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Sociology Paper 1 (November 2007)
Section A: Research Methods
1. Interviewing is a common technique used by sociologists to gather data.
Interviews may be structured, semi-structured, or unstructured. They usually
take place on a one -to-one basis between the researcher and the
respondent, but group interviews are an alternative. Those sociologists who
prefer to collect quantitative data are more likely to use structured
interviews. With this type of interview the researcher takes special care to
draw up a carefully worded set of questions. They also try to standardise
their performance as interviewers so that they behave in exactly the same
way with each respondent. The purpose of all this care is to make sure that
nothing ‘irrelevant’ in the wording of the questions or the performance of the
interviewer will influence the answers. In this way it is hoped that the data
collected will be free from any researcher bias.
(a)
In sociological research, what is meant by the following terms
i. quantitative data?
[2]
Evidence collected from researcher that is easily transformed into statistics.
ii. Respondent?
[2]
The person who is the subject of the interview.
iii. researcher bias?
[2]
The subjective influence of the researcher that affects the way data is
gathered and the responses received from the respondents.
(b)
Describe two ways in which unstructured interviews differ from
structured interviews.
[4]
Differences include:
 unstructured interviews contain no set order of questions – the
researcher has a number of broad topics/general areas to cover with
interviewee and is not restricted to pre-set questions.
 they encourage respondents to raise issues and expand their
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answers – the respondent is allowed to elaborate or give further
information on any of the areas covered.
 they seek qualitative rather than quantitative data - Questions
would be ‘open’ questions so good for ascertaining meaning, feelings,
motives, etc.
 the process followed may be different with each interview –
there is no particular way the interview should be conducted so the
researcher can clarify points and explore particular areas of interest
that come up with the interviewee.
(c)
Describe two reasons why it may be difficult for an interviewer to
behave in exactly the same way with each respondent.
[4]
Relevant reasons include:
 the way different interviewees will respond is unpredictable –
some may be nervous and may need a lot of reassurance and guidance
from the interviewer
 some interviewees may require more help and support - some
respondents may have difficulty in understanding and answering the
questions than others and so require more guidance from the
interviewer
 the interviewers may not be that experienced – it is very
important for the interviewer to be experienced and to understanding
the respondents needs. If this is not so the respondent may not be
confident enough to answer the questions.
(d)
Describe two advantages of using group interviews in sociological
research.
[4]
Advantages include:
 saves time - interviewing people individually can be very time
consuming for the researcher and respondent so this is an alternative
that will cut down the time
 the behaviour of the group can be observed at the same time –
the interviewer can watch the other members of the group and see
their reactions to the questions and answers
 members of the group may help each other - the group members
can clarify points that members may find difficult to understand or need
prompting with and help them to answer the questions. The group may
act as a stimulus for individual responses.
 it may be less intimidating for people – it can make people nervous
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to be interviewed but they may feel more at ease and more able to
answer questions in a group situation.
(e)
Describe two ways in which the personal characteristics of the
interviewer may influence the answers given by the respondent. [4]
Ways in which the personal characteristics of the interviewer may influence
the answers provided by the respondent include:
 Dress – an interviewer who dresses in a professional way is probably
more likely to gain the respect of the respondent.
 tone of voice – a calm soothing tone of voice will make the respondent
feel more relaxed and at ease ( a harsh brash tone may upset them)
 sex – the interviewees may feel nervous or shy about answering
personal questions with a person of the opposite sex (women might not
like to speak to men/men might not like to speak to women
 age – if the age of her respondent and the interviewee is similar they
may feel comfortable answering questions but if there is a big age
difference they may feel embarrassed answering personal questions
(for example a teenager might not want to answer personal questions
to a person who is over fifty)
 ability to put the respondent at ease – an interviewer who acts in a
calm and professional manner but is also understanding and friendly
will be more likely to make the respondent feel more relaxed and
comfortable at the interview
(f)
Describe two strengths and two limitations of structured interviews.
[8]
Strengths include:
 easy to replicate and so high in reliability - if the questions are
pre-set then the results are easy to quantify and to do again with other
groups of people.
 answers easily converted into quantitative data – the data can be
easily processed and show the researchers patterns and correlations in
the research.
 minimises researcher bias in the interview situation - questions
will tend to be ‘closed’ so as to demand a limited response the
respondent should be able to answer them easily without help from the
researcher so accurate results should be obtained
 simple to process - the questions will have limited responses as they
will be ‘closed’ so the data it is easier for the researchers to process the
data using computers.
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Limitations include:
 data may lack depth - If pre-set questions are used these cannot be
explored (only clarified if something is not understood). If this happens
useful data may be overlooked.
 may be low in validity - People may not answer honestly. This may
because they are too embarrassed, or they give an answer that they
think the researcher wants to hear.
 Expensive - can be costly as it involves face-to-face contact.
 time-consuming - needs the researcher to be there to carry out the
interview and so only a limited number of interviews can be done due
to time constraints
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Section B: Culture and Socialisation
2. Sociologists are critical of attempts to explain social behaviour in terms of
instinct or ‘nature’. They suggest that it is through interaction with other
people that we learn how we are expected to behave in society.
(a)
What is meant by the term interaction?
[2]
Interaction refers to face-to-face exchanges where people have an effect on
each other.
(b)
Describe two ways in which an infant learns how to play with other
children.
[4]
Infants may learn about how to play with other children through:
imitation – young children identify with their parents and start to copy what
they do. Children try out different behaviour to see what the reactions of
others will be. Gradually they learn to internalize the correct patterns of
behaviour so they know themselves if their behaviour is correct. Within the
family children are generally socialised along gender lines, with girls being
encouraged to copy their mothers and boys their fathers.
role-play – children play together at adult roles such as:
 cops and robbers,
 shopkeepers
 mothers and fathers.
By playing together in this way they learn the appropriate roles of behaviour
for later life.
parental guidance – parents can enhance a young child's learning process
by giving them a variety of ways to learn through sight, touch, taste and
smell. For infants, they can play the games that children love, such as peek
a boo to interact with them It also teaches them how to interact socially with
their families.
instruction from older siblings – children also watch their brother and
sister and imitate what they do or carry out the instructions that they are
given. A child’ s play patterns with other children influence the way he/she
thinks and act later
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(c)
Explain why sociologists are critical of attempts to explain social
behaviour in terms of instinct or ‘nature’.
[6]
 ‘Nature’ refers to what a person inherits through their genes
 ‘Nurture’ refers to all the behaviour learnt through the socialisation
process.
Even though
 Biologists have argued that genetic influence can explain social
behaviour.
 For example, some have argued that male and female behaviour is
inherited.
 They also argue that traits like aggression, personality and
intelligence are all inherited
 They explain that a lot of behaviour many be programmed in the
genes.
However Sociologists see socialisation as the most important way
that we learn social behaviour
 When sociologists talk about ‘nurture’ they are referring to all the
behaviour we learn through the socialisation process.
 The things we do are a result of what we have learned.
 This means that our experiences and our environment play a large part
in shaping our behaviour.
 Our social behaviour comes from the expectations and guidelines found
within each society and culture
 Cultures share norms and values
 Values describe a shared moral system where most people believe in
certain ideas
 Norms are the unspoken an unwritten rules of behaviour in everyday
life. We learn them through socialisation.
 These norms and values are passed on to everyone in society through
socialisation
How Important is socialisation?
 Sociologists think socialisation is important because it helps to keep
social order.
 Some have argued that for society to exist and survive people have to
find a way to live together without constant fighting.
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 Also, large societies cannot rely on the forces of law and order to keep
the peace and make sure people obey the rules.
 The socialisation process allows people to learn the rules of society and
to see what happens if these rules are broken.
 All sociologists see socialisation as very important.
To support your arguments that socialisation is more important
than instinct talk about ‘unsocialised’ or ‘feral’ children’ who have
been found
 One way to test the influence of nature or nurture would be to study the
ways in which people develop without human/social contact.
 There are some case studies of wild children, these are children who, for
one reason or another, have been deprived of normal human contact
 Famous cases suggest that children who do not grow up with other
humans cannot make up for this later.
Talk briefly about one of them for example
The wild boy of Aveyron
 In 1800, a boy of about 12 years of age was found in a forest in the
South of France. He did not appear to have any parents and was taken
to an orphanage. He was then put into the care of a doctor who
wanted to study his progress.
 When he was first found he could not speak. He did make strange
noises and would howl in the dark. He hated wearing clothes, was not
toilet trained and he appeared not to feel cold or heat. He was
observed to go out and play in the snow with no clothes and apparently
he did not suffer from this – in fact, he seemed to enjoy it.
 He lived until he was about forty years old. During this time he did
learn some words. He also learned to use the toilet, wear clothes and
dress himself. However, he never developed fully.
To many Sociologists it is the possession of a culture shared with others that
makes us human. We do not are not meant to live completely alone. All of
human progress, all aspects of social life today, are built on the relationships
of people with other people. We are social animals and this is what makes us
human
(d)
To what extent do social influences constrain people’s behaviour?
[8]
Importance of the socialisation process
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 Sociologists think socialisation is important because it helps to keep
social order.
 Some have argued that for society to exist and survive people have to
find a way to live together without constant fighting.
 Large societies cannot just rely on the forces of law and order to keep
the peace and make sure that people obey the rules.
 The socialisation process allows people to learn the rules of society
and to see what happens if these rules are broken.
All sociologists see socialisation as very important. They disagree on whether
it benefits everyone in society or whether it gives some groups more
advantages than others
Value consensus = shared norms and values
It is necessary to have value consensus for society to function well
Cultural Values
 A culture's values are its ideas about what is good, right, fair, and just.
 Conflict theory focuses on how values differ between groups within a
culture, while functionalism focuses on the shared values within a
culture, Consensus
 For example, American sociologist Robert K. Merton suggested that
the most important values in American society are wealth, success,
power, and prestige, but that everyone does not have an equal
opportunity to attain these values.
 Functional sociologist Talcott Parsons noted that Americans share the
common value of the “American work ethic,” which encourages hard
work.
 Other sociologists have proposed a common core of American values,
including accomplishment, material success, problem-solving, reliance
on science and technology, democracy, patriotism, charity, freedom,
equality and justice, individualism, responsibility, and accountability.
Conflicting Values
 A culture, though, may have conflicting values.
 For instance, the value of material success may conflict with the value
of charity.
 Or the value of equality may conflict with the value of individualism.
 Such contradictions may exist due to an inconsistency between people's
actions and their professed values, which explains why sociologists
must carefully distinguish between what people do and what they say.
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 Real culture refers to the values and norms that a society actually
follows, while ideal culture refers to the values and norms that a
society professes to believe.
So social influences constrain people’s behaviour so that they follow the
norms and values of the society we live in
3. Social control in traditional societies is achieved mainly through informal
processes. In modern industrial societies there is a greater need for formal
social controls, mainly in the form of the police and the legal system.
(a)
What is meant by the term social control?
[2]
Social control refers to the mechanisms used to persuade people to accept
the generally agreed standards of behaviour, beliefs, conduct and morals of a
society.
(b)
Describe two sources of informal social control.
[4]
Sources of informal social control are:
 Peer pressure – the rest of the group will uses pressure to get a
person to follow the rules
 Gossip – to publicly voice a complaint against someone
 Ridicule - to criticise someone in order to make them do the right
thing
 Scandal – expose someone’s behaviour in order to bring shame upon
them
 ostracism – exclude someone from the group if they don’t conform to
the accepted way of behaviour
(c)
Explain why there is a greater need for formal social controls in
modern industrial societies.
[6]
Informal control is based on rewards and encouragement for correct
behaviour and sanctions like ridicule, for incorrect behaviour
Fomal control refers to the public, legal forms of controlling the population.
Certain activities are regarded as dangerous to society by those who hold
power, and are therefore forbidden
Why do we need formal social control
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Marxism – conflict theory of society
 Marxists see society divided by class
 There is a conflict of interest between the classes which sometimes
takes the form of strikes and other protests
 The ruling class has almost all the power and wealth and exploits the
working class
 The Agencies of Social control are the ways in which the ruling class
keeps the workers in their place
For example
Schools children learn to do what they are told and accept their place in life.
There are different schools for the children of the ruling class.
The Mass Media brainwash people into only being interested in gossip sport
and trivia and not interested in what is really going on in society.
Feminism – an alternative conflict theory
 Like Marxist, feminists see society as being divided but between the sexes
not by class
 It is men who rule society and who have the power in most social
situations – in relationships, in families, in schools etc
 The situation is called patriarchy
 Feminists are in favour of equal opportunities for men and women in all
areas of life
 The laws made by society often favour the interest of men not women
 The Agencies of Social control are the the ways in which the ruling class
keep women in their place
Why is why there is a greater need for formal social controls in
modern industrial societies?
 Socialisation is necessary for social life to exist at all
 The same agencies of socialisation through which we learn culture are also
agencies of social control because they impose sanctions on those who do
not conform
 Functionalists see social control as good and necessary if society is to
function well
 Marxists and feminists are interested in how people can be made or
persuaded to behave in ways and to believe in things which are against
their interests
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 Seen in this light social control is not positive
 It suits those who control not those who are controlled
Society is less cohesive – subcultures – a small proportion of young
people develop anti –social attitudes which are different from the mainstream
values of society which leads them to crime
These subcultures of people are regarded as a danger to the
stability of society because of:
Poor socialisation - among some groups in society leads them to commit
crime
Status frustration – working class youths are more likely to fail at school.
They feel that everyone looks down on them and so express their frustration
in delinquent activity that helps them to get even with society
Anomie – for many young people in inner cities there few chances for jobs.
They feel bitter and frustrated and sometimes turn to crime
This is criticised by Marxists
 Marxists suggest though that there is one law for the rich and one for
the poor.
 Marxists believe that the wealthy and powerful make laws which benefit
themselves at the expense of others
 Because of this the working class will of course commit the most crime
 For example if someone steals from a bank they are quickly pursued by
the police
 However tax avoidance cases are rarely punished or even of interest to
the police
(d)
To what extent do some groups benefit more than others from the
existence of social control?
[8]
The rich and the powerful seem to benefit most from social control
According to Marxism and the conflict theory of society
 The ruling class has almost all the power and wealth and exploits the
working class
 The Agencies of Social control are then ways in which the ruling class
keeps the workers in their place
According to Feminism and alternative conflict theory
 Society is still patriarchal
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 It is men who rule society and who have the power in most social
situations – in relationships, in families, in schools etc
The Power in society is still in the hands of the Ruling Elite
 Very powerful groups in society will use their influence to have the laws
altered to their benefit
 Sociologists argue that the laws in Britain seem to be designed to
protect the property of the rich from the poorer sections of society
 They argue that the laws are enforced differently
 In Britain it is the least powerful groups in society such as young
people, those living on large housing estates and the homeless who are
more likely to be the target of police activity
 Many people argue that these groups are being made scapegoats for
society’s problems
 It is easier to blame them than to look for the real causes

People who commit Corporate or White-collar crime are treated
very leniently and often escape serious punishment
 Enforcement of the law against illegal activities by companies such as
breaking health and safety regulations for their workers only happens
rarely
 White collar crime is not treated as seriously as other crimes even
though huge amounts of money may be lost
 Businesses may commit crime and are often not caught even if they
are they are more likely to be charged with ‘breaking regulations’
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Section C: Social Stratification
4. The system of stratification based on social class is a product of industrial
capitalism. Other systems of stratification existed in earlier societies.
(a)
What is meant by the term of stratification?
[2]
Stratification refers to the structured differences in wealth, power and status
between groups in society.
(b)
Describe two other forms of stratification apart from that based on
social class.
[4]
Examples include:
Caste – This is a closed society with little or no chance of upward mobility. A
person’s social position is decided at birth, it is ascribed. There is a status
hierarchy, each caste has its own specific occupations which are almost
hereditary. Some occupations are considered superior and sacred while
certain others degrading and inferior.
Estate (also known as feudalism in the middle ages) – positions in society
were ascribed with no chance of moving up or down.
Society was divided into groups
 King at the top
 Noble lords
 Knights
 The peasants – who were the majority of the population
Slavery – divides people into slave owners and slaves. Slaves were often
treated very badly and could be bought and sold. They had no control over
what happened in their lives.
Stratification in society by gender, age and race/ethnicity would also be
accepted as an answer.
(c)
Explain the Marxist view that the working-class are exploited under
capitalism?
[6]
The Marxist theory
 Karl Marx argues that societies are divided into two main classes
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What makes them different is whether or not the member of the classes
own property or not
Those who own property such as factories, mines or buildings are able to
make money simply through having these
They do not need to work for themselves but could pay someone to be a
manger or supervisor
Marx calls them the bourgeoisie or ruling class
Those who don’t own property have to work for a living
All they own is the ability to work so they have to sell this to the
bourgeoisie by working in the factories and mines etc
Marx calls them the proletariat or working class
According to Marx the bourgeoisie will always pay the proletariat as
little as possible for their work
This increases the profits that the bourgeoisie make
This is exploitation of the workers because they are not getting paid the
full value of their work
There is always a conflict of interest between the bourgeoisie and the
proletariat – class conflict
So the bourgeoisie get richer and the proletariat get poorer
Society would eventually be made up of a small number of rich people and
a large number of poor people
Marx thought that the situation would then be so unstable that there
would be a revolution
When the workers realized that they were being exploited they would
develop class consciousness
The revolution would bring a new kind of society where everyone would
be equal
This classless society would be communism which would replace the
current capitalist society
Criticism of Marx
 Marx argued that there were two social classes but in practice the class
structure is much more complicated with a wide variety of groups existing
in society
 He didn’t take into account the middle class – you can’t group doctors with
factory workers
 He claimed that when the tension between workers and owners was too
intense revolution must come about
 Instead, organisations like trade unions, have developed to look after the
interests of the working class
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(d)
To what extent have social class divisions changed since the
nineteenth century?
[8]
Embourgeoisement
 Living standards for everyone have risen in the last century.
 For example, life expectancy – how long people live – has grown
enormously.
 The working class today is better off than in the past.
 Most have secure incomes, own televisions, washing machines, cars,
even houses.
 Does this mean that there are no real differences between the working
classes and the middle classes.
 Is everyone middle class now?
 The idea that differences have disappeared is called embourgeoisement.
There are still some differences in which working class jobs remain
different from middle class ones:




The working environment is less likely to be clean and safe
The work is more physically demanding and even dangerous
The work is less likely to require qualifications such as exam passes
There are fewer benefits such as pension schemes and perks such as
company cars
The working class has had to change and is smaller than it used to
be but it has not disappeared
Class fragmentation
The working class is less solid than it once was. It has fragmented into:
1. The growing numbers of unemployed and the poor who are being left
behind – the underclass.
2. Those who work in the declining manufacturing industries and who still
hold traditional working class values - the ‘traditional’ working
class.
3. Those who are more likely to live in the south of England, to be buying
their own homes and to be working in the more secure jobs of light
industry - the new working class.
It has been claimed that the working class has divided and there are now
clearly distinguishable groups within the working class. The first of these is
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the traditional working class and the second is the new working class.
The third is known as the underclass.
the traditional working class
They maintain a completely different life style to that of the middle class,
these people:
 Live in council houses and rent their homes.
 Live in the traditional working class communities, in inner cities or in
industrial towns
 Work in manual occupations
 Solidly support the Labour Party
 Are more likely to become unemployed
The new working class,
these people are:





likely to own their own homes
likely to live on new housing estates in the suburbs
likely to be affluent owning many consumables such as cars and TV’s
less likely to give their total support to the Labour Party
more likely to be in secure jobs
the emergence of a welfare-dependent underclass.
 The majority of the working class now has quite healthy prosperous lives
compared to the past.
 A minority do not.
 Those who cannot work, such as the long-term unemployed and the
disabled and chronically ill are in effect shut out of much of what most
people take for granted,
 These groups are sometimes referred to as the underclass, a term which
means people at the very bottom of society but not fully part of society
The growth of the middle class
 The middle class has grown much bigger in the twentieth century
 After the Second World War there was a big growth in middle class
occupations like teachers and social workers
 The newly created jobs, were taken by people from working class families
 In the 1980’s a lot of tradiitional working class jobs such as coal miming
declined
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 New jobs that replaced them were often middle class ones like tourism
and computers
So
 the middle class like the working class is fragmented
 there are about three levels
 those higher up the middle class have many advantages in life chances –
good salaries, good health, good education and long lives.
 Those towards the bottom the life chances are similar to those of the
working class
5. Much of the discrimination that people from ethnic minority groups
experience is based on the prejudice that they are seen as ‘not properly
members’ of the country in which they live.
(a)
What is meant by the term ethnic minority?
[2]
People who share a similar culture that is distinct from that of the dominant
or largest grouping in society may be known as an ethnic minority.
(b)
Describe two forms of discrimination that people from ethnic
minority groups may experience.
[4]
There are many possible examples, including discrimination in the
areas of:
 Housing - They often live in the worst areas with the highest rates of
overcrowding
 Education - there is often discrimination in the process of streaming and
options choices for ethnic minorities so they don’t have a fair chance to do
well in school
 Welfare - ethnic minorities are less likely to use health services especially
older people possibly because they don’t speak English
 Employment - Overall ethnic minorities are found in lower level jobs with
few benefits
 Politics - There are few politicians to represent their interest in
parliament
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(c)
Explain why people from ethnic minority groups may be viewed as
‘not properly members’ of the country in which they live.
[6]
Ethnic minorities are groups of people who share a common culture which
is different from that of the majority of society
Reasons why ethnic minorities may be viewed as not part of the
country that they live in include:
Racial stereotypes
 many people regard ethnic minorities as having certain negative
characteristics.
 These characteristics confirm to the person that he or she is superior.
 Stereotyping is very useful because it allows people to treat the
stereotyped group in a worse way without feeling guilty
Fear of economic competition (e.g. for jobs, housing, etc) known as
‘scapegoating’
 In periods of economic decline or social tension certain groups are
picked on to be blamed for the problems of society
 In Britain ethnic minorities are often used as scapegoats for
unemployment, inner city deprivation and high levels of crime
 The idea of scapegoating has been taken further by Marxist sociologists
 They have suggested that when there is competition among poorer
groups for scarce resources, such as housing and jobs.
 The real reason for deprivation is exploitation by the rich
 However the media encourage poor white people to blame non-whites.
 As a result there is hostility between the races that prevents them from
joining together to seek a common solution to their problems
The perception that they do not participate fully in what is taken to
be the national culture of the country
 Nationalism is a strong national identity with a nation and sense of
belonging.
 Britain today is multi-ethnic.
 It contains many different groups religions and languages.
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 Most members of ethnic minorities are British citizens and passport
holders
 There are racist political parties who would like English nationalism to be
exclusively white.
 They find it hard to accept that black and Asian people can be British or
English.
 There are deep racist attitudes in white English culture because of Britain’s
colonial history.
 Some black and Asian people are even reluctant to describe themselves as
British because they associate the word with the British Empire
Suspicions about national loyalties
 if people don’t understand a culture or religion they treat it with
suspicion and be prejudiced against the person who is a member or that
group.
 They may question how much loyalty they have to the country
(d)
How far is the experience of discrimination the same for all ethnic
minority groups?
[8]
Members of minority ethnic groups are more likely than the rest of
the population to:
 Leave school without qualifications
 To be unemployed
 To be living in poverty
 Many social factors such as economic deprivation, poor educational
attainment and discrimination in the work place explain the
inequality experienced by minority ethnic groups
 Ethnic minorities are often disadvantaged in all these areas, this greatly
affects their life chances:
But are some groups more disadvantage than others
Surveys have show that African Muslims are not only the most ethnic
religious group in Britain but also suffer among the highest rates of
disadvantage in terms of employment and housing.
Why is this
 As a result of terrorist attacks around the world committed by Muslims
they are probably treated with the most suspicion and hatred
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 They also look very different in terms of dress and culture so that they
are easily targeted for discrimination
 This is probably because they have not assimilated themselves and
adopted mainstream values and behaviour
 Their religion to a certain extent excludes them from the majority
culture
 Some young ethnic minorities may also feel alienated and not part of
the culture because may be more disadvantaged or not accept the
norms and values of the culture
There are other ethnic minorities groups who are less discriminated
against
 Some groups like Indians and Asians do better at school and are more
likely to be in middle class professions or have their own businesses
 They are not so discriminated against because they keep a low profile
and have integrated well and adapted and conformed to the majority
values and behaviour
 These groups have assimilated themselves into the community and
have adopted mainstream values and behaviour. Like the British
Indians
But there has also been a marked change in the possibilities for
younger members of the ethnic minorities
 In most areas such as employment, harassment, leisure pursuits etc laws
have been passed which protect their rights and convey the message that
they are full and equal citizens of Britain
 The police have finally accepted that there is institutionalised racism and
are under great pressure to eradicate this
 Opinion polls suggest that racist attitudes have declined although they still
exist
 Where open racism was once acceptable in Britain it is now largely seen as
wrong
 Most people welcome the cultural diversity of modern Britain
 Members of ethnic minority groups are now visible in the arts, on
television and in film, in sport and in business
 But they are still not to be found in any senior management positions
So even though there are groups who have a bad time with
discrimination in every area of their lives. Life is improving for some
minority ethnic groups.
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