Download Quarter 1 exam study guide

Chapter 4 Energy in the cell!
ATP
~ATP carries energy in and out of the cell
~ATP comes from carbon-based molecules
~Carbohydrates-most commonly
broken down
~Lipids-release the most ATP
~Proteins-least likely broken down
~Energy is release from ATP when one
phosphate is removed
~Chemosynthesis is done when light is
not available and uses chemicals instead
of light
Photosynthesis
~6H2O + 6CO2 -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
~water + carbon dioxide -> glucose +
oxygen
~Takes place in the chloroplast, where
chlorophyll absorbs the light
~Light dependent reaction
~changes water to oxygen
~takes place in the thylakoid
(grana)
~Light independent reaction
~changes carbon dioxide to glucose
~takes place in the stroma
Cellular Respiration
~ C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6H2O + 6CO2
~glucose + oxygen -> water + carbon
dioxide
~occurs in cytoplasm, aerobic
~glycolysis
~changes glucose into 3 carbon
molecule (pyruvate)
~produces 2 ATP
~anaerobic process before cellular
respiration begins
~Kreb’s cycle
~changes glucose (3 carbon
molecule) into carbon dioxide
~2 ATP
~electron transport chain
~changes oxygen into water
~34 ATP
Fermentation
~anaerobic
~allows glycolysis to continue so that
ATP can still be produced
~lactic acid fermentation occurs in
muscles
~alcoholic fermentation occurs in yeast
and plants
~produces alcohol and carbon
dioxide
Chapter 1: Scientific Method and
Microscopes
~Independent variable- something that is
changed in an experiment
~dependent variable- variable that is
affected by the independent variable
~control- variable that is not changed in
an experiment
~experimental group- variable that is
being tested is changed
~control group- variable being tested is
not changed from the natural
environment
~dissecting microscopes see dead and
living organisms with low magnification
~compound microscopes use multiple
lenses to see living or dead organisms at
magnification around 1500X
~electron microscopes do not use light
and only see dead things at extremely
high magnification
Chapter 2: Water,
Macromolecules, Chemical
Reactions, Enzymes
~monomer= 1 subunit
~polymer= multiple subunits
~carbohydrates- energy storage in
plants, build structures and strengthens
organisms
~lipids- fats and oils, storage of energy
in animal, make up cell membrane
~proteins- make up enzymes, perform
functions in the cell
~nucleic acids- DNA and RNA, genetic
material storage
~enzymes can only work at certain pH
and temperature
~speed up reactions by lowering
activation energy
Chapter 3: Cells, Organelles,
Passive and Active Transport
~Cell theory
~all cells come from preexisting
cells
~cells are the basic unit of life
~all organisms are made up of cells
~cells have different structures and
functions
~look at the organelles from chapter 3
study guide
~Passive Transport
~diffusion
~facilitated diffusion
~osmosis
~Active Transport
~endocytosis- enter cell
~phagocytosis-cell eat
~exocytosis- exit cell
Plants: Anatomy, Life Cycle,
and Flowers
~dermal tissue- outside the plant
~ground tissue- inside the plant
~vascular tissue- xylem and phloem,
transport materials through plant
~Guard cells open and close stoma for
gas exchange, for photosynthesis
~mesophyll- absorbs light for
photosynthesis
~roots- absorb and store nutrients, and
anchor plants in the ground
~sporophyte-> spores-> gametophytes->
gametes -> zygote-> sporophyte