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CHAPTER 9 • SECTION 2 conflict was competing claims for these lands. The 1783 Treaty of Paris had tried to resolve the claims. And some years later, Spain, Britain, the United States, and Native Americans all claimed parts of the area. The strongest resistance to white settlement came from Native Americans Territory This territory was bordered by the Ohio River to in the Northwest Territory. the south and Canada to the north. Native Americans in that territory hoped to unite to form an independent Native American nation. The British, who still held forts north of the Ohio River, supported Native Americans because they did not want to lose their access to trade in these territories. Washington sent troops to the Northwest Territory to defend American interests. In 1790 this first federal army was no match for warriors led by Little Turtle. A second American force was defeated in 1791. Washington then formed another army and gave command to Revolutionary hero General Anthony (“Mad Anthony”) Wayne. More About . . . Northwest Ordinance and Northwest Territory Settlers streamed into the Northwest Territory after the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. The ordinance defined the process for government and statehood in the area. The Northwest Ordinance stated explicitly that Native American lands would not be taken “without their consent” and that “good faith” should govern relationships. The exception was “in just and lawful wars authorized by Congress.” Because some Native Americans did not recognize earlier treaties that gave much of the land to the United States, Congress considered military actions as “just and lawful.” Connect Geography History Trans Appalachian West 1791–1795 0 50 0 50 100 miles 100 kilometers M iss CANADA Detroit Battle of Fallen Timbers, Aug. 1794 2. Critical Thinking for ease of transportation of troops, supplies, people Unit 4 Resource Book • Connect Geography & History, pp. 33–34 Riv h as ab W is Ill in o 1. Region land ceded by Native Americans in Treaty of Greenville rie eE Lak Ft. Miami P E N N S Y LVA N I A er ANSWERS Native Americans were defeated by U.S. troops at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. They were disappointed when the British did not come to their aid. i River ipp iss DRAW CONCLUSIONS Point out that the battle shown occurred in lands not ceded to the United States in treaties, suggesting that army forces were trying to secure this territory. 2,000 Native Americans met Wayne’s 1,000 troops near the future site of Toledo, Ohio. The Native Americans were easily defeated. The battlefield was covered with trees that had been struck down in a storm so the Americans called it the Battle of Fallen Timbers. Timbers Lake Michigan Trans Appalachian West 1791–1795 Native Americans are Defeated On August 20, 1794, a force of around River Ft. Wayne line Treaty Pittsburgh Ft. Greenville N O RT H W E S T T E R R I TO RY M A RY L A N D OHIO Marietta Land ceded by Native Americans in Treaty of Greenville (1795) Connect Geography Cincinnati Oh Battle io River VI R G I N I A N K E N T U CK Y U.S. fort E W British fort S History 1. Region What does the yellow area of the map represent? 2. Critical Thinking Why might the British forts be located near water? 320 Chapter 9 INTERDISCIPLINARY ACTIVITIES CONNECT 320 • Chapter 9 to Science CONNECT to Language Arts Report on Possible Causes of Fallen Trees Journal Entry from British Viewpoint Have students research the types of meteorological events that might have caused large-scale destruction of trees, such as those that littered the Ohio battlefield in 1794. Students might investigate not only tornadoes, but also microbursts or fireballs like the Tunguska Fireball of 1908, which flattened thousands of trees. Have students report on the causes of such events, as well as possible consequences. Note that British forces supported Native Americans in the Northwest Territory only before their defeat at Fallen Timbers. Have students write journal entries from the perspective of a British soldier or politician describing his feelings concerning trade in the Northwest Territory and British reluctance to engage in another war. CHAPTER 9 • SECTION 2 The Native Americans withdrew. The British, not wanting war with the United States, refused to help them. The Battle of Fallen Timbers crushed Native American hopes of keeping their land in the Northwest Territory. cede, or Twelve tribes signed the Treaty of Greenville in 1795. They agreed to cede surrender, much of present-day Ohio and parts of Illinois, Michigan, and Indiana to officials of the U.S. government. Connecting History Trouble in the Backcountry In spite of the Battle of Fallen Timbers, Wash- Connecting History ington felt he had to put another army into the field. The conflict arose over the government’s tax on whiskey. To raise extra revenue, Hamilton had pushed through Congress a tax to be levied specifically on the manufacture of whiskey. Most whiskey producers were small backcountry farmers. Their major crop was corn, but corn was too bulky to carry across the Appalachian Mountains and sell to the settled areas along the Atlantic. Therefore, the farmers distilled the corn into whiskey, which could be more easily sent to market on the backs of mules. In addition, their customers paid more for whiskey than grain. With little money to buy goods, let alone pay the tax, the farmers used whiskey like money to get whatever supplies they needed. Individual Rights vs Majority Rule The Whiskey Rebellion marked the first major challenge to the authority of the federal government. When the armed rebels gathered in Pittsburgh in 1794, they were angry not only about the whiskey tax but also about their underrepresentation in the state legislatures. Farmers Revolt In the summer of 1794, a group of farmers in western Pennsylvania staged the Whiskey Rebellion against the tax. One armed group attacked and burned the home of the regional tax collector. Others threatened an armed attack on Pittsburgh. Most backcountry farmers had a long tradition of independent living and resistance to authority. And backcountry rebelliousness had helped defeat the British. That same rebelliousness was now seen as a threat to the new republic, and Washington and Hamilton needed to keep order. They looked upon the Whiskey Rebellion as an opportunity for the federal government to show it could enforce the law along the western frontier. Hamilton scolded the rebels for resisting the law. Causes of the Whiskey Rebellion Large manufacturers of whiskey located in the eastern part of Pennsylvania and on the East Coast generally accepted the new tax on whiskey, because they could afford to pay it. The tax was also structured so that larger producers in the East paid a lower tax than smaller producers in the West. Smaller producers would probably go out of business, and larger producers would have less competition. Any charges or disputes also had to be settled in Philadelphia, meaning that western farmers would lose many days in travel if they questioned the tax or refused to pay it. Such a resistance is treason against society, against liberty, against everything that ought to be dear to a free, enlightened, and prudent people. To tolerate it were to abandon your most precious interests. Not to subdue it were to tolerate it. ” —Alexander Hamilton, The Works of Alexander Hamilton In October 1794, General Henry Lee, with Hamilton at his side, led an army of 13,000 soldiers into western Pennsylvania to put down the uprising. As news of the army’s approach spread, the rebels fled. After much effort, federal troops rounded up a group of about 20 accused leaders. Washington had proved his point. He had shown that the government had the power and the will to enforce its laws. Meanwhile, events in Europe gave Washington a different kind of challenge. SUMMARIZE Describe how Washington dealt with two early crises. Point out that the Revolutionary War started partly for the same reasons that the Whiskey Rebellion began—in both cases, people believed that the government was restricting their freedom through oppression of rights and taxation without representation. More About . . . PRIMARY SOURCE “ Individual Rights vs Majority Rule Answer: Washington sent General Anthony Wayne to defend American interests in the Northwest Territory and sent a military force to put down the Whiskey Rebellion. Launching a New Republic 321 DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION Struggling Readers English Learners Analyze the Name “Northwest Territory” Vocabulary: Multiple-Meaning Words Have students look at the map on page 311, which shows the U.S. borders from 1776 to 1800. Ask them to find the “Northwest Territory” and to describe its geographic location in terms of U.S. boundaries today. Then ask students to describe the location of the territory according to boundaries of the time. Help students realize that it was in the northwest section of what was then the United States. Examine the word throne on page 322 of the pupil edition. Explain that, in this context, throne is an example of “metonymy,” when one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated. Explain that because kings and queens sit on thrones, throne can substitute for the word monarchy to mean the same thing. Mention that the word crown can serve the same purpose. Unit 4 Resource Book • American Literature, pp. 40–42 More About . . . A Symbolic Show of Force Washington himself led the army march to Pennsylvania to put down the rebellion until he handed over command to Lee. The army of 13,000 was as large or larger than he had commanded at times during the Revolutionary War. Although more were arrested, only two people were convicted of treason in connection with the rebellion, and Washington pardoned them quickly. But the fact that a large militia could be called out from states to enforce laws in another state was very important in the development of the federal system. Teacher’s Edition • 321