philip Sousa wrote
more than 100 marches.
He wrote The Stars And
Stripes Forever. His
Marches became favorites
at Fourth of July
celebrations.
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Baseball became the most popular sport in the
nation. The game was first played in New York in
the 1840’s during the Civil War. By the 1870’s there
was many professional baseball teams.
In the 1880’s, African Americans were barred from
professional baseball. In 1885, Frank Thompson
organized a group of waiters in one of the first AfricanAmerican professional teams, the Cuban Giants of Long
Island
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Football also
became
popular. In
colonial times,
players did not
wear helmets
and are often
hurt. Some
colleges
banned the
sport or drew
up stricter rules
to play the
game.
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1891, James Naismith invented a new sport called
basketball. Naismith was the teaching physical education
class at the YMCA. He wanted to find a sport that could be
played indoors in winter. He had two bushel baskets
mailed to the gym walls. Players tried to throw a soccer
ball into the baskets. Basketball caught on quickly. It
spread to other schools and colleges around the country.
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4. Public Education and American Culture
Read page 617-621 in your textbook
Before 1870, fewer than half of the American children went to school.
Many who did attend went to one room schoolhouses with only one
teacher. Oftentimes, several students shared a single book.
As industry grew after the Civil War, the nation needed an
educated work force. As a result, state’s improve public
schools at all levels. By 1900, they were 4,000 programs
serving children between the ages of three and seven
across the nation.
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In the North, most states have laws that require
children to attend school, usually through the
sixth grade. In the south, the Freedman’s Bureau
built grade schools for both African Americans
and white students. However, most schools in the
south were segregated.
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The typical school day lesson from 8:00 AM to 4:00 PM.
Students learn the three R’s which were reading writing
and arithmetic.
Schools emphasized obedience to and discipline. After
1870, many cities and towns build public high schools. The
1900, the United States had 6,000 high schools. Higher
education also expanded.
Both men and women and went to school. Many states
built universities that offered free and low cost
education. However, for women, African Americans
and others, opportunity for college of education will
often limited.
George Lewis Ruffin
1st African American to graduate
Harvard Law School
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As many more Americans learn to read in the
late 1880’s eighties, they read not only
newspapers but books and magazines.
Magazines such as the Ladies Home Journal
appealed to the middle class women articles
about famous people in stores are well
known authors.
Paperback books became popular in the
1800’s. Best-selling novels were often called
Dime Novels.
Horatio Alger, a popular writer, produced
more than 100 dime novels for children.
Most told the story of a poor boy who
becomes rich and respected through
hard work, look, and honesty.
These low price paperbacks offered the related ensure stories.
These novels offered Hope that even the poorest person could
become rich as successful in the United States.
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As cities grew, the numbers of newspapers grew
dramatically. People were very much interested
in reading newspapers. The newspapers
reported the major events of the day. If reported
government, business, fashion, and sports.
Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst were
the most famous two writers of this period of time.
They wrote for a newspaper called The World.
Joseph Pulitzer and
William Hearst
Hearst presented scandals,
crime stories, and gossip.
People coined the phrase the
term yellow journalism for the
sensational reporting style of
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The World .
Women also became
journalists. Nellie Bly
pretended to be
insane in order to find
out about treatment of
the mentally ill. Her
articles about cruelty
in mental hospitals
lead to changes or
reforms in these
hospitals.
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The most famous and popular author of this
period was Samuel Clemens, better known by
his pen name, Mark Twain. Like many other
American writers, Mark Twain used to local
color to make his store is more realistic. Local
color refers to the speech and habits of a
particular region.
Twain wrote novels like The Adventures of Tom
Sawyer and the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.
Twain filled his novel with humor and adventure
to entertain his readers.
At the same time, he made a series point. In the
beginning of the novel, Huck Finn except
slavery. During this novel, Huck comes to
respect him and then decides that their
friendship is more important than in the unjust
laws that enslaved Jim. Tom Sawyer was a
realist. A realist was a writer that wanted to
show the harsh side of life as it was.
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Section 4 class work/homework
Due Tuesday 3/6/12
A. Answer the following questions:
1. Define compulsory. (use a dictionary)
2. What would happen to you if going to school
was not compulsory?
3. Make a list of the ways in which Americans
became better educated in the late 1800s
4. Prepare a short essay (2-3 paragraphs) that
support your list.
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Section 4 Classwork/homework
Due Wednesday, 3/7/12
1. Complete “Viewing History” pp 618
2. Complete “Primary Source” pp 619
3. Complete “Viewing History” pp 620
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Section 4 class work/homework
Due Thursday 3/8/12
• Complete pp 621 # 1-5
• Study for an open note quiz tomorrow on
section 4.
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