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Chapter 6 Habituation & Respondent Learning Novak Recap:Reflexes as Universal I Behaviors Hard - Wired Present at birth Do not need much experience – Unlearned thus “Unconditioned” Novak Reflex is not a behavior but stimulusbehavior relationship Recap: Reflex as Unlearned Stimulus-Behavior Relationship Novak UnConditioned = Unlearned Stimulus - environmental event Behavior = Response - action of organism UCS---------> CR Recap: Examples of Reflexes Novak Consummatory Defensive Social Consummatory Reflexes Novak Search Defensive Reflexes Novak How Do Reflexes Change? Novak 1. Reflexes May Stay the Same 2. Reflexes May Disappear 3. Reflexes May Be Elicited by New Stimuli Respondent Conditioning 4. Reflexes May be Elaborated into New Behaviors - Operant Conditioning What is Learning? Novak Relatively permanent change in behavior that is due to experience Change in behavior (in relation to environ. Change is “relatively” permanent Due to experience (not maturation) Selectionism - Learning as a Natural Process Novak Parallel to natural selection - phylogenic Ontogenic contingencies - Learning Variability Selection Retention The Evolutionary Significance of Learning Novak Natural selection - survival of species Learning - survival of individual Ontogenic Adaptability A Parallelism Between Evolution and Learning Phylogenic Contingencies – Natural Selection Ontogenic Contingencies – Selection by Consequences – Learning Novak Selectionism - Learning as a Natural Process How does Learning Relate to Development? Is Learning "A" process or "THE" process in development? The Role of Learning 100 (Hypothetical) 80 60 40 20 0 Universal I Novak Universal II NonUnivers Learning -- What Develops? Stimulus-Response Relationships Classifying Stimuli – Physical Stimulus Classes – Functional Stimulus Classes Classifying Stimuli – Response Classes Topography Function Novak Classes mean Variability Types of Learning Novak Habituation Respondent Learning Operant Learning Habituation Defining Characteristics Novak Start with a reflex UCS UCR Repeated UCS lead to decrement in or elimination of responding Not due to fatigue Habituation Novak UCS UCS UCS UCS UCS UCS UCS ---------> UCR ---------> UCR --------> UCR ---------> UCR --------> UCR (habituation) (habituation) Habituation Novak BANG -------> Jump BANG!-------->Jump BANG! -------->Jump BANG! -------->Jump BANG! BANG! Respondent Learning Novak Nonhuman Studies Infant Studies Defining characteristics Generalization Discrimination Respondent Extinction Why study respondent learning? Types of Behaviors Respondent Learning Defining Characteristics Novak Reflex UCS----------->UCR Neutral Stimulus NS (Doesn’t elicit UCR) With repeated pairings NS elicits Response CS----------->CR Respondent Learning Novak NS UCS------------>UCR NS UCS------------>UCR NS UCS------------->UCR Respondent Learning (cont.) Novak NS UCS------------>UCR NS UCS------------>UCR CS --------------CR (Respondent Learning) Respondent Learning (e.g.) Novak CS(rat)----------->CR(fear) UCS (Bang!) --------->UCR(fear) Extinction Repeated presentations of CS alone leads to disappearance of the CR to CS Novak CS-------->CR CS-------->CR CS-------->CR CS-------->CR CS-------->CR CS CS Generalization vs. Discrimination Generalization – Other (unpaired) stimuli elicit CR Discrimination – CR to some stimuli but not others Novak Practical Problem with Extinction Escape or Avoidance Systematic Densitization – Fear Hierarchy – Gradual Extinction Counter Conditioning – Associate CS to an UCS which elicits an incompatible UCR – e.g. pair rabbit with candy – rabbit elicits similar response that candy does Novak What Factors Influence Respondent Acquisition? Order of Presentation – Forward or Delayed – Trace – Backward Novak NS ----->UCS Interval Intensity of the UCS Forward or Trace Conditioning NS UCS------->UCR Novak Most effective Trace conditioning NS UCS------->UCR Novak Some effects Backward Conditioning UCS---------->UCR NS Novak Not effective Serve as a control for sensitization
