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Published OnlineFirst June 1, 2011; DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-10-1062 Molecular Cancer Therapeutics Preclinical Development Sodium Butyrate Inhibits the Self-Renewal Capacity of Endometrial Tumor Side-Population Cells by Inducing a DNA Damage Response Kiyoko Kato1, Aya Kuhara2, Tomoko Yoneda2, Takafumi Inoue2, Tomoka Takao2, Tatsuhiro Ohgami2, Li Dan2, Ayumi Kuboyama2, Soshi Kusunoki1, Satoru Takeda1, and Norio Wake2 Abstract We previously isolated side-population (SP) cells from a human endometrial cancer cell line, Hec1, and determined that Hec1-SP cells have cancer stem–like cell features. In this study, we isolated SP cells and nonSP (NSP) cells derived from a rat endometrial cell line expressing human [12Val] KRAS (RK12V cells) and determined the SP phenotype. RK12V-SP cells showed self-renewal capacity, the potential to develop into stromal cells, reduced expression levels of differentiation markers, long-term proliferating capacity in cultures, and enhanced tumorigenicity, indicating that RK12V-SP cells have cancer stem–like cell features. RK12V-SP cells also display higher resistance to conventional chemotherapeutic drugs. In contrast, treatment with a histone deacetylases (HDAC) inhibitor, sodium butyrate (NaB), reduced self-renewal capacity and completely suppressed colony formation of RK12V-SP cells in a soft agar. The levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the number of gH2AX foci were increased by NaB treatment of both RK12V-SP cells and RK12V-NSP cells. The expression levels of gH2AX, p21, p27, and phospho-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase were enhanced in RK12V-SP cells compared with RK12V-NSP cells. These results imply that treatment with NaB induced production of intracellular ROS and DNA damage in both RK12V-SP and RK12V-NSP cells. Following NaB treatment, DNA damage response signals were enhanced more in RK12V-SP cells than in RK12V-NSP cells. This is the first article on an inhibitory effect of NaB on proliferation of endometrial cancer stem–like cells. HDAC inhibitors may represent an attractive antitumor therapy based upon their inhibitory effects on cancer stem–like cells. Mol Cancer Ther; 10(8); 1430–9. 2011 AACR. Introduction Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecologic malignancy in the industrialized world and can be classified into 2 different clinicopathologic types, estrogen-related endometrial cancers (type I) and nonestrogen-related endometrial cancers (type II). The most frequent genetic alteration in type I endometrial cancers is PTEN inactivation, followed by microsatellite instability and mutations of the KRAS and b-catenin. In type II endometrial cancers, TP53 mutation is the most frequent genetic alteration, followed by amplification of ERBB2 (1). Some of these pathways are important determinants of stem cell activity (Wnt-, b-catenin, and PTEN; Authors' Affiliations: 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo; and 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Kyushu University Maidashi 3-1-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan Corresponding Author: Kiyoko Kato, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8431, Japan. Phone: 81-3-5802-1100; Fax: 813-5689-7460; E-mail: [email protected] doi: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-10-1062 2011 American Association for Cancer Research. 1430 refs. 2–4). These findings suggest a stem cell contribution to endometrial carcinoma development. Recent evidence suggests that cancer stem–like cells exist in several malignant tumors, such as leukemia (5, 6), breast cancer (7), and brain tumors (8), and that these stem cells express surface markers similar to those expressed by normal stem cells in each tissue (5, 9). Stem cell subpopulations [side-population (SP) cells] have been identified in many mammals, including humans, on the basis of the ability of these cells to efflux the fluorescent dye Hoechst 33342 (10). The SP phenotype is associated with a high expression level of the ATPbinding cassette transporter protein ABCG2/Bcrp1 (11). Established malignant cell lines, which have been maintained for many years in culture, have also been shown to contain SP cells as a minor subpopulation (12). Friel and colleagues showed that SP cells derived from the endometrial cancer cell lines (An3CA) had features of cancer stem–like cells including low proliferative activity during 9 days of cultivation, chemoresistance, and enhanced tumorigenicity (13). Hubbard and colleagues showed that a small population of clonogenic cells from endometrial cancer tissues showed self-renewing, differentiating, and tumorigenic properties (14). Gotte and colleagues showed that the adult stem cell marker Mol Cancer Ther; 10(8) August 2011 Downloaded from mct.aacrjournals.org on June 15, 2017. © 2011 American Association for Cancer Research. Published OnlineFirst June 1, 2011; DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-10-1062 An Effect of HDAC Inhibitor on Cancer SP Cell Proliferation Musashi-1 was coexpressed with Notch-1 in a subpopulation of endometrial cells (15). Furthermore, they showed that telomerase and Musashi-1 expressing cells were significantly increased in proliferative endometrium, endometriosis, and endometrial carcinoma tissue, compared with secretary endometrium, suggesting the concept of a stem cell origin of endometriosis and endometrial carcinoma. Most recently, they showed that short interfering RNA depletion of Musashi-1, an adult stem cell marker enriched in the SP, in the endometrial carcinoma cell line Ishikawa leads to interference with the Notch signaling pathway and p21 expression, resulting in an antiproliferative effect and induction of apoptosis (16). The regulation of histone acetylation is a major mechanism controlling cellular differentiation and the biological phenotype of cancer cells (17). Histone deacetylases (HDAC) and histone acetyl transferases are enzymes that ensure the homeostatic levels of histone acetylation. Deregulated HDAC activity has been found in certain human cancers (18–22). Several studies have shown the antiproliferative or the proapoptotic effects of HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) on endometrial cancer cells (23–25). Thus, HDACs are important therapeutic targets for cancer and several HDACi’s are in various stages of clinical development (26, 27). However, the effect of HDACi’s on proliferation of cancer stem cells is unknown. We have isolated SP cells from normal human endometrium and from a human endometrial cancer cell line, Hec1, and characterized their properties (28, 29). We have shown that Hec1-SP cells have cancer stem–like cell features. In this study, SP cells and non-SP (NSP) cells derived from a rat endometrial cell line expressing human [12Val] KRAS (RK12V cells) were isolated. We analyzed the biological characteristics and assessed the antiproliferative effect of a HDAC inhibitor (NaB). Materials and Methods Plasmid pZIP-Neo SV(X)1 containing [12Val] human KRAS 4B cDNA was a gift from Dr. Channing Der (University of North Carolina; refs. 30, 31). The pZeo-vector was purchased from Invitrogen. We cut the 1.1-kb fragment containing human [12Val] KRAS 4B cDNA from the pZIP-Neo SV(X)1 construct with BamHI and legated it to the BamHI site of the pZeo vector. Cell culture A rat endometrial cell line (RENT4) was used in this study. RENT4 cells were established by Wiehle and colleagues (32) and obtained from the European Collection of Cell Cultures. No authentication for the cell line was done by the authors. RENT4 cells harboring mutant [12Val] versions of KRAS4B (RK12V cells) were established by transfecting RENT4 cells with pZeo constructs, containing cDNA sequences encoding [12Val] KRAS by using Lipofectamine (Invitrogen). Stably transfected cells were selected www.aacrjournals.org and isolated in growth medium containing 400 mg/mL of Zeocin (Invitrogen) to establish cell lines expressing KRAS protein, previously described elsewhere (33). Pooled populations were used for the assay. Cells were cultured with Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM; Nissui Seika) supplemented with 20 mg/mL Gly-His-Lys, 2 mmol/L glutamine, 80 IU insulin (Sigma), and 10% FBS (Hyclone; ref. 32). Cells used were always less than 20 passages. Isolation of SP cells To identify and isolate Hec1 and RK12 V SP cells, the cells were dislodged from the culture dishes with trypsin and EDTA, washed, and suspended at a concentration of 106 cells per milliliter in DMEM containing 2% FBS. The cells were then labeled in the same medium at 37 C for 90 minutes with 2.5 mg/mL Hoechst 33342 dye (Molecular Probes), either alone or in combination with 50 mmol/L verapamil (Sigma). Finally, the cells were counterstained with 1 mg/mL propidium iodide (PI) to label dead cells. The cells were then analyzed in the EPICS ALTRA HyPerSort (Beckman Coulter) by using dual-wavelength analysis (blue, 424–444 nm; red, 675 nm) after excitation with 350 nm UV light. PI-positive cells were excluded from the analysis. The SP cells were separated by flow cytometry (the EPICS ALTRA HyPerSort) from the NSP cells and both fractions were seeded in a mesenchymal stem cell maintenance medium (MF medium; TOYOBO) and 10% FBS on a collagen-coated 24-well plates (2 cm2; Iwaki). The cells were cultured for 2 to 4 weeks. The cells were then transferred to collagen-coated 60-mm plates. Growth rate assay Cells were plated in a MF medium in the presence or absence of NaB (Sigma-Aldrich). Cell viability was determined by using trypan blue exclusion assay. Floating cells were washed away and the cells were detached from dishes by 0.25% trypsin. Collected cells were stained with 0.4% trypan blue and were counted by using hematocytometer. Self-renewal assays SP cells or NSP cells were plated in 24-well collagencoated dishes (10 cells/cm2). SP cells, but not NSP cells, formed colonies. Cells from individual colonies of SP cells were reseeded at 10 cells/cm2 in triplicate in 60-mm collagen-coated plates to generate colonies. Colonies were monitored to ensure they were derived from single cells. The secondary colonies were reseeded in a similar manner to generate tertiary colonies. The cloning plates were stained with the crystal violet solution (Sigma). Soft agar assays For the anchorage-independent growth assays in soft agar, 1 104 cells were seeded in 60-mm dishes containing growth medium, supplemented with 10% FBS and 0.3% Bactoagar over a hardened 0.5% agar base layer in Mol Cancer Ther; 10(8) August 2011 Downloaded from mct.aacrjournals.org on June 15, 2017. © 2011 American Association for Cancer Research. 1431 Published OnlineFirst June 1, 2011; DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-10-1062 Kato et al. the presence or absence of 2 or 5 mmol/L NaB. Cells were incubated for 3 weeks and the number of colonies per 4 cm2 was counted under a microscope. In vivo tumor formation assays We inoculated 1 104 cells in Matrigel (BD Matrigel Basement Membrane Matrix High Concentration; BD Bioscience) into the subcutaneous connective tissue of 5-weeks-old nude mice (Balb nu/nu). After 6 weeks, mice were killed and the tumors excised. All mouse experiments were approved by the animal ethics committee of Kyushu University. In vitro sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents RK12V-SP cells and RK12V-NSP cells were cultured for 96 hours in the presence or absence of 1 mmol/L cisplatin, 1 mmol/L doxorubicin, or 10 nmol/L paclitaxel. Viable cells determined by the trypan blue exclusion assay were counted by using a hemocytometer. Cell-cycle analysis The DNA content of cells was measured by flow cytometric analysis (EPICSXL; Beckman Coulter) by using the PI staining method. Cells (2 105) in 6-cm plates were treated with different concentrations of NaB for 24 hours. After treatment, the attached cells were washed twice with ice-cold PBS and suspended in NP-40 lysis buffer (3.4 mmol/L sodium citrate, 10 mmol/L NaCl, and 0.1% NP-40) containing 0.5% PI. The proportion of cells in G1, S, and G2–M phases was determined from DNA histograms by using CellQuest software (Beckton Dickinson). Antibodies Primary antibodies used in this study were as follows: CD13 monoclonal antibody (3D8), vimentin monoclonal antibody (V9), p21 polyclonal antibody (C-19), p27 monoclonal antibody (F-8), b-actin antibody (C4), histone H3(FL-136), and Ac-histone H3(Lys 9/14), all obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. a-Smooth muscle actin monoclonal antibody (1A4) was purchased from MBL. Phospho-histone 2AX (Ser139), p38 mitogenactivated protein kinase (MAPK) antibody, and phospho-p38 MAPK (Thr180/Tyr182) were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology, Inc. Immunohistochemistry Formalin-fixed histologic tumor sections from nude mice or cultured cells were used. Cultured cells were incubated on glass chamber slides (LAB-TEK; Nalge Nunc International Corp.) and fixed by treatment with 10% formalin. Sections were rinsed twice in PBS (pH 7.4) for 5 minutes each. Samples were then incubated with 4% blocking horse serum (Vector Laboratories) for 1 hour at room temperature in a humidified chamber, followed by incubation with the primary antibody (200 mg/mL, 1:100 diluted). We also used nonimmune mouse or rabbit IgG as a control for the primary antibody. Staining with the primary or control antibody was conducted overnight at 4 C. Bound antibo- 1432 Mol Cancer Ther; 10(8) August 2011 dies were detected with a biotinylated anti-rabbit IgG secondary antibody (1.5 mg/mL) and an avidin–biotin complex linked to horseradish peroxidase (Vectastain, Vector Laboratories), followed by incubation with diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride as the substrate. Analysis of the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species The levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were evaluated by flow cytometry after staining RK12V-SP cells and RK12V-NSP cells with the CMH2DCFDA probe (Invitrogen). Both cells were cultured with MF medium in the presence or absence of 5 mmol/L NaB for 72 hours and incubated with phenol red-free Opti-MEM containing 1 mmol/L CM-H2DCFDA for 30 minutes. Cells were washed in PBS and collected in 0.5 mL PBS. Fluorescently stained cells were transferred to polystyrene tubes (Falcon) and were subjected to flow cytometric analysis (FACScan, Becton Dickinson) by using CellQuest software for data acquisition and analysis. The levels of intracellular ROS were shown as mean fluorescence values. Analysis of gH2AX foci Cells were incubated on glass chamber slides (LABTEK; Nalge Nunc International Corp.) in the presence or absence of 5 mmol/L NaB for 24 hours and cells were fixed by treatment with 10% formalin. gH2AX foci were analyzed by immunohistochemistry by using phosphohistone 2AX (Ser139) antibody. gH2AX were counted visually by microscopy, examining 10 cells in 3 different areas of the slide per each condition. Three independent experiments were conducted. Western blotting To detect each protein expression, subconfluent cells were lysed with ice-cold lysis buffer (20 mmol/L TrisHCl, pH 8.0, 1% Triton X-100, 10% glycerol, 137 mmol/L NaCl, 1.5 mmol/L MgCl2, 1 mmol/L EGTA, 50 mmol/L NaF, and 1 mmol/L Na3VO4) containing freshly added protease inhibitors (1 mmol/L phenyl methyl sulphonylfluoride, 1 mg/mL leupeptin, and 10 mg/mL aprotinin; Sigma). After centrifugation at 13,000 g for 10 minutes to remove debris, 10 mg of the proteins were subjected to SDS-PAGE and transferred onto a nitrocellulose membrane in a semi-dry transfer cell (Bio Rad Laboratories). The blots were incubated with diluted primary antibodies overnight at 4 C. After incubation with each primary antibody (1:1,000 diluted), the blots were incubated with horseradish peroxidase-linked anti-rabbit antibodies and analyzed with an ECL system (Amersham Bioscience). The levels of protein expression were quantitated by using ImageJ software. Microdissection and DNA extraction Glass slides with an overlay of 4 mm of thin LM Film (PALM Microlaser Technologies GmbH) were prepared. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor tissue was cut Molecular Cancer Therapeutics Downloaded from mct.aacrjournals.org on June 15, 2017. © 2011 American Association for Cancer Research. Published OnlineFirst June 1, 2011; DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-10-1062 An Effect of HDAC Inhibitor on Cancer SP Cell Proliferation by using an ABI PRISM Big Dye Termination Ver3.1 Cycle Sequencing Kit according to the manufacturer’s instructions and the ABI PRISM 3100 (Applied Biosystems). The primer used for sequencing was 50 -TTGAAACCCAAGGTACATTTCA-30 (antisense) for KRAS DNA. into 7-mm sections and placed on the slides. The sections were then deparaffinized and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. By using a laser microdissection system (Leica Microsystems), tumor cells or stromal cells were isolated into the cap of a 0.5-mL microtube. After retrieval of the cells, 50 mL proteinase K solution (Pico Pure DNA Extraction kit; ARCTURUS) was added into the cap. The DNA was extracted by overnight incubation at 65 C. The solution was then boiled for 10 minutes to inactivate the proteinase K. Data analysis Data are represented with the means SEM and were analyzed with Student’s t test. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. PCR of the KRAS gene To amplify the KRAS gene (cDNA for RK12V-SP tumor), PCR by using a T3000 thermal cycler was performed (Biometra). The primers used for PCR were as follows: 50 -GACTGAATATAAACTT-30 (sense); 50 -CATAATTACACACTTTGTCTT-30 for human KRAS cDNA. The PCR cycling conditions were as follows: (i) preheating for 2 minutes at 94 C, 39 cycles of denaturation for 1 minute at 94 C, annealing for 30 seconds at 59.3 C, and extension for 1 minute at 72 C, (ii) preheating for 2 minutes at 94 C, 39 cycles of denaturation for 1 minute at 94 C, annealing for 30 seconds at 59.3 C, and extension for 1 minute at 72 C. After the last cycle, a final extension of 5 minutes at 72 C was added. Results RK12V-SP cells show features of cancer stem–like cells First of all, we analyzed self-renewal capacity of K12VSP cells and potential to develop into stromal cells. When RK12V-SP cells were plated in collagen-coated dishes (10 cells/cm2), they proliferated and formed large (>2 mm) colonies. In contrast, RK12V-NSP cells formed only small colonies (Fig. 1A). We tested their self-renewal capacity by evaluating serial colony forming potential. Primary colonies of RK12V-SP cells or RK12V-NSP cells were dissociated into single cells and then cultured these cells in 60-mm collagen-coated plates (10 cells/cm2). A single cell from the secondary colony of RK12V-SP cells generated tertiary colonies. RK12V-NSP cells did not form the secondary colonies (Fig. 1B). Next, we investigated whether RK12V-SP cells had the ability to develop into stromal cells. RK12V-SP cells formed large, invasive tumors with extracellular matrix–enriched stroma-like tissues in nude mice as previously shown (29). Determination of the KRAS sequence PCR products were electrophoresed on a 2% agarose gel and the band corresponding to the desired target cut from the gel. DNA was extracted by using the GFX PCR DNA Gel Band Purification Kit (GE Healthcare). Direct sequencing of the PCR product was then done A Colony passage 1 B 2 3 20.0 CFU (%) SP 19.2 SP NSP 15.0 10.0 5.0 NSP 22.8 25.0 0.0 5.7 1.1 0.0 1 2 3 Colony passage bars = 10 mm Figure 1. RK12V-SP cells possess self-renewal capacity. A, RK12V-SP cells and RK12V-NSP cells were plated in collagen-coated dishes (10 cells/cm2) and cultured with MF medium for 7 days. RK12V-SP cells proliferated and formed large (>2 mm) colonies. In contrast, RK12V-NSP cells formed only small colonies (colony passage 1). The primary colonies of RK12V-SP cells or RK12V-NSP cells were dissociated into single cells and then cultured in 60-mm collagen-coated plates (10 cells/cm2). A single cell from the secondary colony of RK12V-SP cells generated tertiary colonies. RK12V-NSP cells did not form the secondary colonies (colony passage 2 or 3). The cloning plates were stained with crystal violet solution. Scale bar, 10 mm. B, colony numbers were counted in triplicate. Colony-forming units (CFU) in each passage are shown. Error bar represents SEM from CFU in 3 independent experiments. CFU, the number of colonies (>2 mm) per total plating cells. www.aacrjournals.org Mol Cancer Ther; 10(8) August 2011 Downloaded from mct.aacrjournals.org on June 15, 2017. © 2011 American Association for Cancer Research. 1433 Published OnlineFirst June 1, 2011; DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-10-1062 Kato et al. chemotherapy) on the proliferation of RK12V-SP cells and RK12V-NSP cells (Fig. 3). Ninety-six hours of incubation of RK12V-NSP cells with medium containing these chemotherapeutic drugs inhibited proliferation compared with control. Relative to control, the extent of inhibition was 61% in 1 mmol/L cisplatin, 51% in10 nmol/L paclitaxel, and 56% in 1 mmol/L doxorubicin. All of these drugs inhibited the proliferation of RK12VNSP cells significantly compared with control (P < 0.001). In contrast, none of these drugs had an inhibitory effect on the growth of RK12V-SP cells. We microdissected CD13-positive stroma-like cells and CD13-negative tumor cells, respectively, and sequenced exon 1 (codons 27–35) in the KRAS gene (Fig. 2A). Several bases in this region differ between the human and mouse, enabling the origin of the cells to be determined. As expected, both tumor cells (data not shown) and the surrounding CD13-positive stroma-like cells contained the human KRAS gene sequences (Fig. 2B). Three different regions containing stroma-like cells in RK12V-SP tumors were microdissected. Human KRAS gene sequences were detected in all of them. As RK12V cells were transfected with human mutant [12Val] KRAS 4B cDNA, these results clearly show that the surrounding stroma-like cells, at least in part, originated from the inoculated RK12V-SP cells. Treatment of NaB inhibits self-renewal capacity of RK12V-SP cells We previously showed that 2 mmol/L NaB, a shortchain fatty acid HDAC inhibitor, induced senescence and apoptosis in several types of gynecologic cancer (34). Takai and colleagues showed that the effective dose of NaB that inhibited 50% clonal growth of the endometrial RK12V-SP cells display higher resistance to conventional chemotherapeutic drugs Next, we investigated the effect of cisplatin, paclitaxel, and doxorubicin (clinically used for endometrial cancer Microdissection A CD13 After Before a b B < human > Primer 2 (for RK12V-SP tumor) 5′ 3′ 5′ 3′ 5′ Sequence of KRAS gene 17 27 30 31 32 33 34 35 AGTGCCTTGACGATACAGCTAATTCAGAATCATTTTGTGGACGAATATGATCCAACAATAGAG TCACGGAACTGCTATGTCGATTAAGTCTTAGTAAAACACCTGCTTATACTAGGTTGTTATCTC < mouse > 27 30 31 32 33 34 35 AGTGCCTTGACGATACAGCTAATTCAGATCACTTTGTGGATGAGTACGACCCTACGATACAG TCACGGAACTGCTATGTCGATTAAGTCTTAGTGAAACACCTACTCATGCTGGGATGCTATCTC T C A T T A A a: RK12V-SP CD13 positive cells GATTCC intron 5′ 3′ 3′ 5′ A G T G C C T T G A C G ATA C A G C TA AT T C A G A AT C AT T T T G T G G A C G A ATAT G AT C C A A C A ATA G A G G AT T C C 19 21 23 25 27 21 31 35 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 63 55 57 59 62 63 65 61 71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 3′ Figure 2. RK12V-SP cells differentiate to stromal-like cells. A, CD13-positive stroma-like cells (a) and CD13-negative tumor cells (b) in tumor-derived RK12V-SP cells were microdissected, respectively (magnification 50 in left panel, 100 in right panel). B, DNA sequence of exon 1 (codons 17–39) in the KRAS gene is shown. The third base of codon 27 and codons 30–35 (underlined) differ between human and mouse. An intron is inserted between codons 37 and 38. DNA sequences of microdissected tumor cells and stroma-like cells in the K12V-SP tumor were analyzed. Both the tumor cells (data not shown) and stroma-like cells contained human KRAS DNA. Arrowhead, third base of codon 27, codons 31–35. Three different regions containing stromal-like cells in RK12V-SP tumors were microdissected. The human KRAS gene sequences were detected in all of them (data not shown). 1434 Mol Cancer Ther; 10(8) August 2011 Molecular Cancer Therapeutics Downloaded from mct.aacrjournals.org on June 15, 2017. © 2011 American Association for Cancer Research. Published OnlineFirst June 1, 2011; DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-10-1062 An Effect of HDAC Inhibitor on Cancer SP Cell Proliferation RK12V-SP RK12V-NSP Relative ratio (%) Relative ratio (%) 100 100 * * 50 0 * P < 0.001 * * * * * 50 None CDDP PTX DOX (1 μmol/L) (10 nmol/L) (1 μmol/L) 0 None CDDP PTX DOX (1 μmol/L) (10 nmol/L) (1 μmol/L) Day 4 (n = 10) Figure 3. RK12V-SP cells display higher resistance to conventional chemotherapeutic drugs. RK12V-SP cells and RK12V-NSP cells (2 104) were plated and cultured with DMEM containing 10% FBS in the presence or absence of 1 mmol/L cisplatin, 10 nmol/L paclitaxel, and 1 mmol/L doxorubicin for 96 hours. The proportion of viable cells relative to control after incubation is shown. Inhibition (relative to control) was 61% in 1 mmol/L cisplatin, 51% in10 nmol/L paclitaxel, and 56% in 1 mmol/L doxorubicin. All of these drugs inhibited the proliferation of RK12V-NSP cells significantly compared with control (P < 0.001). In contrast, none of these drugs had an inhibitory effect on growth of RK12V-SP cells. Error bar represents SEM in 10 independent experiments. cancer cell lines ranged between 8.3 104 and 4.1 103 mol/L (23). On the basis of these previous data, we examined the effect of 2 or 5 mmol/L NaB on cell proliferation of both RK12V-SP cells and RK12V-NSP cells. We first confirmed by Western blot that the levels of acetylated H3 were enhanced in both RK12V-SP cells and RK12V-NSP cells treated with 2 mmol/L NaB for 72 hours compared with that in untreated cells (Fig. 4A). Treatment with 2 or 5 mmol/L NaB for 96 hours significantly inhibited cell proliferation of RK12V-SP cells as well as RK12V-NSP cells (Fig. 4B; P < 0.01). RK12V-SP cells have a potential to regenerate SP cells after incubation, which is an important characteristics of stem-like cells. Treatment with NaB for 24 hours significantly inhibited the proportion of reproduced SP cells (control, 15%; 2 mmol/L NaB, 1.5% P < 0.02; 5 mmol/L NaB, 0.023% P < 0.01; n ¼ 4, Fig. 4C a). The primary colonyforming potential of RK12V-SP cells was completely suppressed by treatment by 2 mmol/L NaB (Fig. 4C b). Next, we analyzed the cell-cycle alteration in response to NaB by using flow cytometry with PI staining. Treatment with NaB for 24 hours resulted in a significant decrease in the fraction of RK12V-SP cells in S phase in a dose-dependent manner (control, 22.5%; 2 mmol/L NaB, 14%; 5 mmol/L NaB, 10%; P < 0.05; Fig. 4D). Conversely, the percentages of cells in a sub-G1 population increased, but it was not statistically significant. In RK12V-NSP cells, there was no significant change in the cell-cycle phase distribution. NaB treatment suppresses colony formation of RK12V-SP cells in soft agar cultures Next, we investigated the effect of NaB treatment on tumorigenicity of RK12V-SP cells and RK12V-NSP cells www.aacrjournals.org by evaluating colony forming efficiency in soft agar cultures in the presence or absence of 2 or 5 mmol/L NaB. After 3 weeks of culture, RK12V-SP cells yielded many large colonies in the control culture lacking NaB (Fig. 5). In contrast, no colony formed in soft agar cultures in RK12V-NSP cells. Treatment with NaB (both 2 and 5 mmol/L) suppressed colony formation of RK12V-SP cells in soft agar cultures. As anticipated, RK12V-NSP cells did not form colonies in soft agar cultures. RK12V-SP cells show higher susceptibility to NaB-induced DNA damage Finally, we investigated the molecular mechanism associated with the inhibitory effect of NaB treatment of RK12V-SP cells. Recently, we reported that treatment with NaB induced cell death in several cancer cell lines mediated by enhanced ROS levels, DNA damage response signals, and upregulation of p21 (35). Thus, we examined the change of these signal levels in RK12V-SP cells and RK12V-NSP cells. The levels of intracellular ROS were enhanced by 5 mmol/L NaB treatment in both RK12V-SP cells and RK12V-NSP cells (Fig. 6A). Phosphorylated H2AX (gH2AX) foci, which are indicators of DNA damage, were assessed by immunohistochemistry. The numbers of gH2AX foci were increased by 5 mmol/L NaB treatment in both RK12V-SP cells and RK12V-NSP cells (Fig. 6B). The levels of gH2AX proteins were markedly increased in RK12V-SP cells (44-fold) compared with that in RK12VNSP cells (2-fold; Fig. 6C). The p21, p27, and phospho-p38 MAPK expression levels were also enhanced more in RK12V-SP cells than in RK12V-NSP cells. These results imply that treatment with NaB induced production of Mol Cancer Ther; 10(8) August 2011 Downloaded from mct.aacrjournals.org on June 15, 2017. © 2011 American Association for Cancer Research. 1435 Published OnlineFirst June 1, 2011; DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-10-1062 Kato et al. A RK12V-SP 0 NaB RK12V-NSP C 2 mmol/L 0 2 mmol/L Acetylated-H3 Relative ratio 1.0 1.73 1.0 1.46 NaB H3 B 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 NaB SP P < 0.01 L ol/ m 0m m 2m ol/ L NSP 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 P < 0.01 0.2 0 m 5m ol/ L SP 20 15 10 5 0 a P < 0.02 P < 0.01 Control 2 mmol/L 5 mmol/L b P < 0.01 P < 0.01 m 0m L ol/ L ol/ m 2m L ol/ m 5m NaB – 2 nmol/L D SP 45 % 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 sub-G1 NSP Control NaB 2 mmol/L NaB 5 mmol/L * P < 0.05 * G1 S * G2/M 45 % 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Control NaB 2 mmol/L NaB 5 mmol/L sub-G1 G1 S G2/M Figure 4. Treatment of NaB inhibits self-renewal capacity of RK12V-SP cells. A, RK12V-SP cells and RK12V-NSP cells were cultured with MF medium in the presence or absence of 2 mmol/L NaB for 72 hours. The level of acetylated H3 or nonacetylated H3 was analyzed by Western blot. The relative ratio of acetylated H3 levels by NaB treatment to control is shown. Representative data are shown. Similar results were obtained 3 times. B, RK12V-SP cells and RK12V-NSP cells (2 104) were plated and cultured with DMEM containing 10% FBS in the presence or absence of 2 or 5 mmol/L NaB for 96 hours. The proportion of viable cells relative to control after incubation is shown. Treatment with 2 or 5 mmol/L NaB for 96 hours significantly inhibited cell proliferation of RK12V-SP cells as well as RK12V-NSP cells (P < 0.01). Error bar represents SEM in 3 independent experiments. C, a, RK12V-SP cells were reanalyzed by flow cytometry 2 weeks after culture in the presence or absence of NaB. Treatment of NaB for 24 hours significantly inhibited the proportion of reproduced SP cells (control, 15%; 2 mmol/L NaB, 1.5%, P < 0.02; 5 mmol/L NaB, 0.023%, P < 0.01). Error bar represents SEM in 4 independent experiments. In b, RK12V-SP cells were plated in collagen-coated dishes (10 cells/cm2) and cultured with MF medium in the presence or absence of 2 mmol/L NaB for 7 days. Treatment with 2 mmol/L NaB completely suppressed primary colony-forming potential of RK12V-SP cells. D, flow cytometric analysis of cell-cycle phase distribution following treatment with NaB. In RK12V-SP cells, treatment with 2 or 5 mmol/L NaB for 24 hours resulted in a significant decrease in the fraction of cells in S phase in a dose-dependent manner (control 22.5%, 2 mmol/L NaB, 14%; 5 mmol/L NaB, 10%; P < 0.05). In RK12V-NSP cells, there were no significant changes in the cell-cycle phase distribution. Error bar represents SEM in 3 independent experiments. intracellular ROS and DNA damage in both RK12V-SP and RK12V-NSP cells. Signals involved in DNA damage responses were enhanced more in RK12V-SP cells (cancer stem–like cells) than in RK12V-NSP cells by NaB treatment. Discussion In this study, we analyzed the biological characteristics of the SP fraction derived from rat endometrial cells harboring human mutant [12Val] KRAS 4B genes 1436 Mol Cancer Ther; 10(8) August 2011 (RK12V cells). We determined that the phenotype of RK12V-SP cells resembled that of cancer stem–like cells. We found that the HDAC inhibitor, NaB inhibited proliferation of RK12V-SP and RK12V-NSP cells. Although these findings may not be representative of all endometrial carcinomas, this is the first report of an inhibitory effect of NaB on proliferation of endometrial cancer stem– like cells. As previously shown, RK12V-SP cells have reduced expression levels of certain differentiation markers (CD9 and CD13), reduced long-term proliferating capacity in Molecular Cancer Therapeutics Downloaded from mct.aacrjournals.org on June 15, 2017. © 2011 American Association for Cancer Research. Published OnlineFirst June 1, 2011; DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-10-1062 An Effect of HDAC Inhibitor on Cancer SP Cell Proliferation NaB Figure 5. Treatment with NaB completely suppressed colony formation of RK12V-SP cells in soft agar cultures. RK12V-SP cells and RK12V-NSP cells (1 104 cells) were seeded in 60-mm plates containing growth medium, supplemented with 10% FBS and 0.3% Bactoagar over a hardened 0.5% agar base layer in the presence or absence of 2 or 5 mmol/L NaB. After 3 weeks of culture, control cells in the absence of NaB formed many large RK12V-SP colonies. Treatment with NaB suppressed RK12V-SP colony formation. In contrast, no colony formed in soft agar cultures of RK12V-NSP cells. Error bar represents SEM in 3 independent experiments. 0 mmol/L 5 mmol/L SP NSP (×60) Number of colonies/4 cm2 180.0 166.8 160.0 140.0 120.0 100.0 80.0 60.0 40.0 20.0 0.1 0.0 NaB 0 nmol/L culture, and enhanced tumorigenicity (29). We found in this study that RK12V-SP cells possessed self-renewal capacity and the potential to develop into stromal cells. These results indicate that RK12V-SP cells have cancer stem–like cell features as that of SP cells derived from a human endometrial cancer cell line, Hec1 cells. It has been known that SP cells (but not NSP cells) express MDR transporter proteins, such as ABCG2/ Brcp1 (11, 36). As expected, RK12V-SP cells displayed higher resistance to conventional chemotherapy (Fig. 3), indicating a requirement for new targets for the treatment of cancer stem–like cells. To develop new approaches to molecular cancer therapy, we did the microarray assays to identify the overexpressed genes in RK12V-SP cells compared with those in RK12V-NSP cells (data not shown). The expression level of a number of genes, including cytokines and growth factors, was enhanced in RK12V-SP cells (Kato and colleagues, manuscript in preparation), suggesting that multiple signal pathways exist to maintain the phenotype of SP cells. It would be difficult to identify a single, selective molecular target to SP cells. HDACi’s have multiple biological effects, including growth arrest, apoptosis, senescence, ROS facilitated cell death, mitotic cell death, and antiangiogenesis (17). HDACi’s include short-chain fatty acids (e.g., butyrates and valporic acid), organic hydroxamic acids [trichostatin A and suberoyl anilide bishydroxamine (SAHA)], cyclic tetra peptides (e.g., trapoxin), and bezamides (e.g., MS-275). Trichostatin A, NaB, valporic acid, and SAHA can inhibit malignant cells in vitro and in vivo www.aacrjournals.org 2 mmol/L SP NSP 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2 nmol/L 5 nmol/L (37–39). We have previously shown that NaB induced p21 expression, resulting in growth arrest and cell death (34). Recently, we have also shown that DNA damage signals were involved in NaB-induced cell death (35). In this study, NaB inhibited primary colony-forming potential and regeneration of SP cells, indicating suppression of self-renewal capacity. Most recently, Conti and colleagues showed that SAHA treatment of cancer cells slows down replication forks, activates dormant origins, and induces DNA damage (40). They also found gH2AX could be used as a convenient pharmacodynamic biomarker for HDACi-induced DNA damage (41). We showed that gH2AX was markedly enhanced in RK12V-SP cells compared with that in RK12V-NSP cells, implying that RK12V-SP cells were highly sensitive to NaB-induced DNA damage (Fig. 6). These results indicated that cancer stem–like cells, which are resistant to conventional chemotherapy, were sensitive to treatment with HDACi’s. It is believed that stem cells generally proliferate slowly. Burgess and colleagues showed that HDACi’s can induce death of transformed cells in both proliferative and nonproliferative phases of the cell cycle (42). Clinical trials of several HDACi’s are currently underway, as monotherapies or in combination with other anticancer drugs and radiation. A total of 140 studies for cancer are found in website of U.S. NIH (www.clinicaltrials.gov). SAHA and depsipeptide have been approved by the FDA for cancer therapy (26, 27). HDACi’s emerge as promising drugs for targeting of cancer stem–like cells in clinical setting. Mol Cancer Ther; 10(8) August 2011 Downloaded from mct.aacrjournals.org on June 15, 2017. © 2011 American Association for Cancer Research. 1437 Published OnlineFirst June 1, 2011; DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-10-1062 Kato et al. A B Average number of γH2AX foci per cells 5 Mean fluorescence value 100 4 3 50 2 1 0 C 0 DMSO NaB 5 nmol/L RK12V-SP DMSO DMSO NaB 5 nmol/L RK12V-NSP RK12V-SP NaB 5 mmol/L 0h 6h 12 h 0h 6h 12 h 0h 6h NSP 12 h 0h 6h 12 h γH2AX 9.2 10.1 1.0 2.0 2.1 Relative ratio 1.0 19.9 44.5 1.0 1.3 2.6 2.9 2.6 1.0 1.0 1.0 Phosphop38MAPK p27 Relative ratio 1.0 RK12V-NSP SP p21 Relative ratio 1.0 NaB 5 nmol/L NaB 5 mmol/L NSP SP DMSO NaB 5 nmol/L 2.6 2.7 1.0 1.7 1.5 β-Actin Relative ratio 1.0 p38MAPK Figure 6. RK12V-SP cells show high responsiveness to NaB-induced DNA damage. A, the levels of intracellular ROS were evaluated by flow cytometric analysis after staining RK12V-SP cells and RK12V-NSP cells with the CM-H2DCFDA probe. Both types of cells were cultured with MF medium in the presence or absence of 5 mmol/L NaB for 72 hours and incubated with phenol red free-Opti-MEM containing 1 mmol/L CM-H2DCFDA for 30 minutes. The levels of intracellular ROS are shown as mean fluorescence value. Error bar represents SEM in 3 independent experiments. The ROS levels were enhanced by 5 mmol/L NaB treatment in of RK12V-SP cells and RK12V-NSP cells. B, phosphorylated H2AX (gH2AX) foci were assessed by immunohistochemistry by using phospho-histone 2AX (Ser139) antibody. gH2AX were counted visually by microscopy, examining 10 cells in 3 different areas of the slide per each condition. Error bar represents SEM in 3 independent experiments. The number of gH2AX foci was increased by 5 mmol/L NaB in the treatment of both RK12V-SP cells and RK12V-NSP cells. DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide. C, RK12V-SP cells and RK12V-NSP cells were cultured with MF medium in the presence or absence of 5 mmol/L NaB for 6 or 12 hours. The level of each protein was analyzed by Western blot and the relative ratio to control is shown. The levels of gH2AX proteins were markedly increased in RK12V-SP cells (44-fold) compared with that in RK12V-NSP cells (2-fold). Expression levels of p21, p27, and phospho-p38 MAPK were also enhanced more in RK12V-SP cells than in RK12V-NSP cells. b-Actin was the internal control. Representative data are shown. Similar results were obtained 3 times. Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed. Acknowledgments The authors thank Dr. Channing Der (University of North Carolina) for generously donating pZIP neo SV (X)1-K-Ras4B(12V) and Miwako Ando for technical assistance. The authors also thank Drs. Ryota Souzaki, Tatsuro Tajiri, and Tomoaki Taguchi (Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kyushu University) for technical advice on a laser microdissection. Grant Support This work was supported by grants-in-aid 20659259, 22659302, and 22591869 from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan and the Environment Technology Development Fund of the Ministry of the Environment, Japan for K. Kato. 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Mol Cancer Ther; 10(8) August 2011 Downloaded from mct.aacrjournals.org on June 15, 2017. © 2011 American Association for Cancer Research. 1439 Published OnlineFirst June 1, 2011; DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-10-1062 Sodium Butyrate Inhibits the Self-Renewal Capacity of Endometrial Tumor Side-Population Cells by Inducing a DNA Damage Response Kiyoko Kato, Aya Kuhara, Tomoko Yoneda, et al. Mol Cancer Ther 2011;10:1430-1439. Published OnlineFirst June 1, 2011. Updated version Cited articles Citing articles E-mail alerts Reprints and Subscriptions Permissions Access the most recent version of this article at: doi:10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-10-1062 This article cites 41 articles, 15 of which you can access for free at: http://mct.aacrjournals.org/content/10/8/1430.full#ref-list-1 This article has been cited by 2 HighWire-hosted articles. Access the articles at: http://mct.aacrjournals.org/content/10/8/1430.full#related-urls Sign up to receive free email-alerts related to this article or journal. 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