Download Nov 2009

Survey
yes no Was this document useful for you?
   Thank you for your participation!

* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project

Document related concepts

Lunar theory wikipedia , lookup

Orrery wikipedia , lookup

Lyra wikipedia , lookup

Tropical year wikipedia , lookup

Hubble Deep Field wikipedia , lookup

Serpens wikipedia , lookup

Rare Earth hypothesis wikipedia , lookup

Extraterrestrial life wikipedia , lookup

Copernican heliocentrism wikipedia , lookup

Hipparcos wikipedia , lookup

Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe wikipedia , lookup

Outer space wikipedia , lookup

Physical cosmology wikipedia , lookup

Ursa Major wikipedia , lookup

Cassiopeia (constellation) wikipedia , lookup

Fermi paradox wikipedia , lookup

Corona Australis wikipedia , lookup

Cygnus (constellation) wikipedia , lookup

Aries (constellation) wikipedia , lookup

Structure formation wikipedia , lookup

Star formation wikipedia , lookup

Geocentric model wikipedia , lookup

Boötes wikipedia , lookup

International Ultraviolet Explorer wikipedia , lookup

Observable universe wikipedia , lookup

Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems wikipedia , lookup

Cosmic microwave background wikipedia , lookup

Observational astronomy wikipedia , lookup

Future of an expanding universe wikipedia , lookup

Lambda-CDM model wikipedia , lookup

Perseus (constellation) wikipedia , lookup

Non-standard cosmology wikipedia , lookup

Astronomical unit wikipedia , lookup

Chronology of the universe wikipedia , lookup

Aquarius (constellation) wikipedia , lookup

Timeline of astronomy wikipedia , lookup

Corvus (constellation) wikipedia , lookup

Ursa Minor wikipedia , lookup

Cosmic distance ladder wikipedia , lookup

Transcript
–2–
N09/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX+
Option E — Astrophysics
E1. This question is about the star Becrux and Cepheid variables.
(a)
Describe what is meant by
(i)
[2]
the apparent magnitude scale.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [1]
(ii) absolute magnitude.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (b) Becrux is a main sequence star and is one of the stars that make up the Southern Cross. The following data are available for Becrux.
Apparent magnitude
Absolute magnitude
Apparent brightness
= 1.25
= –3.92
= 7.00 ×10–12 bSun
bSun is the apparent brightness of the Sun. Use the data to deduce that the
(i)
[3]
distance of Becrux from Earth is 108 pc.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (ii) luminosity of Becrux is 3.43 ×103 LSun where LSun is the luminosity of the Sun. [3]
(1 pc = 2.05 ×105 AU)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (This question continues on the following page)
8809-6503
0236
–3–
N09/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX+
(Question E1 continued)
(c)
Given that the power in the mass–luminosity relationship is 3.5, show that the mass of
Becruz is about 10 MSun where MSun is the mass of the Sun.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (d) State the differences between the eventual fate of the Sun and Becrux after they leave the
main sequence.
Sun:
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Becrux: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [2]
[2]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (This question continues on the following page)
Turn over
8809-6503
0336
–4–
N09/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX+
(Question E1 continued)
(e)
Becrux is a spectral class B star. On the axes of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram
(i)
(ii) draw the evolutionary path of Becrux after it leaves the main sequence.
[1]
label, with the letter B, the approximate position of Becrux.
[1]
–10
–5
absolute magnitude
0
+5
40
20
10
5
temperature / K ×103
(f)
(g) State the reason for the periodic variation in luminosity of a Cepheid variable.
2.5
On the axes of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram above, draw the approximate region in
which Cepheid variable stars are located.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (h) State the two quantities that need to be measured in order to use a Cepheid variable
as a “standard candle” to determine the distance to the galaxy in which the Cepheid
is located.
1.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8809-6503
0436
[1]
[1]
[2]
–5–
N09/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX+
E2. This question is about cosmology.
(a)
The diagram below represents a spherical region of space based on Newton’s model of
the universe. Earth is at the centre of the region. The dark line represents a very thin
spherical shell of space distance R from Earth.
R
Earth
With reference to the diagram and Newton’s model of the universe explain quantitatively
Olbers’ paradox.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [4]
(This question continues on the following page)
Turn over
8809-6503
0536
–6–
N09/4/PHYSI/HP3/ENG/TZ0/XX+
(Question E2 continued)
(b) The Big Bang theory provides a resolution to Olbers’ paradox. Two pieces of evidence to
support the theory are the existence of cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB)
and the red-shifted light from distant galaxies.
(i)
Outline how CMB is consistent with the Big Bang theory.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (ii) The following data are available for the red-shift of light from a distant galaxy.
[3]
= 130 nm
Wavelength of light from galaxy
Wavelength measured in laboratory = 120 nm
= 74 km s–1 Mpc–1
Hubble constant
Use the data to determine the distance of the galaxy from Earth.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8809-6503
0636
[4]