Download Chapter 1 – Title of Chapter

Chapter 15-1
Chapter 15 – Life Cycle Nutrition: Pregnancy and Lactation
Learning Objectives
After completing Chapter 15, the student will be able to:
15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5
15.6
H15
List the ways men and women can prepare for a healthy pregnancy.
Describe fetal development from conception to birth and explain how maternal malnutrition can affect
critical periods.
a. Describe placental development and the importance of critical periods.
b. Explain the risk factors for the development of neural tube defects.
Explain how both underweight and overweight can interfere with a healthy pregnancy and how weight gain
and physical activity can support maternal health and infant growth.
a. Describe the expected weight gain during pregnancy and components of the gained weight.
b. Describe exercise recommendations for pregnant women.
Summarize the nutrient needs of women during pregnancy.
a. Discuss the prenatal requirements for kilocalories, proteins, vitamins, and minerals.
b. Discuss the need for prenatal vitamin and mineral supplementation.
c. Describe the treatments for the common discomforts of pregnancy.
Identify factors predicting low-risk and high-risk pregnancies and describe ways to manage them.
a. Describe the programs available to women with high-risk pregnancies.
b. Discuss the medical problems that can occur during pregnancies, including gestational diabetes and
preeclampsia.
c. Describe the lifestyle practices that can have an adverse effect on pregnancy.
Summarize the nutrient needs of women during lactation.
a. Describe the physiological process of lactation.
b. Discuss the importance of maternal energy and nutrient needs during lactation.
c. Discuss the habits that are incompatible with lactation.
Explain how drinking alcohol endangers the fetus and how women can prevent fetal alcohol syndrome.
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license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Chapter 15-2
Glossary
Chapter Key Terms
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amniotic (am-nee-OTT-ic) sac: the “bag of waters” in the uterus, in which the fetus floats.
anencephaly (AN-en-SEF-a-lee): an uncommon and always fatal type of neural tube defect, characterized
by the absence of a brain.
o an = not (without)
o encephalus = brain
blastocyst (BLASS-toe-sist): the developmental stage of the zygote when it is about 5 days old and ready
for implantation.
certified lactation consultants: health-care providers who specialize in helping new mothers establish a
healthy breastfeeding relationship with their newborn. These consultants are often registered nurses with
specialized training in breast and infant anatomy and physiology.
cesarean (si-ZAIR-ee-un) delivery: a surgically assisted birth involving removal of the fetus by an incision
into the uterus, usually by way of the abdominal wall.
conception: the union of the male sperm and the female ovum; fertilization.
critical periods: finite periods during development in which certain events occur that will have irreversible
effects on later developmental stages; usually a period of rapid cell division.
Down syndrome: a genetic abnormality that causes mental retardation, short stature, and flattened facial
features.
eclampsia (eh-KLAMP-see-ah): a condition characterized by extremely high blood pressure, elevated
protein in the urine, seizures, and possibly coma.
embryo (EM-bree-oh): the developing infant from 2 to 8 weeks after conception.
fertility: the capacity of a woman to produce a normal ovum periodically and of a man to produce normal
sperm; the ability to reproduce.
fetal programming: the influence of substances during fetal growth on the development of diseases in
later life.
fetus (FEET-us): the developing infant from 8 weeks after conception until term.
food aversions: strong desires to avoid particular foods.
food cravings: strong desires to eat particular foods.
full term: births occurring at 39 through 40 weeks of gestation.
gestation (jes-TAY-shun): the period from conception to birth. For human beings, the average length of a
healthy gestation is 40 weeks. Pregnancy is often divided into 3-month periods, called trimesters.
gestational diabetes: glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy.
gestational hypertension: high blood pressure that develops in the second half of pregnancy and resolves
after childbirth, usually without affecting the outcome of the pregnancy.
high-risk pregnancy: a pregnancy characterized by risk factors that make it likely the birth will be
surrounded by problems such as premature delivery, difficult birth, restricted growth, birth defects, and
early infant death.
implantation (IM-plan-TAY-shun): the embedding of the blastocyst in the inner lining of the uterus.
lactation: production and secretion of breast milk for the purpose of nourishing an infant.
let-down reflex: the reflex that forces milk to the front of the breast when the infant begins to nurse.
listeriosis (lis-TEAR-ee-OH-sis): an infection caused by eating food contaminated with the bacterium
Listeria monocytogenes, which can be killed by pasteurization and cooking but can survive at refrigerated
temperatures; certain ready-to-eat foods, such as hot dogs and deli meats, may become contaminated after
cooking or processing, but before packaging.
low birthweight (LBW): a birthweight of 5½ pounds (2500 grams) or less; indicates probable poor health
in the newborn and poor nutrition status in the mother during pregnancy, before pregnancy, or both.
Optimal birthweight for a full-term baby is about 6¾ to 8 pounds (about 3100 to 3600 grams).
low-risk pregnancy: a pregnancy characterized by factors that make it likely the birth will be normal and
the infant healthy.
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license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Chapter 15-3
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macrosomia (mak-roh-SO-me-ah): abnormally large body size. In the case of infants, a birthweight at the
90th percentile or higher for gestational age (roughly 9 lb—or 4000 g—or more); macrosomia results from
prepregnancy obesity, excessive weight gain during pregnancy, or uncontrolled gestational diabetes.
o macro = large
o soma = body
mammary glands: glands of the female breast that secrete milk.
neural tube defect: malformations of the brain, spinal cord, or both during embryonic development that
often results in lifelong disability or death.
ovum (OH-vum): the female reproductive cell, capable of developing into a new organism upon
fertilization; commonly referred to as an egg.
oxytocin (OCK-see-TOH-sin): a hormone that stimulates the mammary glands to eject milk during
lactation and the uterus to contract during childbirth.
perinatal: referring to the time between the twenty-eighth week of gestation and 1 month after birth.
pica: the general term for eating nonfood items. The specific craving for nonfood items that come from the
earth, such as clay or dirt, is known as geophagia.
placenta (plah-SEN-tuh): the organ that develops inside the uterus early in pregnancy, through which the
fetus receives nutrients and oxygen and returns carbon dioxide and other waste products to be excreted.
postpartum amenorrhea (ay-MEN-oh-REE-ah): the normal temporary absence of menstrual periods
immediately following childbirth.
preeclampsia (PRE-ee-KLAMP-see-ah): a condition characterized by high blood pressure and some
protein in the urine.
preterm (premature): births occurring before 37 weeks gestation; births occurring at 37 to 38 weeks
gestation are designated early term.
prolactin (pro-LAK-tin): a hormone secreted from the anterior pituitary gland that acts on the mammary
glands to promote the production of milk. The release of prolactin is mediated by prolactin-inhibiting
hormone (PIH).
o pro = promote
o lacto = milk
sperm: the male reproductive cell, capable of fertilizing an ovum.
spina (SPY-nah) bifida (BIFF-ih-dah): one of the most common types of neural tube defects, characterized
by the incomplete closure of the spinal cord and its bony encasement.
o spina = spine
o bifida = split
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): the unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently well
infant; the most common cause of death of infants between the second week and the end of the first year of
life; also called crib death.
teratogenic (ter-AT-oh-jen-ik): causing abnormal fetal development and birth defects.
umbilical (um-BILL-ih-cul) cord: the ropelike structure through which the fetus’s veins and arteries reach
the placenta; the route of nourishment and oxygen to the fetus and the route of waste disposal from the
fetus. The scar in the middle of the abdomen that marks the former attachment of the umbilical cord is the
umbilicus (um-BILL-ih-cus), commonly known as the “belly button.”
uterus (YOU-ter-us): the muscular organ within which the infant develops before birth.
zygote (ZY-goat): the initial product of the union of ovum and sperm; a fertilized ovum.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Terms
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alcohol-related birth defects (AR BD): malformations in the skeletal and organ systems (heart, kidneys,
eyes, ears) associated with prenatal alcohol exposure.
alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARN D): abnormalities in the central nervous system and
cognitive development associated with prenatal alcohol exposure.
fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: a range of physical, behavioral, and cognitive abnormalities caused by
prenatal alcohol exposure.
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS): a cluster of physical, behavioral, and cognitive abnormalities associated
with prenatal alcohol exposure, including facial malformations, growth retardation, and central nervous
disorders.
prenatal alcohol exposure: subjecting a fetus to a pattern of excessive alcohol intake characterized by
substantial regular use or heavy episodic drinking.
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a
license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Chapter 15-4
Lecture Presentation Outline
Key to instructor resource annotations (shown to the right of or below outline topics):
Website
= Available for download from book companion website: HN = student handout
IM
= Included in this instructor’s manual: CS = case study, WS = worksheet, CA = classroom activity
Introductory/whole chapter resources: PL figure JPEGs; Test Bank; IM WS 15-3, CA 15-1, 15-2
I.
Nutrition Prior to Pregnancy
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
Achieve and maintain a healthy body weight
Choose an adequate and balanced diet
Be physically active
Receive regular medical care
Manage chronic conditions
Avoid harmful influences
II. Growth and Development during Pregnancy
A. Placental Development (Figure 15-1) – Define and explain the following:
1. Uterus
2. Amniotic sac
3. Umbilical cord
4. Functions of the placenta
B. Fetal Growth and Development (Figure 15-2) – Define and explain the following:
1. The sperm fertilizes the ovum
2. The Zygote
a. Blastocyst
b. Implantation
3. The Embryo
a. Two to eight weeks
b. Development of vital systems
4. The Fetus
a. Next seven months
b. Organs grow to maturity
c. From less than 1 ounce to about 7 ½ pounds
d. Full-term pregnancies last between 39 through 40 weeks
C. Critical Periods (Figures 15-3 & 15-4)
1. The critical period for neural tube development is 17-30 days gestation
2. Neural Tube Defects
a. Anencephaly
b. Spina bifida (Figure 15-5)
c. Factors that increase occurrence of neural tube defects
1. Previous pregnancy with neural tube defects
2. Maternal diabetes or gestational diabetes
3. Maternal Hispanic ethnicity
4. Maternal use of antiseizure medications
5. Inadequate folate
6. Maternal obesity
2. Folate Supplementation
a. Reduces risk of neural tube defects
b. RDA during pregnancy: 600 g/day
c. Many fortified grains
d. Those who have previously given birth to a child with a neural tube defect may be prescribed a 4
milligram daily supplement
3. Fetal Programming
a. Nutrients play key roles in activating or silencing genes
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Chapter 15-5
4.
b. More research is needed
Chronic Diseases
a. Adverse influences during critical periods
b. Chronic disease in later life for the infant
c. Can impact blood pressure, glucose tolerance, and immune functions
III. Maternal Weight
IM CS 15-1
A. Weight Prior to Conception
1. Underweight
a. Tend to have lower-birthweight babies
b. Higher rates of preterm infants and infant deaths
2. Overweight and Obesity
a. Tend to be born post term
b. Macrosomia
c. More difficult labor and delivery, birth trauma, and likelihood for needing cesarean sections
d. Higher risk for neural tube defects, heart defects, and other abnormalities
e. Weight loss should be postponed until after delivery
B. Weight Gain during Pregnancy (Figure 15-6)
1. Recommended Weight Gains
a. Underweight woman, 18.5 BMI: 28-40 pounds
b. Healthy weight woman, 18.5-24.9 BMI: 25-35 pounds
c. Overweight woman, 25.0-29.9 BMI: 15-25 pounds
d. Obese woman, 30 BMI: 11-20 pounds
2. Weight-Gain Patterns
IM WS 15-1
a. 3 ½ pounds first trimester
b. 1 pound per week thereafter
3. Components of Weight Gain (Figure 15-7)
4. Weight Loss after Pregnancy
a. Some fluid losses
b. Some weight retention
C. Exercise during Pregnancy
1. Adjust duration and intensity as needed
2. Improves fitness, prevents gestational diabetes, facilitates labor, and reduces stress
3. Low-impact activities are recommended
4. Exercise guidelines during pregnancy (Figure 15-8)
IV. Nutrition during Pregnancy
A. Energy and Nutrient Needs during Pregnancy (Figures 15-9 & 15-10)
Website HN 15-1
1. Energy
a. Second trimester +340 kcal/day
b. Third trimester +450 kcal/day
2. Carbohydrate
a. Should consume 175 grams or more per day
b. No less than 135 grams per day
3. Protein
a. Additional 25 grams/day
b. Use food, not supplements
4. Essential Fatty Acids – Essential fatty acids should be consumed
5. Nutrients for Blood Production and Cell Growth
a. Folate at 600 g/day
b. Vitamin B12 at 2.6 g/day
c. Iron at 27 mg/day
d. Zinc at 12 mg/day for adults  18 years of age, 11 mg/day for adults 19-50 years of age
6. Nutrients for Bone Development
a. Vitamin D
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license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Chapter 15-6
b. Calcium
Other Nutrients – Other nutrients are needed to support growth, development, and health of the mother
and fetus
8. Nutrient Supplements
a. Prenatal supplements prescribed by physicians
b. May help to reduce risk for preterm delivery, low infant birthweights, and birth defects
B. Vegetarian Diets during Pregnancy and Lactation
1. Adequate energy is important
2. Should contain a variety of legumes, cereals, fruits, and vegetables
3. Plant-only diets should include foods fortified with vitamin B 12, calcium, and vitamin D
4. Supplements of iron, vitamin B12, calcium, and vitamin D may be required
C. Common Nutrition-Related Concerns of Pregnancy
1. Nausea and Vomiting
a. Morning (anytime) sickness
b. Ranges from mild queasiness to debilitating nausea and vomiting
c. Hormonal changes
d. Alleviation strategies
2. Constipation and Hemorrhoids
a. Altered muscle tone and cramping space for organs
b. Straining during bowel movements
c. Alleviation strategies
3. Heartburn
a. Digestive muscles are relaxed and there is pressure on the mother’s stomach
b. Stomach acid backs up into the lower esophagus
c. Alleviation strategies
4. Food Cravings and Aversions
a. Common
b. Do not reflect real physiological needs
c. Hormone-induced changes in sensitivity to taste and smell
5. Nonfood Cravings
a. Pica
b. Often associated with iron deficiency
7.
V. High-Risk Pregnancies
A. The Infant’s Birthweight
1. Low birthweight (LBW)
2. Appropriate for gestational age (AGA)
3. Small for gestational age (SGA)
4. Relationship to low-socioeconomic status families
B. Malnutrition and Pregnancy
1. Malnutrition and Fertility
a. Severe malnutrition and food deprivation reduce fertility
1. Men lose the ability to produce viable sperm
2. Women develop amenorrhea
b. Loss of sexual interest during starvation
2. Malnutrition and Early Pregnancy
a. Placenta problems
b. Impaired development in infant
3. Malnutrition and Fetal Development
a. Fetal growth retardation
b. Congenital malformations
c. Spontaneous abortion and stillbirth
d. Premature birth
e. Low infant birthweight
C. Food Assistance Programs
1. WIC (formerly Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children)
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license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Chapter 15-7
2. Nutrition education
3. Food vouchers for nutritious foods only
D. Maternal Health
1. Preexisting Diabetes
a. Proper management is important
b. Risks
2. Gestational Diabetes
a. Routine screening with glucose tolerance test
b. Risk factors
c. Consequences
1. Complications during labor and delivery
2. High-birthweight infant
3. Chronic Hypertension
a. Heart attack and stroke
b. Low-birthweight infant
c. Separation of placenta from wall of uterus resulting in a stillbirth
4. Gestational Hypertension
a. Develops during second half of pregnancy
b. Usually mild
c. Returns to normal after birth
5. Preeclampsia
a. Preeclampsia symptoms
b. Eclampsia
1. Severe stage of preeclampsia
2. Seizures and coma
3. Maternal death
E. The Mother’s Age
1. Pregnancy in Adolescents
a. Complications include iron-deficiency anemia and prolonged labor
b. Higher rates of stillbirths, preterm births, and low-birthweight infants
c. Major public health problem and costly
d. Encourage higher weight gains
e. WIC program
2. Pregnancy in Older Women
a. Hypertension and diabetes
b. High rate of birth defects – Down syndrome
F. Practices Incompatible with Pregnancy
1. Alcohol
2. Medicinal Drugs
3. Herbal Supplements
4. Illicit Drugs
5. Smoking and Chewing Tobacco
6. Environmental Contaminants
a. Lead
b. Mercury
7. Foodborne Illness
a. Can leave a pregnant woman exhausted and dehydrated
b. Pregnant women are 20 times more likely to get listeriosis
8. Vitamin-Mineral Megadoses – Can be toxic, especially vitamin A
9. Caffeine
a. Heavy use may increase risk of hypertension, miscarriage, & stillbirth
b. Wise to limit consumption
10. Restrictive Dieting
11. Sugar Substitutes
IM CS 15-2, WS 15-2
VI. Nutrition during Lactation
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license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Chapter 15-8
A. Lactation: A Physiological Process
1. Mammary glands
2. Prolactin
3. Oxytocin
4. Let-down reflex
C. Breastfeeding: A Learned Behavior
IM CA 15-3
1. Health care professionals offer information and encouragement
2. The mother’s partner offers support
3. Successful breastfeeding tips
D. Maternal Energy and Nutrient Needs during Lactation
1. Energy Intake and Exercise
a. Additional 500 kcal per day for the first six months—330 kcal from food, rest from fat reserves
b. For the second six months, an additional 400 kcal per day
c. Intense physical activity may raise lactate levels of the milk
2. Energy Nutrients
a. Protein and fat about the same as during pregnancy
b. Carbohydrate and fiber increase
3. Vitamins and Minerals
a. Inadequacies of nutrients affect milk quantity not quality
b. Uses mother’s stores
4. Water – Water as a protection from dehydration
5. Nutrient Supplements
a. Iron may be required to increase depleted stores
b. Well-balanced diets should provide nutrient needs
6. Food Assistance Programs
a. The poor and least educated who participate in WIC are least likely to breastfeed
b. Incentives are given to breastfeeding mothers
7. Particular Foods
a. Strong or spicy foods may flavor breast milk
b. Food allergies
c. Monitor problem foods
E. Maternal Health
1. HIV Infections and AIDS
2. Diabetes
3. Postpartum Amenorrhea
4. Breast Health
a. Breastfeeding does not change shape and size of breasts after lactation
b. May protect against cancer
F. Practices Incompatible with Lactation
1. Alcohol
2. Medicinal Drugs
3. Illicit Drugs
4. Smoking
5. Environmental Contaminants
6. Caffeine
VII. Highlight: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
A. Symptoms
1. Prenatal and postnatal growth retardation
2. Impairment of brain and central nervous system
3. Abnormalities of face and skull (Figure H15-1)
4. Birth defects
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license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Chapter 15-9
B. Drinking during Pregnancy
1. Malnutrition
2. Intoxication
3. Interferes with tissue development during critical periods
4. Alcohol crosses the placenta
C. How Much Is Too Much?
1. Drinking alcohol in excess of liver’s capacity to detoxify
2. One drink per day may threaten neurological development
3. There is an increased risk when four drinks are consumed per day
4. Recommendation is to stop drinking
D. When Is the Damage Done?
1. First two months are critical periods and a woman may not know she is pregnant
2. Depends on the developmental events occurring at the time of the alcohol exposure
3. Paternal intake of alcohol is also being studied
4. Don’t drink alcohol prior to or during pregnancy
Case Studies
Case Study 15-1: Weight Status and Pregnancy
Sadie is a 37-year-old teacher in her 20th week of pregnancy. She is 68 inches tall and weighs 195 pounds. Her prepregnancy weight was 180 pounds. She gained 50 pounds with her first pregnancy two years ago. Her doctor has
recommended that she limit her weight gain during this pregnancy. She likes to swim but has not been exercising
regularly since she found out she was pregnant. She has had morning sickness through much of this pregnancy and
says that she feels better when she eats starchy foods such as bread, potato chips, and pasta. She complains of recent
problems with constipation and is seeking ways to relieve her discomfort.
1.
Calculate Sadie’s body mass index (BMI) based on her prepregnancy weight.
a. 23.4
b. 25.4
c. 27.4
d. 29.4
e. 31.4
2.
Based on her pre-pregnancy weight, if she is carrying a single baby, how much weight should Sadie gain during
her pregnancy?
a. 5 to 10 lbs
b. 10 to 15 lbs
c. 15 to 25 lbs
d. 25 to 35 lbs
e. 35 to 50 lbs
3.
What proportion of women in the U.S. is obese?
a. 1/10
b. 1/5
c. 1/4
d. 1/3
e. 1/2
4.
What is the recommended weight gain during the first trimester for a normal weight woman?
a. 1 ½ lbs
b. 2 ½ lbs
c. 3 ½ lbs
d. 4 ½ lbs
e. 5 ½ lbs
5.
What is the recommended weekly weight gain after the first trimester for an overweight woman?
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license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Chapter 15-10
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
1/3 lb
2/3 lb
1 lb
1 1/3 lb
1 2/3 lb
6.
If a woman gains 30 pounds during pregnancy, how many of those pounds are necessary fat stores for her?
a. 1
b. 3
c. 5
d. 7
e. 8
7.
What proportion of pregnant women in the U.S. gain more weight than is recommended?
a. 1/10
b. 1/5
c. 1/3
d. 1/2
e. 2/3
Answer Key
1. c
2.
c.
3.
d
4.
c
5.
b
6.
d
7.
d
Case Study 15-2: Safe Food Choices during Pregnancy1
Stephanie F. is a 30-year-old professional woman in her first trimester of pregnancy. She and her husband entertain
guests frequently and enjoy wine and specialty cheeses on these occasions. They buy fresh produce, eggs, milk, and
cheese from a local farmer’s market each week and limit their intake of packaged foods. She has no food aversions
and eats a variety of foods. Stephanie wants to make sure her diet is nutritious and safe for pregnancy. She decides
to evaluate her typical daily intake:
Breakfast:
Coffee with cream and sugar (2-3 cups)
Orange juice (1 cup)
Bagel with lox and cream cheese
Lunch:
Fresh vegetable salad with canned tuna or deli turkey
Cheese with fruit and crackers
Iced tea with sugar and lemon
1.
2.
3.
1
Dinner:
Beef, pork, poultry, or fish
Pasta or rice
Fresh cooked vegetables
Red or white wine (1 glass)
Snacks:
Cookies and milk
Fresh fruit
What is the safest and wisest decision for Stephanie to make about drinking alcohol during pregnancy? Give
reasons for your answer.
During her pregnancy, what special considerations for food safety should Stephanie keep in mind when buying
fresh produce, juice, and dairy foods at her local farmer’s market? Explain.
What changes could Stephanie make to her usual breakfast in order to meet the current dietary
recommendations for pregnancy presented in this chapter? Explain your answer.
Contributed by Barbara Quinn.
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license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Chapter 15-11
4.
5.
6.
Due to their high content of mercury, what types of fish should Stephanie completely avoid during her
pregnancy?
Stephanie decides to eliminate fish from her diet except lunch on weekdays. Plan five lunches that will safely
provide the weekly amount of seafood recommended for a healthy pregnancy. Include portion sizes and fish
types that are good sources of omega-3 fatty acids and low in mercury.
What precautions regarding meat, poultry, seafood, and eggs should Stephanie be aware of during her
pregnancy? Why is it important for her to follow this advice?
Answer Key
1. Stephanie should refrain from drinking any alcohol during pregnancy. Reasons for abstinence from alcohol
during pregnancy may include: alcohol consumption during pregnancy has severe consequences; the effects of
alcohol on the fetus can only be prevented—they cannot be treated; the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010
state, “Women who are pregnant should not drink alcohol.”
2.
Answers should include: Buy only pasteurized juices and milk; avoid soft cheeses such as feta, brie,
Camembert, Panela, queso blanco, and queso fresco, and blue-veined cheeses such as Roquefort. Do not eat raw
sprouts. Wash all fresh fruit and vegetables thoroughly before eating. These practices help to prevent foodborne illnesses such as listeriosis, which is 20 times more common in pregnant women than in other adults.
3.
Answers will vary and may include limiting coffee intake to no more than one cup a day. Heavy caffeine use (3
or more cups a day) during pregnancy may increase the risk for hypertension, miscarriage, and stillbirth. And to
minimize her risk for listeriosis, she should not eat lox or other refrigerated smoked seafood unless it is
prepared in a cooked dish.
4.
Stephanie should completely avoid tilefish, shark, swordfish, and king mackerel during pregnancy.
5.
Answers will vary and the five days should include a total of 8 to 12 ounces of various types of canned or
cooked seafood or up to 6 ounces cooked or canned white (albacore) tuna. Menus should include fish that is
relatively high in omega-3 fatty acids and low in mercury such as anchovies, bonito, eel, herring, mackerel,
Pollack, salmon, sardines, smelt, tilapia, and trout.
6.
She should only eat these foods if they are thoroughly cooked to safe minimum internal temperatures. She
should avoid hot dogs or luncheon meats unless they are heated until steaming hot. If not prevented, food-borne
illnesses can cause dehydration, meningitis, pneumonia, and even fetal death.
Worksheet 15-2: Food Safety for Pregnancy (Internet Exercise)
Instructions: Go this website: http://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/mom-to-be-tools/. Click on the
Pregnancy Food Don’ts—Print-and-Go Guide.
Read this guide in order to answer questions 1-8. Do not close the window until you have finished
answering the questions.
1. It is safe to eat feta cheese during pregnancy as long as it is made from unpasteurized milk products.
a. True
b. False
2. You can eat hot dogs when pregnant, provided they are hot and not lukewarm in temperature.
a. True
b. False
3. When pregnant, you can eat fruits and vegetables immediately once you purchase them from the
grocery store without further food preparation.
a. True
b. False
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a
license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Chapter 15-12
4. It is advised that pregnant woman should be cautious when eating any raw fish product such as
sashimi.
a. True
b. False
5. Listeria is a virus that is found in seafood products.
a. True
b. False
6. Toxoplasma is a bacterium found in cold refrigerators.
a. True
b. False
7. It is advisable to avoid eating mung bean sprouts when pregnant.
a. True
b. False
Go back to the home page and click on the Fish Facts —Print-and-Go Guide to answer question 8.
8. Which seafood is safe for pregnant women to consume more than once a week, assuming that it is
cooked?
a. swordfish
b. albacore tuna
c. shark
d. trout
e. king mackerel
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a
license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Chapter 15-13
Worksheet 15-3: Chapter 15 Crossword Puzzle
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Across:
Women who are _____ during pregnancy have a
higher risk of having a preterm delivery.
5. A baby weighing less than 5.5 pounds is classified
as _____.
6. _____ amount of alcohol is safe to ingest during
pregnancy.
7. Example of a chronic disease that may be associated
with fetal undernutrition in early pregnancy
9. Being under- or overweight can impact _____ in
both men and women.
11. An additional 500 calories per day are needed
during the first _____ months of lactation.
1.
Down:
_____ may be a reason for heart defects in babies
born to overweight women.
2. Screening for _____ occurs during the 24th to 28th
week of pregnancy.
3. Inadequate nutritional intake reduces the _____ of
the milk rather than the quality.
4. Ideally _____ supplements should be consumed
before pregnancy begins.
8. The increased DRI for kcalories starts in the _____
trimester.
10. In addition to folate and calcium, supplemental
_____ is typically needed during pregnancy.
1.
© 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a
license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.