Download GEO 401 Solution Paper Tri 3, 2015

College of Humanities and Education
School of Social Sciences
Lautoka
P.O. Box 5529, LautokaFIJI.Telephone:6662833 Facsimile6666937
Website: www.fnu.ac.fj
Solutions
The provided answers are very ideal and from the book, internet sources. Students answer may vary
but the main principle remain same. Students may use different words, terms or fig to explain certain
questions. It is expected that assessor use his/ or her justification on that.
GEO401: FOUNDATION GEOGRAPHY
FINAL EXAMINATION, Tri 3, 2015
Time Allowed: 3 hours
Reading time: 10 minutes
Total Marks: 100
Instructions to all candidates.
1. Write your enrolment number on every page you use.
2. All answers are to be written in the Answer Booklet.
3. Read and follow instructions carefully under each question.
4. Number your answers correctly.
5. You may ask for extra sheets if you need them.
6. Tie all loose answer sheets, map sheet securely in the correct order in the Answer Booklet, when
you finish the examination.
7. There are 7 pages in the question paper.
This paper has four sections. Answer ALL sections.
SECTION A
CONCEPTS
This section has 3 questions. Answer all.
15 MARKS
SECTION B
GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS
This section has 6 questions. Answer all.
25 MARKS
SECTION C
BRIEF ANSWERS
This section has 10 questions. Answer all.
30 MARKS
SECTION D
ESSAYS
This section has 3 questions. Choose any two.
30 MARKS
GEO401: Foundation Geography, Tri 3, 2015
Page 1
SECTION A
1.
CONCEPTS
15 MARKS
Define/ comment/ briefly explain any 5 clearly with the help of suitable and related examples. (10 marks)
Radiation
Convection
Rain shadow area
Conduction
Soil pH
Humus
Geography
Hadley Cell
Tertiary industry
Structure of the atmosphere
Convection: Convection is the most effective form of heat transfer in liquids and gases. The denser cold water above
it sinks, forcing up the warm water. A steady flow called a convection current form. Convection is very important in
moving heat through the atmosphere. It transfers heat from one place to another. For example, convection removes
heat from hot beaches.
Conduction: An object receives heat when it comes into contact with a hotter object. So is the air that touches warm
ground or a warm ocean. Transfer of heat through matter by molecular activity. Energy of molecules is transferred
through collisions from one molecule to another, heat flowing from high to low temp. Conduction is the least
significant of the three as a means of heat transfer for the atmosphere
Radiation. In radiation no material carrier transmits the energy. The source of the heat and the body that is heated are
not touching, and no matter needs to move between them. Hot bodies such as the sun radiate their energy mainly in
the form of short waves. These short waves are seen as visible light. Cooler bodies such as Earth radiate their energy
as longer waves. These longer waves are called infrared waves.
Hadley Cell: It is a tropical atmospheric circulation which features rising motion near the equator, poleward flow 10–15
kilometers above the surface, descending motion in the subtropics, and equatorward flow near the surface.
GEO401: Foundation Geography, Tri 3, 2015
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Rain shadow area: A rain shadow is a dry area on the lee side of a mountainous area (away from the wind). The
mountains block the passage of rain-producing weather systems and cast a "shadow" of dryness behind them.
Humus: Humus is the biochemical substance that makes the upper layers of the soil become dark. It is colored dark
brown to black. Humus helps in binding the larger mineral and organic particles.
Soil pH: Soil pH is primarily controlled by the concentration of free hydrogen ions in the soil matrix. Soils with a
relatively large concentration of hydrogen ions tend to be acidic. Alkaline soils have a relatively low concentration of
hydrogen ions. Hydrogen ions are made available to the soil matrix by the dissociation of water, by the activity of plant
roots, and by many chemical weathering reactions.
Geography: Geo means earth and graphy is study or learn. In general, a field of study that helps us to find answers of
: What is where, Why there and Why care ? It explains the character of places, distribution of people, features &
events on or near the surface of the earth. It’s concerned with the physical and natural forces that shape the earth’s
surface. It explains that everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things.
Tertiary industries: The segment of the economy that provides services to its consumers. This includes a wide range
of businesses including financial institutions, schools, transports and restaurants. Also known as "tertiary
sector of industry," or "service industry/sector".
Structure of the atmosphere:
GEO401: Foundation Geography, Tri 3, 2015
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2. What are the factors affecting insolation? Explain with diagrams and examples. (3 marks)
The angle at which the insolation strikes the Earth’s surface.
The length of time the insolation strikes the surface.
The type of surface it strikes.
Atmospheric conditions, I.e. cloud cover etc.
3. Explain “Uniformitarianism” with example. (2 marks)
“Present is the key to the past”. It is especially useful for interpreting landforms that develop over long periods of time
or relict landforms. Example: glacial landforms
SECTION B
1.
GEOGRAPHICAL SKILLS
25 MARKS
Show all of the following on the given blank world map:
Prime meridian
New York
Andes mountain range
Colombo
Congo Rain forest
Rockies
Nile river
Sydney
GEO401: Foundation Geography, Tri 3, 2015
(10 marks- ½ mark each)
Amazon river
Tropic of Cancer
Sahara Desert
Suez canal
Mediterranean Sea
Fiji
Indian Ocean
Panama canal
Page 4
00 latitude
Great dividing range
Auckland
2. Answer the following questions based on the climograph of Perth
International date line
(2 Marks)
Source: http://drought.unl.edu/archive/iclimographs/PerthMetric.htm Accessed on 02.10.2015
a. Which is the coldest month? (1/2 mark) July
b. Which is the wettest month? June
(1/2 mark)
c. What is the difference in temperature between the coldest and warmest months? (1/2 mark)
Diff. temp: 26-13= 13 degrees difference
d. Which are the three months you need to wear light clothes?
(1/2 mark)
January, December, Feb,
3. Use the soil texture triangle to answer the following: What are the percentages of silt, clay and sand for the given
black spot on the graph and also mention the type of soil. (2 mark)
The percentages of the three components are as follows: Sand: 45%; Clay: 30% and Silt: 25% and the type of soil is
Sandy clay loam.
GEO401: Foundation Geography, Tri 3, 2015
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4. Study the picture and prepare a line drawing for this: (2 marks)
Study the graph and answer the questions. Population Pyramid interpretation. Study the two population pyramids
given above and answer the questions that follows: (4 marks)
a) What does a population pyramid show?
(1 mark)
Age-sex distribution of a place in a particular time.
b) State two differences between pyramids A and pyramid B?
(1 mark)
A has large amount of children and small amount of old people. Females in older age in pyramid B
is higher than pyramid A. Child dependency is low in pyramid B. Pyramid B represents a
population structure of developed country.
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c) State whether pyramid A or B represents a developed country? Give two reasons for your answer?
(2 marks)
B. A is having large number of dependent children which reflects the typical developing country
demographic feature. Number of old age people is high in Pyramid B due to improved
medical/health facilities. .
5. Newspaper Article Analysis: Read the article below and answer the questions that follow. (5 marks)
a. Name the diseases linked to climate change.
(1 mark)
Typhoid, dengue, leptospirosis and diarrhoeal
b. What is the link between climate change and re-emergence of infectious diseases? (1/2 mark)
Research literature has identified the link between climate change and the re- emergence of infectious
diseases such as typhoid and dengue fever, leptospirosis and diarrhoeal illnesses.
c. How this problem affects the country?
(1.5 marks)
The re-emergence of these infectious diseases provides an extra burden on the already incapacitated
health syste. In this regard, climate change is widely regarded as a serious threat to the public health
sector.
d. Why Fiji is vulnerable to adverse climate change?
(2 marks)
Fiji is vulnerable to adverse climate change impacts due to its small geographical size,
exposure to extreme climatic events and small economy.
SECTION C
BRIEF ANSWERS
30 MARKS
1. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (1/2 mark x10= 5 marks)
a. Which sphere is associated with fossil fuel extraction? Lithosphere
b. Air pressure is measured using_ Barometer
c. The daily monitoring of and forecasting of atmospheric conditions is the primary responsibility of a:
Meteorologist
d. What causes global circulation? All the above
e. Which of the soils would most likely to become waterlogged? Clay
f. In pH scale what is the value of 7. Neutral
g. A population’s growth rate is determined by births, deaths,.Immigration, and emigration.
h. Which of the following has the highest population density? 50 people in 20 square kilometers
i. Which one in the following cannot be classified under Tundra.: Tropical type
j. Biome characterized by coniferous forest is called as: Humid subtropical forest
2. The term geography was used by Eratosthenes. (1/2 mark)
3. What is A, B and C in the following graph?
(1.5 marks)
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4. Briefly explain the process of hydrological cycle.
(3 marks)
Step 1: Evaporation: The water cycle starts with evaporation. Water absorbs heat energy from the sun and turns into
vapors. Water bodies like the oceans, the seas, the lakes and the river bodies are the main source of evaporation.
Step 2: Condensation: As water vaporizes into water vapor, it rises up in the atmosphere. At high altitudes the water
vapors changes into very tiny particles of ice /water droplets because the temperature at high altitudes is low. This
process is called condensation.
Step 3: Sublimation: Sublimation is a process where ice directly converts into water vapors without converting into
liquid water. This phenomenon accelerates when the temperature is low or pressure is high.
Step 4: Precipitation: The clouds (condensed water vapors) then pour down as precipitation due to wind or
temperature change. At high altitudes the temperature is low and hence the droplets lose their heat energy. These
water droplets fall down as rain.
Step 5: Transpiration: Transpiration is a process similar to evaporation where liquid water is turned into water vapor by
the plants. Thus water enters the biosphere and exits into gaseous phase.
Step 6: Runoff: As the water pours down (in whatever form), it leads to runoff. Runoff is the process where water runs
over the surface of earth.
5. Explain the process of soil formation.
(3 marks)
The kinds of soils that develop in a particular area are largely determined by five interrelated factors: climate;
living organisms; parent material; topography; and time (Figure ).
6. Explain the type of rainfall with diagrams.
GEO401: Foundation Geography, Tri 3, 2015
(3 marks)
Page 8
7. What is the difference between Podolization and laterization?
(3 marks)
Podzolization is associated with humid cold midLaterization is a common process in tropical and
latitude climates and coniferous vegetation.
subtropical environments. High temperatures and
Decomposition of coniferous litter and heavy
heavy precipitation result in the rapid weathering of
summer precipitation create a soil solution that is
rocks and minerals. Movements of large amounts of
strongly acidic. This acidic soil solution enhances
water through the soil cause eluviation and leaching
the processes of eluviation and leaching. This
to occur. Iron oxides give tropical soils their unique
process creates a sub-layer in the A horizon that is
reddish coloring.
white to gray in color and composed of silica sand.
8. What are the types of Tectonic boundaries?
( 3 marks)
Constructive or divergent: plates moving apart; molten rock injected adding new rock to the trailing edge of the
plates and creating ridges, mostly on the floors of ocean basins
Destructive or convergent: collision or, more commonly, subduction of denser oceanic plates below margins of
less dense continental plates, creating oceanic trenches and mountain belts on the continental margins
Conservative or transform: transform faults where plates slide past one another (e.g. San Andreas fault)
9. Discuss the physical and human factors affecting population density with suitable example?
(4 marks)
Landforms; Climate; Soil; Water sources; Availability of Natural resources are soime of the physical factors.
1. temperate climate, eg the UK
2. low-lying flat fertile land, eg the Bangladesh Delta
3. good supplies of natural resources, eg building resources
• extreme climates, eg Sahara Desert
• mountainous or highland areas, eg the Scottish Highlands
GEO401: Foundation Geography, Tri 3, 2015
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• dense vegetation, eg the Amazon Rainforest
Social, Economical and Political factors: Factors such as the availability of jobs and comparatively high wages can
contribute to high population density through migration. For example, from 2004 the UK has seen an influx of
migrants from countries that have recently joined the EU, such as Poland.
• Civil war, eg in the Darfur region of Sudan, can contribute to lower population densities as people become
refugees and leave an area.
10. Explain the relation between temperature and pressure system on the Earth with the help of suitable diagram.
(4 marks)
Heating of Earth’s surface and atmosphere by the Sun drives convection within the atmosphere and oceans,
producing winds and ocean currents. Unequal heating- Due to spherical shape; Equatorial region; Polar region.
Earth flings bulk of air towards the Equator. Four major belts –
- Equatorial Low pressure belt – Doldrums
- Sub-Tropical High Pressure Belt – Horse Latitudes
- Sub-polar Low Pressure Belt – Storminess
- Polar High Pressure Belt – cold and heavy
SECTION D:
LONG ANSWERS
There are three questions in this section. Choose any two.
Criteria for marking
Explanation of Concept and outline
8 marks
Maps/ Diagrams & Examples
4 marks
Clarity and description
3 marks
Total
15 marks
30 MARKS
(15 marks each)
1. Use the below graph to explain the characteristics of the given vegetation type in the graph and show the
relation between vegetation, precipitation and temperature.
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The geographical distribution (and productivity) of the various biomes is controlled primarily by the climatic
variables precipitation and temperature. The type of climate present in a particular location depends on several
variables, including surface temperature and annual precipitation. The boundaries of each biome correlate to the
conditions of moisture and cold stress that are strong determinants of plant form, and therefore the vegetation that
defines the region. Extreme conditions, such as flooding in a swamp, can create different kinds of communities within
the same biome.
Then students will try to explain about categories/ classification:
Arctic and Alpine Tundra
The geographical distribution of the tundra biome is largely poleward of 60° North latitude. Within this biome,
temperature, precipitation, and evaporation all tend to be at a minimum. Most tundra locations, have summer months
with an average temperature below 10° Celsius. Precipitation in the wettest month is normally no higher that 25
millimeters. However, despite the low levels of precipitation the ground surface of the tundra biome is often
waterlogged because of low rates of evapotranspiration.
Desert
In general, the major desert biomes of the Earth are geographically found at between 25 to 40° North and South
latitude, in the interiors of continents. Climatically, deserts are influenced by descending air currents which limit the
formation of precipitation. Many desert areas have less than 250 millimeters of precipitation annually and many
species are short lived annuals that complete their life cycles during infrequent and short rainy periods. Desert habitats
can be devoid of vegetation if precipitation is in very short supply.
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2. What are “the themes in Geography”? Explain any two with suitable examples.
THE FIVE THEMES OF GEOGRAPHY
Location
Place
Human-Environment Interaction
Movement
Regions
Location
Every point on Earth has a specific location that is determined by an imaginary grid of lines denoting latitude
and longitude. Parallels of latitude measure distances north and south of the line called equator. Meridians of
longitude measure distances east and west of the line called the Prime Meridian.
Absolute Location
 A latitude and longitude (global location) or a street address (local location).
Relative Location
 Described by landmarks, time, direction or distance. From one place to another.
GEO401: Foundation Geography, Tri 3, 2015
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Place: All places have characteristics that give them meaning and character and distinguish them from other
places on earth. Geographer describe places by their physical and human characteristics. Physical
characteristics include such elements as animal life. Human characteristics can be noted in architecture,
patterns of livelihood, land use and ownership, town planning, and communication and transport network.
 Human Characteristics
 What are the main languages, customs, and beliefs.
 How many people live, work, and visit a place.
 Physical Characteristics
 Landforms (mountains, rivers, etc.), climate, vegitation, wildlife, soil, etc.
 Human and environment interaction: In studying human/environment interaction, geographers look at all the
effects- positive and negative- that occur when people interact with their surroundings. Studying the
consequences of human/ environment interaction helps people plan and manage the environment
responsibly.
 How do humans and the environment affect each other?
 We depend on it.
 People depend on the Tennessee River for water and transportation.
 We modify it.
 People modify our environment by heating and cooling buildings for comfort.
 We adapt to it.
 We adapt to the environment by wearing clothing suitable for summer (shorts) and winter
(coats), rain and shine.
Movement: People interact with other people, places, and things almost every day. They travel from one place to
another; they communicate with each other; they rely upon products, information, and ideas that come from beyond
their immediate environment.
 How are people, goods, ideas moved from place to place?
 Human Movement
 Trucks, Trains, Planes
 Information Movement
 Phones, computer (email), mail
 Idea Movement
 How do fads move from place to place?
TV, Radio, Magazines
Region: A basic unit of geographic study is the region, an area on the earth’s surface that is defined by certain unifying
characteristics. The unifying characteristics may be physical, human, or cultural. In addition to studing the unifying
characteristics of a region, geographers study how a region changes over times.
 How are Regions similar to and different from other places?
 Formal Regions
 Regions defined by governmental or administrative boundaries (States, Countries, Cities)
 Regions defined by similar characteristics (Corn Belt, Rocky Mountain region, Chinatown).
 Functional Regions
 Regions defined by a function (newspaper service area, cell phone coverage area).
 Vernacular Regions (Not in your book)
 Regions defined by peoples perception (middle east, the south, etc.)
3. What are the environmental issues in Fiji? Explain the conservation and management of valuable
resources.
Environment - current issues: deforestation; soil erosion
GEO401: Foundation Geography, Tri 3, 2015
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Acid rain - characterized as containing harmful levels of sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxide; acid rain is damaging and
potentially deadly to the earth's fragile ecosystems; Sugar mills are producing fumes in the air which affects the quality
of air.
• Biodiversity - also biological diversity; the relative number of species, diverse in form and function, is at risk in
Fiji because of human intervention. This leads to loss of biodiversity reduces an ecosystem's ability to recover
from natural or man-induced disruption.
Deforestation - the destruction of vast areas of forest (e.g., unsustainable forestry practices, agricultural and
range land clearing, and the over exploitation of wood products for use as fuel) without planting new growth.
Desertification - the spread of desert-like conditions in arid or semi-arid areas, due to overgrazing, loss of
agriculturally productive soils, or climate change.
Dredging - the practice of deepening an existing waterway; also, a technique used for collecting bottomdwelling marine organisms (e.g., shellfish) or harvesting coral, often causing significant destruction of reef and
ocean-floor ecosystems.
Drift-net fishing - done with a net, miles in extent, that is generally anchored to a boat and left to float with the
tide; often results in an over harvesting and waste of large populations of non-commercial marine species (bycatch) by its effect of "sweeping the ocean clean."
Exploitation of Groundwater - water sources found below the surface of the earth often in naturally occurring
reservoirs in permeable rock strata; the source for wells and natural springs. Many foregin companies are
exploiting this valuable resource.
Overgrazing - the grazing of animals on plant material faster than it can naturally regrow leading to the
permanent loss of plant cover, a common effect of too many animals grazing limited range land.
Pollution - the contamination of a healthy environment by man-made waste.
Slash-and-burn agriculture - a rotating cultivation technique in which trees are cut down and burned in order to
clear land for temporary agriculture; the land is used until its productivity declines at which point a new plot is
selected and the process repeats; this practice is sustainable while population levels are low and time is
permitted for regrowth of natural vegetation; conversely, where these conditions do not exist, the practice can
have disastrous consequences for the environment.
Soil degradation - damage to the land's productive capacity because of poor agricultural practices such as the
excessive use of pesticides or fertilizers, soil compaction from heavy equipment, or erosion of topsoil,
eventually resulting in reduced ability to produce agricultural products.
Soil erosion - the removal of soil by the action of water or wind, compounded by poor agricultural practices,
deforestation, overgrazing, and desertification.
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Conservation:
Planting more trees: Afforestation programme, plant one million trees project by govt;
Stop fishing in a year for certain time.
3 R’s project in Fiji
Clean water programme
Save coral programme
Plant mangrove programme
GEO401: Foundation Geography, Tri 3, 2015
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•
Save mangrove and love them project etc
THE END
GEO401: Foundation Geography, Tri 3, 2015
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