Download Biology STAAR EOC BIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE KEY

Biology STAAR EOC BIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE KEY
MAY 2ND IS THE BIOLOGY STAAR EOC TEST
1) Describe the difference between a theory and a hypothesis.
Hypothesis is an educated guess that can be tested. A theory has been
tested by scientists hundreds of times and has given rise to the same
results/data
2) Define:
a. Independent variable – the variable that you control – what is
being tested
b. Dependent variable – the variable that is being measured – changes
due to independent variable
c. Control – the constant – the variable the is the “norm” you need
this in order to compare your results to
3) List the characteristics of living organisms.
a. Reproduce, maintain homeostasis, grow & develop, evolve,
metabolize, made up of cells, responsiveness,
4) With pictures define the symbiotic relationships.
a. Predation  :X
b. Parasitism  
c. Commensalism  :d. Mutualism  
5) How much energy is transferred between trophic levels in a food chain?
10% of energy is transferred 100  10  1  .1  .01
6) Describe what an arrow means in a food chain?
The arrow represents the direction in which the energy flows/ is
eaten by
The grass is eaten by the mouse, the mouse is eaten by the snake,
etc.
7) In an energy pyramid, where would producers be located?
Producers would be located on the bottom in the largest trophic
level
8) How is a carrying capacity of an ecosystem affected?
The carrying capacity is affected by the number of organisms, the
amount of food, space & mates available for the organisms, if a
new predator has been introduced to the ecosystem, natural
disasters (flooding, drought, fire, tornando)
9) Which organism
Bacteria
nitrogen
(such as
10)
is needed to turn nitrogen into a useable form?
are the only organisms on earth that can transfer the
in the atmosphere into a useable form for other organisms
animals) to use
When does secondary succession occur in nature?
Secondary succession occurs after the first climax community has
already been established. It will only occur if the first
community has been destroyed by a natural disaster (fire, drought,
flood)
11)
Identify the organisms that would appear first in primary
succession.
Lichens, algae, and fungi
12)
Define a climax community.
A community with plants and animals that are stable and in balance
13)
The monomer of carbohydrates are:
monosaccharide
14)
Which macromolecule is used for long-term energy storage,
insulated the body and cushions organs?
lipid
15)
This macromolecule contains the instructions for making proteins
and the genetic information.
Nucleic acids
16)
Enzymes are made from which macromolecule?
Proteins
17)
Cell wall in plants is made from which macromolecule?
carbohydrates
18)
When we did the Food nutrients Lab, Lugol’s Iodine was used to
indicate which substance?
Starch – it turns purpleish black
19)
Draw and label the enzyme-substrate complex.
20)
What happens if enzymes are exposed to extreme temperatures?
Denatures – it will unfold and no longer be functional
21)
Describe how enzymes work.
Speeds up chemical processes
22)
Where does the substrate bind?
To the active site on the enzyme
23)
Define denature.
unfold
24)
What is a cell and why is it called the basic unit of structure
and function?
It is the smallest functional unit
25)
Who was the first person to describe cells? And what did he
observe?
Robert Hooke was the first person to view cells under a
microscope, he observed cork and noticed that it looked like
little boxes
26)
List the 3 parts of the cell theory.
1) cells are the basic unit of structure and function
2) every living things are made up of cells
3) all cells come from pre-existing cells
27)
Describe the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
Prokaryotic has no true nucleus or no membrane bound organelles.
Eukaryotic has a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles
28)
Describe what each of the organelles do in a cell;
a. Ribosomes – create proteins
b. Chloroplasts – performs photosynthesis in plants
c. Golgi Apparatus – processes, packages and secretes proteins
d. Lysosomes – Digest worn out particles, bacteria, waste
e. Mitochondria – Power house of the cells, cellular respiration
occurs here – makes ATP
f. Nucleus – control center of the cells
g. Vacuole – used for storage of water, food and waste in plants
29)
30)
Identify the difference between a plant cell and an animal cell.
Cell wall, chloroplast, central vacuole
Define Diffusion:
particles move from an area of high concentration to low
concentration
31)
Identify what happens in osmosis.
Water moves across a membrane
32)
Describe the structure of the cell membrane.
Phospholipid bilayer – heads are hydrophilic (water loving) and
point outward and tails are hydrophobic (water fearing) point
inward
In your own words what does the term homeostasis mean?
An internal and external balance, everything is working correctly
33)
34)
How does the structure of the cell membrane help maintain
homeostasis?
It will allow certain things to flow through the membrane while
others need either help or need to go through certain protein
channels
35)
Does passive transport require energy to move a substance across
the cell membrane?
Passive transport does not require energy
36)
Define the key terms
a. Hypo – below
b. Hyper- above
c. Iso -
37)
equal
Draw a picture illustrating the 3 types of solutions.
a. Hypertonic
b. Hypotonic
c. Isotonic
38)
What does the term plasmolysis mean?
Separation of the cell membrane from the cell wall due to the loss
of water
39)
Write the chemical equation for photosynthesis.
6CO2 + 6H20 + light  C6H12O6 + 6O2
40)
Describe what occurs during photosynthesis.
Light energizes electron in carbon dioxide & water in the
chloroplast to help produce glucose and oxygen as a waste produce
41)
Where does photosynthesis occur?
Chloroplast
42)
Identify what happens during the light-dependent reaction.
Converts the energy from the light into chemical energy. Light is
needed for this reaction to occur. The water is split in to
Hydrogen ions and Oxygen is released as waste
43)
The light independent reaction is also known as the Calvin Cycle,
describe where and what occurs during this reaction.
Light is not needed for this reaction to occur. Makes sugar from
the Carbon dioxide and the Hydrogen ions.
44)
45)
Where does cellular respiration occur in cells?
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm
Krebs cycle & Electron Transport Chain occur in the Mitochondria
How is the cellular respiration equation compared to the
photosynthesis equation?
The exact same thing just in reverse
46)
47)
48)
Name the 3 parts of cellular respiration and where they occur?
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm
Krebs cycle & Electron Transport Chain occur in the Mitochondria
What is created during the Krebs cycle that is so important for
the electron transport chain?
Lots of NADH is produced, this will help run the electron
transport chain
How many ATP are created during:
a. Glycolysis – 4 are created but 2 are used up in order to start the
process
b. Krebs Cycle – 2
c. Electron Transport Chain – 32
49)
Identify the 2 types of Nucleic Acids.
DNA and RNA
50)
A nucleotide is made up of what 3 parts:
Sugar, phosphate and a nitrogenous base
51)
DNA was discovered by whom? And who was actually given the Nobel
Prize for it?
Rosalind Franklin took an X-Ray image of DNA in 1952, James Watson
& Francis Crick presented a paper in 1953 that described the
structure of the DNA helix.
52)
53)
List the 4 nitrogenous bases and which ones pair together.
Adenine - Thymine
Cytosine - Guanine
Which bases are:
a. Purines – Adenine & Guanine
b. Pyrimidines – Thymine & Cytosine
54)
Explain why cells need to be able to replicate DNA.
In order for the cell to go through mitosis the DNA must also
replicate. Each new cell will get the same exact genetic
information.
55)
Compare RNA and DNA
Bases
Sugar
Location
DNA
A, T,
G, C
deoxyribose
Nucleus
A, U,
G, C
ribose
Nucleus &
cytoplasm
RNA
Types
All your
cells have
the same
DNA
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA
56)
Describe what happens during Transcription.
A copy of mRNA is created from DNA. There will be no T on mRNA so
it will exchange with Uracil. DNA will unzip is small sections and
the free nucleotides will match up with complementary base pairs.
When the section of mRNA is built it will release from the DNA
strand and travel out of the nucleus to a ribosome to create a
protein.
57)
Identify what happens during Translation.
The mRNA goes to a ribosome where it will be read. The codon
(bases in a row on mRNA) matches up to the tRNA’s anticodon. The
tRNA will bring the matching amino acid for the codon. The Amino
Acids will then connect by a polypeptide bond. When the sequence
has been completed the AA will fold up creating a protein.
58)
List in order all parts of the Cell Cycle.
Interphase: G1, Synthesis (S), G2
Mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Cytokinesis
59)
If something goes wrong in the Replication of DNA in which part of
the cell cycle should it be corrected before the cell moves on and
divides?
During the Synthesis phase when DNA is replicating
60)
During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up in the
center of the cell?
Metaphase – middle of the cell
61)
During which phase of mitosis does the nuclear membrane disappear
and the chromosomes start to condense and become visible?
Prophase
62)
Name the phase that the sister chromatids are being pulled apart
toward the opposite poles.
Anaphase - apart
63)
How many chromosomes does a human body cell have?
46 chromosomes
64)
Define somatic cells:
Body cells that do not contain x or y chromosomes
65)
Explain how the cell theory is supported by mitosis.
Mitosis is the division or creation of new cells, which supports
the theory that all cells come from pre-existing cells
66)
67)
How would a karyotype help if you were pregnant and wanted to know
if your child had a genetic disorder?
The karyotype is a map of the unborn child’s chromosomes. It will
show if there is a trisomy or a deletion of a chromosome
Mitosis results in 2 __identical_____ cells.
68)
Explain what occurs during cytokinesis.
In Animal cells: The cytoplasm divides pinching inward creating a
cleavage and forming 2 new cells
In Plant cells: a cell plate forms in the middle of the cell and
then the cell wall forms dividing the new plant cells.
69)
What happens in a cancer cell that is different than in a normal
cell?
The tumor suppressor gene is not turned off so the cells continue
to divide uncontrolled
70)
Explain the purpose of each of the genes below:
a. Proto-oncogenes – enhance cell division or inhibit cell death
b. Tumor suppressor genes – prevent cell division or cell death
71)
In each of your cells how much of the DNA is the same?
100% of your DNA is the same in each of your cells
72)
What causes cells with the same DNA to differentiate?
Genes are turned on or off
73)
What causes changes in epigenetics?
Exposure to different things, radiation, foods, drugs,
perscriptions
74)
75)
Cells with the exact same DNA are directed to differentiate by
chemical signals that causes certain genes to be:
Activated or deactivated certain genes
Define the following:
a. Exon: sections of DNA that are expressed
b. Intron: sections of DNA that are not expressed and during
transcription they are removed
76)
Define gametes:
Cells that are only for egg or sperm
77)
Meiosis results in =
4 daughter cells that are not identical
78)
Explain what occurs during crossing over in Meiosis?
Exchange of genetic material during prophase 1, this allows for
genetic diversity
79)
Which phase of Meiosis do pairs of homologous chromosomes move to
equator?
Metaphase 1
80)
Identify the phase in which nuclear membrane reforms, cytoplasm
divides and 4 daughter cells are formed.
Telophase 2
81)
Compare mitosis & meiosis:
Mitosis
In what type of
somatic
Meiosis
gametes
cell does the
division take
place?
How many divisions
are there?
How many daughter
cells are
produced?
How many
chromosomes are
produced?
Are the daughter
cells identical or
different to the
parent cell?
Does crossing over
occur?
82)
1
2
2
4
46
23
identical
different
NO
YES
Define the following terms:
a. Phenotype: physical appearance
b. Genotype: alleles that are used: TT. Tt. tt
c. Homozygous: same alles: TT or tt
d. Heterozygous: different alles Tt
e. Dominant: Expressed with a capital letter. Always expressed/seen
f. Recessive: only expressed if 2 recessive allele are together tt
83)
Create a Punnett square for the following:
B = brown eyes
b = blue eyes
A heterozygous father has children with a homozygous recessive
mother.
Bb x bb
Genotypes:
2Bb and 2bb
Phenotypes:
2 blue eyes and 2 brown eyes
84)
Create a Punnett square for the following:
B = brown eyes
b = blue eyes
A heterozygous father has children with a heterozygous mother.
Bb x Bb
Genotypes:
1BB, 2Bb, 1bb
Phenotypes:
3 Brown Eyes, 1 Blue eye
85)
Incomplete Dominant Genes
RR = Red flower
WW = White Flower
RW = Pink
RR is crossed with WW
How many of the offspring will be RW (pink)?
100%
86)
Co-Dominant Genes
BB = Blue feather WW = White Feather
white tipped
BW = Blue with
feathers
BW x BW
How many have Blue feathers?25%
How many have White feathers? 25%
How many have Blue with white tipped feathers?
50%
87)
a.
b.
c.
d.
88)
Identify the multiple alleles for blood types:
A blood = AA, Ai
B blood = BB, Bi
AB blood = AB
O blood = oo or can be written as ii
If a mother is AB blood type and has children with a man who is
also AB blood type, is it possible for her to have a child who is o
blood type?
No, should come out to be 25% AA, 50% AB and 25% BB
89)
Describe why Charles Darwin is important to biology.
His studies of natural selection helped create the theory of
evolution
90)
Explain how homologous structures are evidence of evolution.
Homologous structures have the same basic structure (skeleton) but
have different functions. This shows that organisms may have
evolved from a common ancestor
91)
In evolution do individuals adapt or does the population adapt and
evolve?
The population will adapt.
92)
An adaptation that enables a species to blend in with the
environment is called:
Camouflage
93)
Explain why the Galapagos Islands were and important part of the
development of Natural Selection and Evolution.
The islands contained such diverse animals on each island.
94)
Structures that have the same function but no evolutionary
relationship such as butterfly wing and bird wing are called:
Analogous structures
95)
96)
How is embryology evidence of evolution?
All vertebrates start off very similar as an embryo
List in order the hierarchy of taxonomy from broadest to most
specific starting with kingdom.
Domain  Kingdom  Phylum  Class  Order  Family  Genus 
species
97)
Binomial nomenclature uses what to name species?
Uses Latin or Greek it is a 2 word naming system that uses the
Genus and species
98)
The arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their
similarities is known as:
classification
99)
Identify the 6 kingdoms:
Archaeabacteria, Eubacteria, Animalia, Plantea, Protista, Fungi
100)
Identify the kingdom that has organisms that have a cell wall made
up of chitin.
Fungus
101)
This kingdom that contains organisms that are thought to be the
first life forms on earth:
Archaea
102)
This kingdom contains organisms that can be either unicellular or
multicellular and they can either be autotrophic or heterotrophic.
Protista
103)
This kingdom is multicellular, heterotrophic organisms that feed
on plants and animals.
Animalia
104)
This kingdom contains organisms that are found almost every where
on earth and cause most human diseases.
Eubacteria
105)
Explain how you use a dichotomous key.
Always start with the first set of instructions and read both sets
of instructions and either name it or go to the next set of
instructions
106)
Explain why viruses are considered nonliving.
Viruses can not replicate on their own. They need a host cell.
107)
List the main parts of a virus.
Capsid and nucleic acid
108)
Why can you not use antibiotics on a viral infection?
Antibiotics will only work on bacterial infections. They inhibit
the cell wall from forming when the bacterial cell divides. A
virus does not replicate on its own and does not have a cell wall.
109)
Explain the lytic cycle.
1) Virus attaches to the cell wall 2) Virus injects its DNA into
the cell 3) Cell reads the DNA and assembles the viral parts 4)
Newly assembled viruses will burst out of the cell destroying the
cell
110)
How is the lysogenic cycle different then the lytic cycle?
In the lysogenic cycle the virus will inject its DNA into the
cell, the viral DNA will become a part of the cell’s DNA. The
viral DNA will get replicated as the cell go through DNA
Replication. Each time the cell divides the viral DNA goes with
it. It will lay dormant until the conditions are right and it will
then enter into the Lytic Cycle.
111)
Do viruses mutate?
Yes, this makes it harder to create vaccines
112)
Are viruses host cell specific?
Yes, will only infect certain cells
113)
Identify the shapes of bacteria.
Bacillius – rod
Coccus – sphere
114)
115)
Spirillium – spiral
Why are bacteria important to the ecosystem? (name 2)
- Break down dead organisms and recycle the nutrients back into
the ecosystem
- Nitrogen Fixation: turn nitrogen into a useable form
How do bacteria reproduce?
Binary fission, cells divide; asexual
Conjugation: exchange of genetic information; sexual
116)
Give examples of gymnosperms.
conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and Gnetales
Pine, cedar, redwood
117)
How do gymnosperms reproduce?
Produce naked seeds
118)
Give an example of angiosperms.
Any flowering plant, grass
119)
How do angiosperm plants reproduce?
Fertilization occurs inside the female carpel (pistol) Pollen
sticks to the stigma, then travels down the style to the ovary.
The pollen and ovule then produce a seed(s)
120)
Define the following:
a. Monocot: 1 cotyledon (seed leaf), parallel veins, fibrous root
system
b. Dicot: 2 cotyledons (seed leaves), network of veins, tap root
system
121)
What is the difference between xylem and phloem?
Xylem carries water and phloem carries nutrients
122)
Why do some plants have thorns or are poisonous?
Adaptation that allows the plant to survive
123)
How are seeds dispersed?
Wind, water, birds, bees, animals eat them then pass the seeds
out, animals bury them
124)
How is pollination different for gymnosperms and angiosperms?
Pollination of gymnosperms occurs on the surface of the
reproductive organs while it occurs inside of the ovary of the
angiosperm
125)
Draw and label the reproductive parts of a flower. (include both
male and female parts)