Download GuidePractice_Final_mmxv

Summary Outline of Topics
1) Chemistry
a) Basic Chemistry
i) Bonds (covalent, ionic, hydrogen)
ii) Salts dissociate into ions
iii) Hydrophilic (polar) molecules are attracted to water
iv) Hydrophobic (non-polar) molecules are repelled by water
v) Organic compounds have C and H ( aka hydrocarbons)
vi) Macromolecules ( sugars, lipids, etc)
vii) Monomers and polymers
(1) Amino Acids (peptide bonds make proteins)
(a) Protein structural levels
(i) primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
2) Cells
a) As volume increases (X3), surface area will increase to lesser degree (X2)
b) Cell theory- all life is made of them, and cells come from cells
c) Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic cells
i) Prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea); lack a nucleus, organelles
ii) All cells have: Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, DNA/RNA
iii) Eukaryotes have organelles;
(1) Mitochondria- sites of ATP production
(2) Endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough)
(3) Cytoskeletal components- microtubules etc.
d) Plants-photosynthesis and respiration
i) Need CO2 and water to make sugar (glucose), chemical bonds store sun’s energy
ii) Glucose is used during respiration, excess is stored as starch
iii) Light-dependent reactions – sunlight splits water into O2 and H+, produces ATP
iv) Light-independent reactions- use products of light-dependent reactions along with CO2 to
assemble glucose.
e) Non-photosynthetic organisms respiration only
i) Harvest energy stored in chemical bonds (glucose) to produce ATP
ii) Most need oxygen as electron acceptor (aerobic)
f) Ribosomes are sites of polypeptide (protein) assemblage.
3) Genetics and Protein Synthesis
a) Genetics
i) Nucleic acid (polymer) composed of nucleotides (monomers)
(1) DNA (deoxyribose, phosphate, base)
(a) Occurs as double strand A binds T, C binds G
(b) codes for amino acid sequence in proteins
(2) RNA ( ribose, phosphate, base)
(a) Occurs as single strand A binds U, C binds G
(b) functions in protein synthesis, mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes
(3) Chromosomes are condensed DNA
(a) Sister chromatids- duplicated chromosomes, attached at centromere
ii) Genes are sections of DNA that code for specific traits
(1) Different versions of genes (alleles) occur on homologous chromosomes
(2) Alleles are designated with capital letters when dominant
(3) Homozygous cells have two copies of same allele (RR)
(4) Heterozygous have two alleles ( Rr)
b) Mitosis and Meiosis
i) Mitosis- division of somatic cells
(1) Produces identical copies of original cell with both sets of homologous chromosomes
(diploid)
ii) Meiosis- division of germ cells into gametes
(1) Produces cells (gametes) with half the chromosomes (haploid)
c) Protein Synthesis
i) DNA codes for amino acid sequence in proteins
ii) Transcription- mRNA creates a copy if information
(1) Delivers from nucleus to cytoplasm
iii) Codons are groups of three bases that code for specific amino acid
iv) Translation- tRNA and ribosomes form a complex on which peptide chain is assembled
in three stages:
(1) Initiation- “start” tRNA binds to ribosomal unit
(2) Elongation-tRNA have anticodon complimentary to codon and corresponding amino
acid on other end. These deliver amino acids in specified sequence
(3) Termination- process continues until “end” codon is reached
4) Evolution
a) Evidence against concept of immutable (unchanging) species:
i) Biogeography - Study of patterns in geographic distribution of species and communities
ii) Comparative morphology- Study of similarities and differences in body plans of major
groups
iii) Geologic discoveries- Deeper layers contain simpler fossils than shallow layers
b) Darwin
i) Collected and studied finches from Galapagos Islands
ii) Read essay by Thomas Malthus on population and resource limitation
(1) This essay and his experience with breeding domestic animals and plants helped him
develop his idea of Natural Selection
iii) Published his essay because Alfred Wallace independently arrived at same conclusion
c) Natural Selection
i) Traits within a population affect which individuals survive and reproduce in each generation. Various factors influence selection for specific traits.
ii) Process results in adaptation to the environment (increases fitness)
d) Adaptation
i) Some heritable aspect of form, function, or behavior that improves the odds for surviving
and reproducing
e) Populations Evolve
i) Biological evolution changes populations, not individuals
f) Traits in a population vary among individuals
i) Evolution: change in the frequency of traits
g) Gene pool- all genes within a population
h) Genetic equilibrium
i) Allele frequencies at a locus are not changing
ii) Population is not evolving
i) Micro-evolutionary Processes
i) Drive a population away from genetic equilibrium
ii) Small-scale changes in allele frequencies brought about by natural selection
j) Gene flow- exchange of genes among populations (e.g. birds carry seeds)
k) Genetic drift- random shift in frequency of traits, not caused by natural selection
l) Genetic Mutations
i) Infrequent but inevitable
ii) Each gene has own mutation rate
iii) Lethal mutations
iv) Neutral mutations
v) Advantageous mutations
m) Outcomes of Natural Selection:
i) Directional Selection
(1) Allele frequencies shift in consistent direction over time
ii) Stabilizing Selection
(1) Intermediate forms are favored and extremes are eliminated
iii) Disruptive Selection
(1) Happens when forms at both ends of the range of variation are favored
(2) Intermediate forms are selected against
n) Sexual Selection leads to sexual dimorphism
o) Polymorphism leads to more than two forms
p) Bottleneck – reduction in genetic variation in a population due to disease, or cataclysmic
event
q) Founder effect- limited genetic variability due to foundation of a population by few individuals
r) Macroevolution
i) Major patterns and trends among lineages
ii) Rates of change in geologic time
s) Divergent Morphology
i) Homologous structures- same tissues different function
t) Convergent Morphology
i) Analogous structures- different tissues same function
u) Molecular comparisons
i) DNA, RNA, proteins
(1) Molecular clocks – based on estimates of mutation interval among living species and
fossil record
v) Reproductive isolation
i) Prezygotic mechanisms- inhibit zygote formation
ii) Postzygotic mechanisms- zygote is sterile, or doesn’t live long
w) Speciation Models
i) Allopatric- populations are isolated by a physical barrier
ii) Sympatric- populations acquire specialized niches
iii) Parapatric- neighboring populations drift genetically to become distinct species
5) Structure and Physiology
a) Plants
i) Roots- anchor, store food, absorb nutrients and water
ii) Shoots – provide support and transport
iii) Meristems are sites of growth
(1) Apical meristem- height
(2) Lateral meristem – girth (width)
(3) Roots also have meristems!
iv) Leaves – house “solar panels” more properly known as photosystems
(1) Shape of leaves can increase surface area
(2) Leaves have stomata for gas exchange
v) Vascular system
(1) Xylem-transports water and minerals throughout plant
(2) Phloem- transports sugars (product of photosynthesis) throughout plant
vi) Transpiration- mechanism by which water travels through plants
(1) Water evaporates through stomata in leaves and is drawn up through roots
(2) Process is driven by cohesion of water molecules
b) Animals
i) Digestive Systems
(1) Incomplete: no anus, found in flatworms and cnidarians (anemones, jellyfish, coral)
(2) COMPLETE IN EVERYTHING ELSE
ii) Know organs in Humans and what they do
(1) Mouth starts carbohydrate digestion
(2) Esophagus transports food to stomach
(3) Stomach – protein digestion HCL secretion
(4) Small intestine- final digestion with Bile and Pancreas secretions, nutrient absorption
(5) Large intestine Final absorption
iii) Circulatory Systems
(1) Open-no capillaries, blood flows into interstitial fluid
(2) Closed – very tiny capillaries provide exchange with interstitial fluid
iv) Organs and blood
(1) Four chambered heart in birds and mammals
(2) Red blood cells – carry oxygen, no nucleus
(3) White blood cells – immunity, many different types
(4) Platelets – responsible for blood clotting
(5) All are formed by stem cells in “red” bone marrow
6) Ecology
a) Biomes, ecosystems, communities and populations
i) Biomes: know the major ones and where they occur
ii) Ecosystem: communities and habitat
iii) Population interactions
b) Trophic levels
i) primary producers,
ii) primary consumer,
iii) secondary consumer etc.
c) Energy flow
i) One way flow of energy from the sun through trophic levels
d) Material cycles
i) Carbon, nitrogen and water cycles
e) Communities- interacting populations:
i) Predation-consumption of entire prey item
ii) Competition – occurs within and among species
iii) Symbiotic
(1) Mutualism- both organisms benefit
(2) Commensalism- symbiont benefits, no harm to host
(3) Parasitism- symbiont benefits, harms host
iv) Niche- specific task in community or ecosystem
f) Community Dynamics
i) Keystone species- exert a strong influence on community structure
ii) Ecological Succession
(1) Primary - “clean slate” occurs in new environments and involves foundation species
(2) Secondary- recovery of disturbed habitat; soil intact, no foundation species
g) Populations
i) Size, Density, carrying capacity, biotic potential
ii) J- shaped and S- shaped curves
iii) Density-dependent and density-independent factors
Practice Final Exam
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____
1. The total number of individuals that make up a population is the
a. population distribution.
b. population growth.
c. population birth rate.
d. population size.
e. carrying capacity.
____
2. What distribution pattern is the most common in the natural world?
a. random
b. uniform
c. clumped
d. stratified or layered
e. bimodal
____
3. The size of a population is controlled by all EXCEPT which of the following?
a. biotic potential
b. feeding level
c. carrying capacity of the environment
d. death rate
e. birth rate
____
4. A situation in which the birth rate plus immigration equals the death rate plus emigration is called
a. an intrinsic limiting factor.
b. exponential growth.
c. saturation.
d. zero population growth.
e. geometric growth.
____
5. The rate of increase for a population (r) refers to what kind of relationship between birth rate and death rate?
a. their sum
b. their product
c. the doubling time between them
d. the difference between them
e. reduction in each of them
____
6. A population that is growing exponentially in the absence of limiting factors can be illustrated by which curve?
a. S-shaped
b. J-shaped
c. one that terminates in a plateau phase
d. bimodal
e. binomial
____
7. In itself, a flood that washes away an entire population of rabbits is
a. a density-dependent factor.
b. an intrinsic limiting factor.
c. a consequence of exponential growth.
d. density-independent.
e. all of these
____
8. Which density-dependent factor controls the size of a population?
a. wind velocity
b. light intensity
c. nutrient supply
d. rainfall
e. wave action in an intertidal zone
____
9. Which is NOT a density-dependent, growth-limiting factor?
a. predation
b. drought
c. parasitism
d. competition
e. species interaction
____
10. Niche refers to the
a. home range of an animal.
b. preferred habitat for an organism.
c. functional role of a species in a community.
d. territory occupied by a species.
e. locale in which a species lives.
____
11. A one-way relationship in which one species benefits and directly hurts the other is called
a. commensalism.
b. competitive exclusion.
c. parasitism.
d. obligate mutualism.
e. neutral relationship.
____
12. The interaction in which one species benefits and the second species is neither harmed nor benefited is
a. mutualism.
b. parasitism.
c. commensalism.
d. competition.
e. predation.
____
13. The subdividing of some category of similar resources in a way that allows competing species to exist is
a. competition.
b. social parasitism.
c. predation.
d. mimicry.
e. resource partitioning.
____
14. Which of the following represent an early stage in primary succession?
a. pine trees
b. moss and lichens on bare rock
c. weedy annual plants in an open field
d. climax species in succession
e. fields of food crops
____
15. The climax community
a. is formed by species with the least range of environmental tolerance.
b. is the final community in ecological succession.
c. always changes once it is established.
d. is well adapted to the present climate conditions and can restore itself if something destroys it.
e. is the initial collection of species in an area.
__
16. A keystone species is
a. a single dominant species.
b. in control of the prey species.
c. exemplified by the sea star.
d. a single dominant species and is exemplified by the sea star.
e. a single dominant species, exemplified by the sea star, and in control of the prey species.
____
17. In a natural community, the primary consumers are
a. herbivores.
b. carnivores.
c. scavengers.
d. decomposers.
e. all of these
____
18. Which of the following is a primary consumer?
a. cow
b. dog
c. hawk
d. fox
e. snake
____
19. Most living organisms are dependent upon plants because
a. plants produce oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis.
b. as producers, they form the base of food chains.
c. they function to prevent erosion and reduce desertification.
d. as they remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, they reduce the problems generated by the
greenhouse effect.
e. all of these
____
20. Wastes would accumulate and the recycling of most nutrients would stop if the _?_ in the ecosystem died.
a. protozoans and protistans
b. bacteria and fungi
c. flatworms, roundworms, and earthworms
d. insects
e. plants
____
21. Herbivores represent the
a. primary consumers.
b. secondary consumers.
c. tertiary consumers.
d. primary producers.
e. secondary producers.
____
22. Photoautotrophs are
a. primary consumers.
b. secondary consumers.
c. tertiary consumers.
d. primary producers.
e. secondary producers.
____
23. An array of organisms together with their physical environment is which of the following?
a. population
b. community
c. ecosystem
d. biosphere
e. species
____
24. Which of the following is NOT dependent on the others as a food supply?
a. carnivores
b. herbivores
c. producers
d. detritivores
e. decomposers
____
25. A secondary consumer usually eats
a. only herbivores.
b. only primary producers.
c. primary carnivores.
d. anything "below" it in the food web.
e. decomposers.
____
26. Decomposers
a. are able to enter a food chain at any trophic level.
b. are the most numerous organisms in an ecosystem.
c. include bacteria and fungi.
d. all of these
e. none of these
____
27. In biological magnification,
a. poisons build up in food webs so that there’s high concentrations in tissues of animals at upper
trophic levels.
b. there is a tendency for an environment to change when organisms first invade.
c. more highly evolved forms are able to build large populations under favorable conditions.
d. parasites spread rapidly through congested populations.
e. sediments fill in aquatic environments so that succession will occur if organisms disturb the aquatic
habitat.
____
28. The ultimate source of all energy in most ecosystems is
a. the organic matter in all the organisms of the ecosystem.
b. water.
c. sunlight.
d. carbon dioxide.
e. carbon.
____
29. At the top of a pyramid of biomass are the
a. primary producers.
b. secondary producers.
c. primary consumers.
d. secondary consumers.
e. tertiary consumers (third level).
____
30. Carbon is introduced into the atmosphere by all EXCEPT which of the following means?
a. respiration
b. volcanic eruptions
c. burning of fossil fuels
d. wind erosion
e. combustion
____
31. In which of the following locations does carbon remain for the shortest time?
a. peat bogs
b. tropical forests
c. marshes
d. sea shells
e. fossil fuels
____
32. The greatest concentration of nitrogen on Earth is found in
a. living organisms, including bacteria.
b. the atmosphere.
c. soil minerals.
d. fossil fuels.
e. oceans.
____
33. The process by which some bacteria turn atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form is called...
a. nitrogen fixation.
b. denitrification.
c. nitrification.
d. ammonification.
e. decomposition.
____
34. In general, which of the following places the terms in order of increasing size?
a. ecosystem, community, biosphere, biome
b. community, biome, biosphere, biogeographical realm
c. biome, community, ecosystem, biosphere
d. community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere
e. biome, biosphere, ecosystem, community
____
35. The biome most in danger of desertification is
a. desert.
b. grassland.
c. deciduous forest.
d. tropical rain forest.
e. taiga.
____
36. The biome with the greatest diversity of life is
a. tundra.
b. taiga.
c. tropical rain forest.
d. desert.
e. grassland.
____
37. If you were to travel to the equator and then to the top of Mount Kilimanjaro, the changes in vegetation you would
observe would mimic the changes you would experience if you traveled
a. from the equator toward the poles.
b. from the poles toward the equator.
c. from wet to dry areas.
d. from east to west.
e. from continent to continent.
____
38. Nutrient-poor lakes are
a. profundal.
b. oligotrophic.
c. eutrophic.
d. benthic.
e. pelagic.
____
39. The organisms that occupy the first trophic level near hydrothermal vents are
a. detritivores.
b. chemoautotrophic bacteria.
c. decomposers.
d. photosynthetic bacteria.
e. fungi.
____
40. Members of two different bird species mate and produce viable fertile offspring. The courtship song of the hybrid is not
recognized by members of either parent species. This is an example of
a. speciation.
b. balanced polymorphism.
c. behavioral isolation.
d. sexual selection.
e. ecological isolation.
____
41. A molecule is
a. a combination of two or more atoms.
b. less stable than its constituent atoms separated.
c. electrically charged.
d. a carrier of one or more extra neutrons.
e. none of these
____
42. What is formed when an atom loses or gains an electron?
a. mole
b. ion
c. molecule
d. bond
e. reaction
____
43. The bond in table salt (NaCl) is
a. polar.
b. ionic.
c. covalent.
d. double.
e. nonpolar.
____
44. In _?_ bonds, atoms share electrons equally.
a. nonpolar covalent
b. polar covalent
c. double covalent
d. triple covalent
e. unstable covalent
____
45. A hydrogen bond is
a. a sharing of a pair of electrons between a hydrogen and an oxygen nucleus.
b. a sharing of a pair of electrons between a hydrogen nucleus and either an oxygen or a nitrogen
nucleus.
c. an attractive force that involves a hydrogen atom and an adjacent negatively charged atom.
d. none of these
e. all of these
____
____
46. Hydrophobic molecules are _?_ water.
a. attracted to
b. absorbed by
c. repelled by
d. mixed with
e. polarized by
47. Which of the following would NOT be used in connection with the word "acid"?
a. excess hydrogen ions
b. contents of the stomach
c. magnesium hydroxide
d. HCl
e. pH less than 7
____
48. The word "organic" signals the presence of
a. carbon.
b. oxygen.
c. nitrogen.
d. sulfur.
e. hydrogen.
____
49. A large biological molecule is composed of smaller units called
a. polymers.
b. isomers.
c. monomers.
d. isotopes.
e. dimers.
____
50. Plants store their excess carbohydrates in the form of
a. starch.
b. glycogen.
c. glucose.
d. cellulose.
e. fats.
____
51. Which of the following are lipids?
a. sterols
b. triglycerides
c. oils
d. waxes
e. all of these
____
52. Amino acids are the building blocks for
a. proteins.
b. steroids.
c. lipids.
d. nucleic acids.
e. carbohydrates.
____
53. What kind of bond exists between two amino acids in a protein?
a. peptide
b. ionic
c. hydrogen
d. amino
e. sulfhydroxyl
____
54. The sequence of amino acids is the _?_ structure of proteins.
a. primary
b. secondary
c. tertiary
d. quaternary
e. stereo
55. The secondary structure of proteins can be
a. helical.
b. sheetlike.
c. globular.
d. the sequence of amino acids.
e. both helical and sheetlike.
____
____
56. The interaction of four polypeptide chains in a hemoglobin molecule is _?_ structure.
a. quaternary (fourth level)
b. secondary (second level)
c. primary (first level)
d. tertiary (third level)
e. quintinery (fifth level)
____
57. Denaturation of proteins may result in all EXCEPT one of the following. Which one is it?
a. breakage of hydrogen bonds
b. loss of three-dimensional structure
c. removal of R groups from amino acids
d. alteration of enzyme activity
e. endangerment of cell's life
____
58. Which of the following is NOT found in every nucleic acid?
a. ribose
b. phosphate group
c. single-ring base
d. double-ring base
e. All of these are characteristic of every nucleotide.
____
59. One of the generalizations of the cell theory is that
a. all cells have a nucleus.
b. all cells divide by meiosis.
c. all living organisms are made up of cells.
d. cells arise through spontaneous generation.
e. growth is not the result of cell division.
____
60. Which of these cell features is absent in a bacterial cell?
a. plasma membrane
b. nucleoid
c. cytoplasm
d. nucleus
e. DNA
____
61. All cells except bacteria and archaea
a. are eukaryotes.
b. possess a nucleus.
c. use organelles for compartmentalization.
d. possess a nucleus and use organelles for compartmentalization.
e. are eukaryotes, possess a nucleus, and use organelles for compartmentalization.
____
62. One of the primary roles of ribosomes in cells is to
a. extract energy from glucose.
b. synthesize glucose.
c. store food in the form of fat.
d. form proteins.
e. utilize oxygen.
__
63. Plants need which of the following to carry on photosynthesis?
a. H2O
b. CO2
c. O2
d. CO
e. H2O and CO2.
____
64. The ultimate energy source for food production is
a. the grocery store.
b. the soil.
c. certain green plants.
d. the sun.
e. various metabolic pathways found in all living organisms.
____
65. The products of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis
a. are used in the light-independent reactions.
b. are complex carbohydrates and proteins.
c. are stored in the vacuoles of the cell.
d. are oxygen and glucose.
e. are used in the light-independent reactions and are stored in the vacuoles of the cell.
____
66. Actual assembly of sugars during photosynthesis
a. occurs during light-independent reactions.
b. takes place in the stroma.
c. requires chlorophyll.
d. occurs during light-independent reactions and takes place in the stroma.
e. occurs during light-independent reactions, takes place in the stroma, and requires chlorophyll.
____
67. All living organisms
a. generate ATP.
b. utilize oxygen.
c. have a well-defined nucleus.
d. produce carbon dioxide.
e. generate ATP and produce carbon dioxide.
____
68. Cellular respiration
a. is the exact reverse of photosynthesis.
b. involves the act of drawing-in and exchanging gases.
c. is a mechanism for tapping the energy found in the bonds between atoms forming inorganic
compounds.
d. can occur only if there is a supply of glucose available because no other compound is involved in
cellular respiration.
e. occurs only in animal cells.
____
69. Most plants and animals use _?_ as their final hydrogen acceptor in cellular respiration.
a. oxygen
b. sulfur
c. nitrogen
d. magnesium
e. phosphorus
____
70. Which of the following liberates the most energy in the form of ATP?
a. aerobic respiration
b. anaerobic respiration
c. alcoholic fermentation
d. lactate fermentation
e. All liberate the same amount, but through different means.
____
71. Various forms of a gene at a given locus are called
a. chiasmata.
b. alleles.
c. autosomes.
d. loci.
e. chromatids.
____
72. Diploid organisms
a. have corresponding alleles on homologous chromosomes.
b. are usually the result of the fusion of two haploid gametes.
c. have two sets of chromosomes.
d. have pairs of homologous chromosomes.
e. all of these
____
73. The theory of segregation applies most specifically to events occurring in preparation of
a. offspring.
b. zygotes.
c. homologous chromosomes.
d. gametes.
e. loci.
____
74. Mendel's theory of independent assortment states that
a. one allele is always dominant to another.
b. hereditary units from the male and female parents are blended in the offspring.
c. the two hereditary units that influence a certain trait segregate during gamete formation.
d. each hereditary unit is inherited separately from other hereditary units.
e. all of these
____
75. A nucleotide sequence that a cell can convert to an RNA or protein product is called a(n)
a. codon.
b. intron.
c. messenger.
d. gene.
e. enzyme.
____
76. _?_ molecules carry protein-assembly instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
a. Template DNA
b. Messenger RNA
c. Transfer RNA
d. Ribosomal RNA
e. all of these
____
77. Which of the following carries amino acids to ribosomes, where amino acids are linked into the primary structure of a
polypeptide?
a. mRNA
b. tRNA
c. hnRNA
d. rRNA
e. all of these
____
78. Which of the following is NOT part of the plant shoot system?
a. stems
b. roots
c. flowers
d. leaves
e. all of these are parts of the shoot system
____
79. The division of the lateral meristem
a. results in the production of primary tissue.
b. causes an increase in the length of roots.
c. produces floral tissue.
d. gives rise to the epidermis.
e. increases the diameter of roots and stems.
____
80. Stomata
a. are found in the root cells.
b. may be found scattered anywhere throughout the plant.
c. allow the movement of gases into and out of plants.
d. prevent the loss of water from plants.
e. remain open at all times.
____
81. Roots are involved in all EXCEPT which of the following activities?
a. support
b. food storage
c. food production
d. anchorage
e. absorption and conduction
____
82. In humans, which cell does NOT have a nucleus?
a. erythrocytes
b. lymphocytes
c. neutrophils
d. basophils
e. macrophages
____
83. Stem cells
a. retain the ability to divide and give rise to groups of cells.
b. are phagocytic.
c. are the most common type of blood cells.
d. transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.
e. are more numerous in women than in men.
____
84. Which of the following possess an incomplete digestive system?
a. annelids
b. flatworms
c. mollusks
d. arthropods
e. echinoderms
____
85. Which of the following organs of the digestive system is different from the other four because it does NOT produce any
secretions that aid in the digestive process?
a. stomach
b. liver
c. esophagus
d. pancreas
e. salivary gland
____
86. The digestion of which class of foods begins in the mouth?
a. carbohydrates
b. proteins
c. lipids
d. amino acids
e. nucleic acids
____
87. The acid released in the stomach is
a. carbonic acid.
b. hydrochloric acid.
c. nitric acid.
d. sulfuric acid.
e. phosphoric acid.
____
88. Bile
a. has no effect on digestion.
b. helps in the digestion of fats.
c. helps in the digestion of carbohydrates.
d. helps in the digestion of proteins.
e. helps in the digestion of both carbohydrates and proteins.
Practice Final Exam
Answer Section
1.
D
27.
2.
C
3.
B
4.
D
5.
D
6.
B
7.
D
8.
C
9.
B
10.
C
11.
C
12.
C
13.
E
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
A
53.
A
54.
A
55.
E
56.
A
57.
C
58.
A
59.
C
60.
D
61.
E
62.
D
63.
E
64.
D
65.
A
66.
D
67.
E
68.
A
69.
A
70.
A
71.
B
72.
E
73.
D
74.
D
75.
D
76.
B
77.
B
C
E
D
B
B
A
D
B
C
A
38.
B
39.
B
40.
C
41.
A
42.
B
43.
B
44.
A
45.
C
46.
C
47.
C
48.
A
49.
C
50.
A
51.
E
B
B
E
A
A
E
B
A
D
C
C
D
D
52.
A
78.
B
79.
E
80.
C
81.
C
82.
A
83.
A
84.
B
85.
C
86.
A
87.
B
88.
B