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Mods 40 – 42 Therapy Unit Essay Question Options 1. Briefly describe each of the disorders listed below. For each disorder, include a general description of the disorder, a review of symptomology, the mode of treatment currently viewed as most effective, and the rationale for use of this treatment. A. Anxiety disorder – Persistent anxiety or abnormal behaviors to lower anxiety. Symptoms include excessive tension and worry, unrealistic view on problems, intense feelings of dread, chest pain, chocking, difficulty breathing, phobias, and OCD. Treatments include anti-anxiety drugs and psychotherapy and behavioral therapy. B. Bipolar disorder – When a person goes between extreme depression and mania. Symptoms include irritability, loss of interest, depression, and hyperactivity. Treatments include hospitalization (necessary only through doctor recommendation), medications (Lithium, anti-depressants, anti-psychotics), and therapy. C. Schizophrenia – A group of brain disorders in which people interpret reality abnormally. It may result in hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking and behavior. Symptoms include irritable or tense feeling, trouble concentrating, trouble sleeping, bizarre behaviors, hallucinations, isolation, reduced emotion, problems paying attention, delusions, and loose associations. Treatments mostly involve medication like Chlorpromazine, Haloperidol, and Clozapine. 2. Briefly discuss the cause(s) and treatment(s) of depression from the perspective of each of the following psychological approaches. A. Psychodynamic/psychoanalytical Cause – Depression would be caused by an experience in someone’s childhood that was repressed in the unconscious . This would cause them to be depressed. Treatment – Therapy. The therapist would help the person gain insight into unconscious roots of the problems to discover why they feel the way they do. B. Biological/medical Cause – Families that have a history of depression will put other family members at a higher risk of becoming depressed. Norepinephrine and serotonin are scarce in depressed people’s brains. The left frontal lobe is inactive in depressed people. Frontal lobes are 7% smaller. Treatment – Drugs to help boost or increase chemical output in your brain, or electroconvulsive therapy. C. Cognitive Cause – Self-defeating beliefs feed the vicious cycle of depression. They may have learned helplessness from experiencing painful events. Negative thoughts feed negative moods, or negative moods could feed negative thoughts. Treatment – Cognitive therapies work to reverse the client’s catastrophic beliefs about themselves, situations and futures. They attempt to convince depressed people to have positive thoughts and help them discover their rationalities. 3. Describe the therapeutic procedure called systematic desensitization. Select a specific disorder for which this therapy is effective and explain how the basic phenomena listed below play a part in successful treatment. Systematic desensitization – type of counter conditioning that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli A. Anxiety hierarchy – a person would make a list ranging from not as frightening situations and anxieties to situations producing extreme anxiety B. Relaxation – learning methods of relaxation with therapists help C. Generalization – after someone gets through least frightening stimuli while relaxed, they move up until they can get past the worst without coming out of a relaxed state. Once this is done they begin to generalize all phobias with relaxation D. Extinction – when the fear is gone during the relaxation part the phobia becomes extinct 4. A. Discuss the cause of anxiety from each of the following perspectives. * Behavioral: A person may be causing themselves anxiety by making poor choices and putting themselves in stressful situations. It also might depend on how they react to a stressful situation. * Psychodynamic/psychoanalytical: Traumatic or disturbing events from a person’s past will cause them to experience anxiety because they generalize their current situations with how they felt in the past. * Biological/medical: The anxiety might be inherited and caused by an experience that leads to a neurochemical imbalance. * Cognitive: Anxiety is caused by how the person interprets situations that may cause them stress. B. Discuss a specific treatment technique for reducing anxiety used by professionals representing each of the four perspectives. * Behavioral: Systematic desensitization: the therapist will create a hierarchy for the client’s anxieties and will teach the client relaxation techniques. They will then describe the situations that cause the client anxiety, while having the client try to relax. If the client feels stressed at any point, the therapist will wait until they are relaxed to continue the treatment. * Psychodynamic/psychoanalytical: The psychodynamic and psychoanalytic therapist will have the client vent about what is causing them anxiety. The therapist would listen to what the client says and eventually help interpret for the client what unconscious motivations are causing them anxiety. * Biological/medical: Anxiety can be treated by different medications, such as Xanax, or Valium. Psychopharmacological treatments will alter neural chemical systems of the patient. * Cognitive: The therapist will try to convince the client that whatever is causing the anxiety is not logical or should not be causing them anxiety.