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Fighting for Domination
The French and Indian War
1754-1763
Pittsburgh
1902
1874
Today
Anglo-French Colonial Wars
1689-1697 War of the League of Augsburg
King William’s War
1702-1713 War of Spanish Succession
Queen Anne’s War (Peace of Utrecht)
1740-1748 War of Austrian Succession
King George’s War
1754-1763 Seven Year’s War
French and Indian War
got us into this mess! Twenty two year old Lt. Col.
Washington and a group of Virginia militia sent to secure the area around
Pittsburgh ambushed a small group of French soldiers, killing 10,
including French officer Ensign Jumonville. They later build Fort
Necessity, pictured above, to defend against the inevitable French attack.
"The volley fired by a young Virginian in the backwoods of America set
the world on fire." British Statesman Horace Walpole
Washington Surrenders at Fort Necessity
July 4, 1754
The Battle of
Great Meadows
Following the Jumonville Affair, Washington returned to Great
Meadows to build Fort Necessity, where he was attacked by a
force of Indians and French. Now Colonel Washington
surrendered his force and signed the infamous surrender terms that
stated that the British assassinated Jumonville.
Savoir.
Comme notre intention n'a
jamais été de troubler la
Paix et la Bonne armonie
qui régnoit entre les deux
Princes amis, mais seulement
de venger L'assasin qui a été
fait sur un de nos officier
porteur d'une sommation et
sur son escorte, comme aussy
d'empecher aucun
Etablissement sur les terres
du Roy mon maitre
A Ces Considerations nous
voulons bien accorder grace
a tous les Anglois qui sont
dans le dit fort aux
conditions ci-après.
As our intention had never been to
trouble the peace and good harmony
which reigns between the two friendly
princes, but only to revenge the
assassination which has been done on
one of our officers, bearer of a summons,
upon his party, as also to hinder any
establishment on the lands of the
dominions of the King, my master.
Upon these considerations, we are
willing to grant protection of favor, to all
the English that are in the said fort, upon
conditions hereafter mentioned.
Braddock’s Road to Defeat
Battle of the Wilderness-July, 1755
Battle of the WildernessCasualties
One Reliable Estimate of the Casualties
ENGAGED
TOTAL
KILLED
WOUNDED
Officers & Staff
96
26
36
Troops, etc.
1373
430
484
French
200
8
-
Indians
600
20
-
BRADDOCK
BEAUJEU
Braddock’s Famous Quote
During his meeting with General Braddock, Benjamin
Franklin observed that Indians lying in ambush in the woods
could pose a threat to troops marching in formation. Here is
Braddock’s response:
“These savages may indeed be a formidable enemy to your raw
American militia, but upon the King’s regular and disciplined
troops, sir, it is impossible they should make any impression.”
In his autobiography Franklin stated: “The general was, I
think, a brave man and might have made a figure as a good
officer in some European war. But he had too much selfconfidence, too high an opinion of the validity of regular
troops, and too mean a one of both Americans and Indians.”
The Fall of Quebec:
Wolfe Seals The Fate of The French
September 1759
The British Landing at Quebec
What’s the problem?
A Tough Task
The task facing the British was daunting. Located high
on a bluff above the swiftly flowing St. Lawrence,
Québec appeared to be an unassailable fortress. The
defenders, numbering more than 14,000 men, were
confident that 100+ foot cliffs made it impossible for
an invading army to make a direct assault, while rivers
and tide flats made the approach from the east
unlikely. To guard against an overland advance at
Beaufort, the north bank of the river, the French
deployed the bulk of their force there, including the
forces of the Marquis de Montcalm. Québec itself was
defended by combined French regulars and Canadian
militiamen.
Half an Hour That Changed History
In September, in a stroke of extreme good fortune, Wolfe learned
of the existence of a steep path that ascended from the river to the
Plains of Abraham outside of the city. Wolfe devised a new war
plan that was put into action on the 12th. He first ordered the
bombardment of the Beaufort shore, then loaded landing craft
with soldiers and put them ashore east of the Montmorency River.
Next cannon fire was directed against the city from the British
battery near Point Levy. Finally, a portion of the British fleet
sailed past Québec and appeared to be headed for Montreal. The
impact on Montcalm’s command was one of confusion. The bulk
of the French forces were deployed along the Beaufort heights in
anticipation of a British assault from the east.
The Fall of Quebec:
September 1759
PATH
Wolfe’s Cove
Under the cover of night, British forces quietly converged off of Anse
Du Foulon (Wolfe’s Cove). Small boats ferried more than 4,000
soldiers ashore. At 4 a.m. on the 13th, a scouting party ascended the
pathway to the top of the cliff. When dawn broke a few hours later,
the city was greeted by the spectacle of a British army in battle
formation immediately outside its walls.
Montcalm tried to gather his widely dispersed army, but by 10 a.m.
made the premature decision to confront the British army with
whatever soldiers were at hand. The great battle on the Plains of
Abraham lasted only 30 minutes; British ranks held firm in the face
of a French advance. A devastating volley was fired when the British
musketeers could see the whites of the French soldiers’ eyes. Huge
numbers of men were mowed down and many others broke ranks and
fled. A British counterattack quickly ended the battle. Both
commanders were struck down; Wolfe lived long enough learn of his
victory and Montcalm died from his wounds the next day.
With the additional French surrender to
General Amherst at Montreal in 1760,
the fate of the war was decided.
The Treaty of Paris of 1763
It is important to remember that the French and Indian War was
part of a wider European conflict known as the Seven Years War
which pitted England and Prussia against France, Austria, Russia
and Spain. The French and Indian War was concluded by the Treaty
of Paris of February 10, 1763. It was signed by England, France, and
Spain.
By the Treaty of Paris in 1763, France lost Canada in favor of Great
Britain and all claims to territory east of the Mississippi, while
Spain, in order to recover Cuba which Britain had taken, ceded
Florida. New Orleans went with Louisiana to Spain, but with these
exceptions England now held the whole of North America east of the
Mississippi.
The Treaty of Paris was a triumph for England over her rivals in the
race for worldwide empire. It was a tragic loss for the natives.
France regained Goree, in Africa, and the island of Belle-Isle, off the
French coast, but lost Senegal. England regained the island of
Minorca. French influence in India was greatly diminished.
The big losers in the F & I?
The Natives
So an Ottawa Chief named Pontiac started a
war to protect tribal interests. This struggle
is known as Pontiac’s Rebellion.
Turning Point:The Battle of Bushy Run
The Battle of Bushy Run- 1763
Broken Dreams, Broken Promises "[They] come here only to cheat the poor
Indian(s), and take their land….“ Delaware Shamokin Daniel
Some Eastern tribes hoped British promises made during the F&I
War would secure their lands from expansion. Others, like
Pontiac, held dreams of a return to the Indian ways and the
removal of Europeans from their lands. Pontiac’s Rebellion led to
a general Indian uprising in the Trans-Appalachian west.
British Colonel Bouquet, on a relief effort to embattled Fort Pitt,
(one of several PA forts that had been hit) was attacked 25 miles
west of Pittsburgh by Delaware, Shawnee and other Indians as
part of the growing Pontiac’s Rebellion.
The two day battle, won by the British, sealed the fate of the Natives.
Trans-Appalachian expansion by British colonists would continue,
and no new negotiations or talks could prevent it.
Why Was the F & I War and Pontiac’s Rebellion So
Important?
(The “So What” Factor!)
• The war provoked the Indians into Pontiac’s
rebellion, which provoked George III to draw the
Proclamation Line of 1763, which provoked
American anger over access to the Ohio Valley.
• England had fought four major wars here and
abroad, and were deeply in debt- thus the taxes!
• England sought to enforce long neglected trade
laws, further irritating Americans.
(Dreaded Terms: Navigation Acts, salutary neglect,
mercantilism, triangular trade)
• Official and unofficial British treatment of
its American subjects during the war was
often viewed by the Americans as
condescending and demeaning.
Daniel Morgan lashing
British arrogance
Lack of respect of major contribution of
Americans to the effort
Lack of respect for American officers