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Today I’m going to stick to basic anatomy of the resp system or else I could go on all day about the muscular, skeletal and circulatory system that are all involved in the chest So I’m hoping most of this is common sense for all of us by now but if not, lets take a trip down memory lane. 1 The thorax consists of The Superior Thoracic Aperture which is a small open aperture at the superior portion of the thorax and the Inferior Thoracic Aperture which is a large closed aperture at the inferior portion of the thorax that is sealed by the diaphragm It also contains The right and left pleural cavities that surround each lung. The pleural cavities are completely separated from each other by the mediastinum and the mediastinum that contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, major nerves and major systemic blood vessels 2 Thoracic wall consists of the skeletal elements and muscle that house the thorax Posteriorly - 12 thoracic vertebrae Anteriorly - the sternum Laterally – 12 ribs on each side and 3 layers of flat muscles Each lung has an Apex (that projects above rib 1 and into the root of the neck) and a base (that sits on the diaphragm) The Right lung consists of 3 lobes, inf lobe, middle lobe of the right lung and sup lobe these are separated by 2 fissures oblique fissure and horizontal fissure The left lung only has 2 lobes, the Sup and Inf lobes which are seperated by the obl fissure 4 Looking laterally we can see that most of the lower lobes of both lungs sit posteriorly The trachea extends from the larynx at the level of C6 to T4-T5 where it then divides from the carnia into the right and left primary bronchi. The right is known to wider and shorter than the left and therefore foregin objects are more likely to become stuck in the right bronchus. The right primary bonchus divides into 3 secondary bronchus and because of that it has 3 lobes The left is almost twice as long as the right but only divides into 2 secondary bonchrus and that is why the left lung only has 2 lobes. From there each secondary bronchi subdivide into small terminal bronchioles and then into small air sacs called alveoli. The right and left pulmonary arteries originate from the pulmonary trunk and they carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs from the right ventricle of the heart On each side there is a sup and inf pulmonary vein that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart 7 The resp system is made up of airways, lungs and respiratory muscles 8 Oxygen enters the respiratory system through the mouth and the nose. The oxygen then passes through the larynx and the trachea, on its way to the lungs for the exchange of gases 9 Most of the respiratory tract exists merely as a piping system for air to travel in the lungs, and alveoli are the only part of the lung that exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the blood. In the chest cavity, the trachea splits into two smaller tubes called the bronchi. Each bronchus then divides again forming the bronchial tubes. The bronchial tubes lead directly into the lungs where they divide into many smaller tubes which connect to tiny sacs called alveoli. The inhaled oxygen passes into the alveoli and then diffuses through the capillaries into the arterial blood. Meanwhile, the waste-rich blood from the veins releases its carbon dioxide into the alveoli. The carbon dioxide follows the same path out of the lungs when you exhale. 10 The diaphragm's job is to help pump the carbon dioxide out of the lungs and pull the oxygen into the lungs. When the diaphragm contracts, oxygen is pulled into the lungs. When the diaphragm relaxes, carbon dioxide is pumped out of the lungs. There are numerous muscle that help with breathing including the external intercostal which moves ribs superiorly and the internal intercostal which move the ribs inferiorly and the innermost intercostal that acts with the internal intercostal muscles 11 Everyone sit back, relax, close your eyes and take a breath in… and out. You have now just contracted your diaphragm to inhaled oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide On average you will subconsciously do this 20 000 times a day! So lets so the average age in here is 35 you will have breathed over 2 thousand 5 hundred million times in your life, don’t take it for granted 12