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CHAPTER 9 • SECTION 2
conflict was competing claims for these lands. The 1783 Treaty of Paris had
tried to resolve the claims. And some years later, Spain, Britain, the United
States, and Native Americans all claimed parts of the area.
The strongest resistance to white settlement came from Native Americans
Territory This territory was bordered by the Ohio River to
in the Northwest Territory.
the south and Canada to the north. Native Americans in that territory hoped
to unite to form an independent Native American nation. The British, who
still held forts north of the Ohio River, supported Native Americans because
they did not want to lose their access to trade in these territories.
Washington sent troops to the Northwest Territory to defend American
interests. In 1790 this first federal army was no match for warriors led by
Little Turtle. A second American force was defeated in 1791. Washington then
formed another army and gave command to Revolutionary hero General
Anthony (“Mad Anthony”) Wayne.
More About . . .
Northwest Ordinance and
Northwest Territory
Settlers streamed into the Northwest
Territory after the Northwest Ordinance of
1787. The ordinance defined the process
for government and statehood in the area.
The Northwest Ordinance stated explicitly
that Native American lands would not be
taken “without their consent” and that
“good faith” should govern relationships.
The exception was “in just and lawful wars
authorized by Congress.” Because some
Native Americans did not recognize earlier
treaties that gave much of the land to the
United States, Congress considered military
actions as “just and lawful.”
Connect Geography
History
Trans Appalachian West 1791–1795
0
50
0
50
100 miles
100 kilometers
M
iss
CANADA
Detroit
Battle of
Fallen Timbers,
Aug. 1794
2. Critical Thinking for ease of
transportation of troops, supplies, people
Unit 4 Resource Book
• Connect Geography & History,
pp. 33–34
Riv
h
as
ab
W
is
Ill
in
o
1. Region land ceded by Native Americans
in Treaty of Greenville
rie
eE
Lak
Ft. Miami
P E N N S Y LVA N I A
er
ANSWERS
Native Americans were defeated by U.S. troops at
the Battle of Fallen Timbers. They were disappointed
when the British did not come to their aid.
i River
ipp
iss
DRAW CONCLUSIONS Point out that the
battle shown occurred in lands not ceded to
the United States in treaties, suggesting that
army forces were trying to secure this territory.
2,000 Native Americans met Wayne’s 1,000 troops near the future site of
Toledo, Ohio. The Native Americans were easily defeated. The battlefield
was covered with trees that had
been struck down in a storm
so the Americans called it the
Battle of Fallen Timbers.
Timbers
Lake Michigan
Trans Appalachian West
1791–1795
Native Americans are Defeated On August 20, 1794, a force of around
River
Ft. Wayne
line
Treaty
Pittsburgh
Ft. Greenville
N O RT H W E S T T E R R I TO RY
M A RY L A N D
OHIO
Marietta
Land ceded by
Native Americans in
Treaty of Greenville (1795)
Connect Geography
Cincinnati
Oh
Battle
io River
VI R G I N I A
N
K E N T U CK Y
U.S. fort
E
W
British fort
S
History
1. Region What does the yellow area of
the map represent?
2. Critical Thinking Why might the British
forts be located near water?
320 Chapter 9
INTERDISCIPLINARY ACTIVITIES
CONNECT
320 • Chapter 9
to Science
CONNECT
to Language Arts
Report on Possible Causes of
Fallen Trees
Journal Entry from British
Viewpoint
Have students research the types of
meteorological events that might have caused
large-scale destruction of trees, such as those
that littered the Ohio battlefield in 1794.
Students might investigate not only tornadoes,
but also microbursts or fireballs like the
Tunguska Fireball of 1908, which flattened
thousands of trees. Have students report on
the causes of such events, as well as possible
consequences.
Note that British forces supported Native
Americans in the Northwest Territory only before
their defeat at Fallen Timbers. Have students
write journal entries from the perspective of a
British soldier or politician describing his feelings
concerning trade in the Northwest Territory and
British reluctance to engage in another war.
CHAPTER 9 • SECTION 2
The Native Americans withdrew. The British, not wanting war with the
United States, refused to help them. The Battle of Fallen Timbers crushed
Native American hopes of keeping their land in the Northwest Territory.
cede, or
Twelve tribes signed the Treaty of Greenville in 1795. They agreed to cede
surrender, much of present-day Ohio and parts of Illinois, Michigan, and
Indiana to officials of the U.S. government.
Connecting History
Trouble in the Backcountry In spite of the Battle of Fallen Timbers, Wash-
Connecting History
ington felt he had to put another army into the field. The conflict arose over the
government’s tax on whiskey. To raise extra revenue, Hamilton had pushed through
Congress a tax to be levied specifically on the manufacture of whiskey.
Most whiskey producers were small backcountry farmers. Their major crop
was corn, but corn was too bulky to carry across the Appalachian Mountains
and sell to the settled areas along the Atlantic. Therefore, the farmers distilled
the corn into whiskey, which could be more easily sent to market on the
backs of mules.
In addition, their customers paid more for whiskey than grain. With little
money to buy goods, let alone pay the tax, the farmers used whiskey like
money to get whatever supplies they needed.
Individual Rights vs
Majority Rule
The Whiskey Rebellion
marked the first major
challenge to the authority
of the federal government.
When the armed rebels
gathered in Pittsburgh in
1794, they were angry not
only about the whiskey tax
but also about their underrepresentation in the state
legislatures.
Farmers Revolt In the summer of 1794, a group of farmers in western
Pennsylvania staged the Whiskey Rebellion against the tax. One armed group
attacked and burned the home of the regional tax collector. Others threatened an armed attack on Pittsburgh.
Most backcountry farmers had a long tradition of independent living and
resistance to authority. And backcountry rebelliousness had helped defeat
the British. That same rebelliousness was now seen as a threat to the new
republic, and Washington and Hamilton needed to keep order. They looked
upon the Whiskey Rebellion as an opportunity for the federal government to
show it could enforce the law along the western frontier. Hamilton scolded
the rebels for resisting the law.
Causes of the Whiskey Rebellion
Large manufacturers of whiskey located in
the eastern part of Pennsylvania and on the
East Coast generally accepted the new tax
on whiskey, because they could afford to
pay it. The tax was also structured so that
larger producers in the East paid a lower
tax than smaller producers in the West.
Smaller producers would probably go out of
business, and larger producers would have
less competition. Any charges or disputes
also had to be settled in Philadelphia,
meaning that western farmers would lose
many days in travel if they questioned the
tax or refused to pay it.
Such a resistance is treason against society, against liberty, against
everything that ought to be dear to a free, enlightened, and prudent
people. To tolerate it were to abandon your most precious interests.
Not to subdue it were to tolerate it.
”
—Alexander Hamilton, The Works of Alexander Hamilton
In October 1794, General Henry Lee, with Hamilton at his side, led an
army of 13,000 soldiers into western Pennsylvania to put down the uprising.
As news of the army’s approach spread, the rebels fled. After much effort,
federal troops rounded up a group of about 20 accused leaders. Washington
had proved his point. He had shown that the government had the power and
the will to enforce its laws. Meanwhile, events in Europe gave Washington
a different kind of challenge.
SUMMARIZE Describe how Washington dealt with two early crises.
Point out that the Revolutionary War
started partly for the same reasons that
the Whiskey Rebellion began—in both
cases, people believed that the government
was restricting their freedom through
oppression of rights and taxation without
representation.
More About . . .
PRIMARY SOURCE
“
Individual Rights vs
Majority Rule
Answer: Washington
sent General Anthony
Wayne to defend
American interests in the
Northwest Territory and
sent a military force to
put down the Whiskey
Rebellion.
Launching a New Republic 321
DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION
Struggling Readers
English Learners
Analyze the Name
“Northwest Territory”
Vocabulary: Multiple-Meaning
Words
Have students look at the map on page
311, which shows the U.S. borders from
1776 to 1800. Ask them to find the
“Northwest Territory” and to describe
its geographic location in terms of U.S.
boundaries today. Then ask students
to describe the location of the territory
according to boundaries of the time.
Help students realize that it was in the
northwest section of what was then the
United States.
Examine the word throne on page 322
of the pupil edition. Explain that, in
this context, throne is an example of
“metonymy,” when one word or phrase
is substituted for another with which it is
closely associated. Explain that because
kings and queens sit on thrones, throne
can substitute for the word monarchy to
mean the same thing. Mention that the
word crown can serve the same purpose.
Unit 4 Resource Book
• American Literature, pp. 40–42
More About . . .
A Symbolic Show of Force
Washington himself led the army march
to Pennsylvania to put down the rebellion
until he handed over command to Lee. The
army of 13,000 was as large or larger than
he had commanded at times during the
Revolutionary War. Although more were
arrested, only two people were convicted
of treason in connection with the rebellion,
and Washington pardoned them quickly.
But the fact that a large militia could be
called out from states to enforce laws in
another state was very important in the
development of the federal system.
Teacher’s Edition • 321