Download paradigm shifts in psychology and their resulting epistemologies

PARADIGM SHIFTS IN
PSYCHOLOGY AND THEIR
RESULTING EPISTEMOLOGIES
Why the shift?
- Sought to incorporate
the scientific method to
the study of behavior.
Psychoanalytic
1912: Jung:
“Psychology and
the Unconscious”
Marks split from
Freud and beginning
of Analytical Psychology
1910: Formed:
International Psychoanalytic Association
1926: Rank:
“The Genisis of the
Object Relation”
1923: Freud:
“The Ego and the Id”
Introduced ego, id,
& superego
- Sought to reintegrate
emotions into the field
through the scientific
study of cognition.
Cognitive
1938: B.F. Skinner “The Behavior of Organisms:
An Experimental Analysis”
Introduces operant conditioning
1964: Divison 25
of APA established
as Experimental
Analysis of Behavior
1927: Pavlov “Conditioned Reflexes”
Introduces theory of
classical conditioning
1977: Meichenbaum’s Cognitive Behavior
Modification: An
integrative approach
Synthesis of behavioral and
cognitive research to for CBT
1968: Founded:
Journal of Applied
Behavior Analysis
Research Publication
- Seeks to provide an
eclectic understanding
of behavior by adopting
a multidisciplinary view.
1967: Beck “Depression: Clinical,
experimental, and
theoretical aspects
1950: Keller & Schoenfeld “Principles of Psychology”
Designed for an introductory
psychology course
Paradigm Legend
Why the shift?
Behaviorist
The
Paradigms
1895: Freud:“Studies on
Hysteria” Introduced
method of free association
Why the shift?
1977: Bandura “Social Learning Theory”
Marks a shift from
behaviorism to cognition
Establishment of an
Association or Divison
Precursor to Paradigm Shift
Neurobiological
1990-1999:
Kabat-Zinn (MBSR),
Hayes(ACT), Linehan (DBT),
Jacobson (IBCT) form the
‘3rd wave of CBT.
1978: Formed:
Cognitive Psychology
section of British
Psychological Association
1994: Schore “Affect Regulation
and the origin
of the Self” Seminal
literature integrating
neurobiology &
psychoanalysis.
1969: Bowlby “Attachment and
Loss” vol. 1. Introduced
attachment theory
2011: Porges “The Polyvagal Theory”
A Neurophysiologists discusses
the biological foundations of
emotions, attachment,
communication, and self regulation
2002: Cozolino “The Neuroscience
of Psychotherapy”
Provides a neurobiological
basis for various systems
psychotherapy
1999: Siegel “The Developing Mind”
1st book published
in the Norton Series
on Interpersonal
Neurobiology
Obessisive-Compulsive Anxiety Disorder
Case Study:
Sandy & OCD
Fears
summer before
schoo year
Rituals
Focus:
But still
performs
rituals
Knows they
are irrational
- trauma of starting at new school.
- intergenerational transmission of
trauma - mother’s OCD.
six months prior
to consultation
mother discloses
at end of consultation
weekend before
consultation
Sandy’s
resulting
epistemology
Sandy attends a
new middle school
- My OCD was caused by
unconscious conflicts that needed
to be uncovered through the deep
exploration of my mind with
anothermy analyst.
- General: Peoples’ past
relationships unconsiously affect
their present behaviors.
Siegel, D. (2010). Mindsight: The new science of personal transformation. New York: Bantam Books.
Sharp corners of desks!
Bah! Just thinking about
them makes her terrified.
When thought of them creeps
up she needs to count to an
even number of 14. No ifs,
ands, or buts!
Treatment:
Decode symptoms
through exploration of
unconscious world.
Behaviorist
- My OCD was a result of
maladaptive responses to the
stimuli of the environment.
- General: Peoples’
behaviors are a result of stimulusresponse interactions with the
environment. That’s all.
Cognitive
- My OCD was a result of
my thoughts and how the ways
organized that I organized them.
- General: Peoples’
behaviors are a result of their
thought processes. Change how
you think to change how you feel.
Corsini, R., & Wedding, D. (2008). Current psychotherapies (8th ed.). Itasca, Ill.: F.E. Peacock.
- Mechanistic actions of specific fears
and rituals.
Treatment:
Or she’ll need to tap 14 times with
the finger tips of both hands and it
has to feel just right. If she doesn’t
perform her rituals something
awful could happen!
Psychotherpy Evaluation
Session
She sat at the
edge of a pool during
entire afternoon party
Psychoanalytic
- Cornered by new school?
- Are sharks symbols of
middle school boys?
Focus:
Specifically, in neighbors
pool. Fears that they will
swim into the sewer and
into her toilet to bite her.
Sandy turns 12
years old and
begins puberty
Questions:
Questions:
- What stimulus-response
patterns are observable?
Sandy’s mother
struggles with
similar issues
Neurobiological
- My OCD was a result of
my nervous system feeling unsafe
when it should have felt safe. A
combination of factors lead to that.
- General: Peoples’
behaviors happen because of how
their brains interacting with the
environment.
- Exposure and response
prevention.
- 65-75% of clients
fignificantly improve with
such treatment.
Focus:
- The cognitive processes that surround
the specific fears and rituals.
Treatment:
Questions:
- What are the cognitve
disortions that surround
the maladaptive behaviors.
Identify and make
core beliefs salient
to modify them.
Focus:
- Everything mentioned above...
+ neural circuitry involved in OCD.
Questions:
Treatment:
- Possible genetic
component with
mom’s disclosure?
Develop an eclectic approach
to treatment as informed by
neurobiological research.
Schore, A.N. (2009). The Paradigm Shift: The Right Brain and the Relational Unconscious. Toronto, CAN. Invited Plenary Address, APA