Download Junior High History Chapter 16 1. Seven southern states seceded as

Junior High History Chapter 16
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Seven southern states seceded as Lincoln took office.
Fort Sumter was a Federal outpost in Charleston, South Carolina.
Lincoln sent ships with supplies.
Confederate cannons began firing on April 12, 1861.
The Civil War began.
Reaction to the Battle of Fort Sumter.
Lincoln declared the South was in rebellion and asked state
governors for 75,000 militiamen.
Slave states of the Upper South—North Carolina, Tennessee,
Virginia, and Arkansas—seceded.
Border states—Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri—
were slave states that did not join the Confederacy.
Western Virginia supported the Union and set up its own state
government as West Virginia in 1863.
The North:
Population of 22 million.
Some 22,000 miles of railroad track.
More developed economy, banking system, and currency.
Strategy—General Winfield Scott planned to blockade southern
ports, capture the Mississippi River, and to divide the South.
The South:
Advantages of fighting on home soil – only had to defend itself
until the North grew tired of fighting.
Strategy—tried to win European allies through cotton diplomacy.
Volunteer armies would fight the battles. Thousands of men
joined the armies.
Both armies faced shortages of clothing, food, and weapons.
Bull Run was the first major battle of the Civil War, in Virginia,
July 1861.
Union army of 35,000 under General McDowell.
Confederate army of 22,000 under General Beauregard.
Additional 10,000 Confederates arrived under General Johnston.
Confederate troops under General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson
held against Union advance.
Confederates counterattacked.
Union troops retreated.
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Confederates won First Battle of Bull Run, also known as the first
Battle of Manassas
General George B. McClellan was placed in charge of 100,000
soldiers, called the Army of the Potomac.
Confederate army in Virginia was under the command of General
Robert E. Lee. Lee forced Union army to retreat in June 1862.
Lincoln ordered General John Pope to march to Richmond.
Jackson’s troops stopped Pope’s army before it met up with the
other Union army. The Second Battle of Bull Run was fought in
August 1862; Confederates again forced a Union retreat.
Graduate of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point.
Lincoln asked Lee to lead Union army at start of Civil War.
Lee declined and resigned from the Union Army to become a
Confederate general.
Confederate leaders wanted to follow Lee’s victories in Virginia
with victory on northern soil.
Lee’s Confederate troops and McClellan’s Union army met along
Antietam Creek in Maryland on September 17, 1862.
The Battle of Antietam was the bloodiest single-day battle in
U.S. history, with more than 12,000 Union and 13,000
Confederate casualties.
It was an important victory for the Union, stopping Lee’s
northward advance.
Union navy controlled the sea and blockaded southern ports.
The southern economy was hurt because the South was
prevented from selling and receiving goods.
Only a few small, fast ships got through blockade.
The Confederacy turned to a new type of warship—ironclads, or
ships heavily armored with iron.
The Confederacy Captured Union ship Merrimack, turned it into
ironclad, and renamed it the Virginia.
Ironclads successfully attacked the wooden ships of the Union.
Met by a Union ironclad, the Monitor, in battle near Hampton
Roads, Virginia, in March 1862 and it forced the Confederates to
withdraw.
The Monitor’s success saved the Union fleet and continued the
blockade.
Ulysses S. Grant was commander of Union forces in the West.
Bold and restless, he wanted to attack.
Western campaign focused on taking control of Mississippi River.
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Both sides claimed victory in bloody two-day Battle of Shiloh in
April 1862, but Grant’s forces had driven Confederates back into
Mississippi.
The bloodiest battle of the War.
Fleet under Admiral David Farragut captured New Orleans in April
1862.
Farragut ordered surrender of strategic Vicksburg, Mississippi, in
May 1863.
Location on 200-foot-high cliffs above the Mississippi made
invasion nearly impossible.
Grant decided to starve the city into surrender; began Siege of
Vicksburg in mid-May.
Facing starvation, city surrendered on July 4, 1863.
Confederates failed to take border state of Missouri, losing
Battle of Pea Ridge in 1862.
On September 22, 1862, Lincoln issued the Emancipation
Proclamation, freeing slaves in areas controlled by Confederacy,
effective January 1, 1863.
African Americans gave thanks.
Abolitionists rejoiced.
Some noted that system of slavery still existed.
Copperheads were northern Democrats who began speaking
against the war.
Lincoln suspended habeas corpus, or protection against unlawful
imprisonment, to jail the enemies of the Union.
Critics erupted when Congress approved the draft, or
conscription.
For $300, men could buy their way out of service.
Bloody rioting broke out in New York, killing 100 people.
Civil War armies fought in ancient battlefield formations that
produced massive casualties.
Endless rows of troops fired directly at one another.
Many men died to gain every inch of ground.
Union volunteer Clara Barton organized the collection of
medicine and supplies for delivery to the battlefield.
This later became the Red Cross.
In 1863, the Battle of Gettysburg took place in Pennsylvania.
More than 51,000 soldiers were killed, wounded, captured, or
were missing in three days.
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It was a turning point victory for the Union because it stopped
Lee’s plan of invading the North.
77. Gettysburg was turning point of war—Lee would never again
attack in the North.
78. Victory came the same day as the Union capture of Vicksburg.
79. Lincoln gave speech called Gettysburg Address at dedication of
battlefield cemetery.
80. He praised bravery of Union soldiers and renewed commitment
to winning the war.
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Civil War Labels
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•North: Union, Blue, Federals, and Army of the Potomac.
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•South: Confederates, Grey, Rebels, and Army of Northern
Virginia.
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Civil War Battles
•First Shots: Fort Sumter.
•First Battle: Manassas or Bull Run.
•First Bloody Battle: Shiloh.
•Bloodiest Day: Antietam or Sharpsburg.
Turning Points: Vicksburg and Gettysburg
Lincoln was impressed with Grant’s victories; gave him command
of Union army.
Wilderness Campaign: series of battles designed to capture
Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia, in 1864.
Grant kept moving toward Richmond but suffered huge
casualties and did not capture Richmond.
General William Tecumseh Sherman’s campaign to destroy
South’s railroads and industries provided Lincoln his re-election
victory.
Sherman’s 100,000 troops marched south from Tennessee in
spring of 1864 to capture Atlanta, Georgia, in September, and
Savannah in December.
Sherman practiced total war, destroying civilian and economic
resources, in the hope of ruining the South’s economy and
ending its ability to fight.
Grant broke through Confederate defenses at Petersburg,
Virginia, and Lee retreated to Richmond on April 2, 1865.
Grant surrounded Lee’s army.
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Lee surrendered to Grant at the small town of Appomattox
Courthouse, Virginia, on April 9, 1865.
99. Civil War had deep and long lasting effects.
100. Almost 620,000 Americans killed
101. The South’s defeat ended slavery.
102. Southern economy was in ruins.
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