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ALVIN COMMUNITY COLLEGE
DIAGNOSTIC CARDIOVASCULAR SONOGRPAHY
SYLLABUS
DSPE 2255
NEONATAL AND PEDIATRIC
PATIENT CARE SKILLS
INSTRUCTOR: Jessica Murphy, BS, RRT-NPS, RCP, RDCS, RCS, RVT, CCT
SUMMER 2015
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3110 Mustang Road Alvin, TX 77511-4898 Phone: 281-756-3500
INSTRUCTOR:
Jessica Murphy
E-MAIL:
[email protected]
OFFICE:
S108 D
PHONE:
281-756-5650
Lecture
TBA Thursday 1:00-1:50
Lab
TBA Thursday 2:00-2:50
OFFICE HOURS:
TBA See Door schedule
WELCOME TO:
Course Title: Neo/Pedi Patient Care Skills
Course Number: DSPE 2255.HY01
Credit Hours: 2
Lecture Hours: 1
Lab Hours: 3
Total Contact Hours: 64
Term and Year: Summer
Class Days & Times: Hybrid course meets on day 1 and on last day. Meetings in between are TBA
Classroom Location: S109
COMMUNICATING WITH YOUR INSTRUCTOR:
The preferred method for communicating with your instructor is through the ACC email or you may call me at the office.
Please leave your first and last name, a phone number or e-mail address where I can contact you and tell me what you need
to discuss with me. I will normally respond within 48 hours Monday-Thursday and by the next business day on Friday-Sunday.
I am usually quicker in returning emails. Likewise, I will be sending important communication to students via their personal
email address supplied to ACC during registration. Please check your email daily for important information and updates.
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
This course will provide an overview of neonatal and pediatric patient care including care of the pediatric patient with
congenital heart diseases or other problems affecting circulation and cardiopulmonary diseases. The course also includes age
appropriate care, patient safety especially in the intensive care units, infection control in special populations such as
neonates, patient monitoring, vital signs, assessment, physical examination, thermal regulation, sedation, pharmacology,
CPR, PALS, and NRP guidelines.
The course will review fetal circulation, labor, delivery, transition, anatomical and physiological differences in children and
infants. Equipment and therapeutic techniques used in the care of neonates, infants, and children in critical care settings will
also be discussed.
STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES
Describe the techniques associated with the care of neonatal and pediatric patients, demonstrate care of the neonatal and
pediatric patient, and perform neonatal and pediatric assessment and monitor vital signs.
COURSE GOALS & OBJECTIVES:
By the end of this course the student will be able to:
 Review patient records and record pertinent information required for appropriate diagnosis.
 Review other procedures/diagnostics to obtain additional data.
 Collect and evaluate additional pertinent clinical information.
 Assess pt's overall status.
 Observe and identify equipment appropriate to care plan.
 Assemble, check for proper function, identify malfunctions of equipment, and take action to correct malfunctions.
 Maintain stability of patient during echocardiographic procedures.
 Conduct dignostic procedures to achieve adequate diagnostic results while maintaining a safe patient environment.
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


Evaluate and monitor patient's response.
List and Define Critical Care procedures.
Initiate, conduct, or modify techniques in an emergency setting.
PRE-REQUISITES
None
CO-REQUISITES:
None
METHODOLOGY:
This is an on-line course. Lectures will be presented electronically and in conjunction with the material found in the book.
Students will read and study each unit and then be evaluated via unit examination. The class may meet on campus for
specific subjects and to review equipment or procedures. Students may also attend in-services at local hospitals regarding
intensive care procedures. Those meetings will be scheduled in advance. The instructor is available to answer questions,
provide feedback, and to conduct in-services as needed.
RATIONALE:
The care of neonatal and pediatric patients with cardio-respiratory problems is a serious concern for the
pediatric/neonatal/fetal sonographer. These patients have very specific requirements, precautions, complications and needs
for assessment, monitoring, treatment, which are very different from caring for adults. This course is required so that
pediatric echocardiographers can operate in a safe and effective manner when working with these patient populations.
TEXTBOOKS:
Hertz, Care of the Newborn Lippincot Williams and Wilkinson. ISBN 9780781755856
This book is out of print. If you can’t find it in the bookstore or online I have a set available for check out in the office.
S108D. Must be returned at the end of the semester.
REFERENCES
Walsh, Perinatal and Pediatric Respiratory Care, 2010 Third Edition.
ADDITIONAL MATERIALS:
 USB/ Jump Drive
 Pediatric stethoscope
 Pediatric sphygmomanometer
 Felxible measuring tape
 Scantron Test Answer sheets
COURSE OUTLINE
Unit I - Neonatal Development, Assessment
Unit II - Neonatal and Pediatric Intensive Care Equipment and Treatment
Unit III - Neonatal/Pediatric Diseases
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TENTATIVE SCHEDULE
DSPE 2255
DATE
SUBJECT
READINGS
June1
Week 1
Introduction to Course
Neonatal resuscitation
June 8
Week 2
Embryologic Development of Cardiopulmonary
System, & Assessment of
Fetal Growth & Development
June 15
Week 3
Labor, Delivery and Physiologic
Changes After Birth & Assessment of
Neonatal & Pediatric Patient
General Considerations of Continuing Care
June 22
Week 4
Unit 1 Exam
Common Ventilators, Special Procedures
& Nonconventional Ventilatory
Techniques
June 29
Week 5
Apnea, Assessment of Oxygenation/Ventilation
ECMO
July 07
Week 6
Care Procedures
Pharmacology
July 14
Week 7
Unit II Exam .
July 21
Week 8
Perinatal Diseases
Causes of Persistent Perinatal Illness
Pediatric Diseases Requiring Care
July 28
Week 9
Unit III continued
Aug 04
Week 10
Unit III Exam
Aug 11
Week 11
FINAL EXAM
Aug 17
Grades DUE
Ch 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8
Ch 11,12,20,21
Apendix - Formulary
Ch 9,10,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,
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LATE COURSE WORK POLICY
QUIZZES
Quizzes are usually announced in advance. Quizzes cannot be made up if missed. The lowest quiz grade will be dropped prior
to calculating the final course average.
ASSIGNMENTS
Assignments are to be completed and turned in on the date specified in class. Five (5) points will be deducted on the
assignment for every day the assignment is late.
EXAM POLICY
An examination will be given at the end of each unit. The exam will be made available from the Learning Lab during a
specified time frame. (See Learning Lab policies for more details) If the exam is not taken during the allowed time period, a
grade of "0" will be averaged into the final grade. A comprehensive final examination is given at the end of the course and
can be used to replace the lowest test grade if no unit exams have been missed. If a student misses a unit exam, the final will
be used to replace that missing test grade. Make up exams are not given in this course.
ASSIGNMENTS, EXAMS AND GRADING SUMMARY
Major Grades
Total Assignment Average
Unit 1 Exam
Unit 2 Exam
Unit 3 Exam
Final Exam
Total of major grades
Final Average
Record Lab and Assignment grades below:
Grade
Title
Your grade is based on the AVERAGE of the major grades you received on all course assignments and activities.
Student evaluations are based on completion of all quizzes, written unit examinations, written comprehensive final
examination and completion of all assigned homework. The final average is calculated by averaging all of the major grades
together evenly. Major Grades include: Each unit exam, (and or the final exam), homework/quiz/assignment average.
Always notify your instructor if you are concerned with your grades or your status in the class.
Keep track of your AVERAGE on an ongoing basis. If you notice any trouble with your academic performance, please make
arrangements to meet with the course instructor.
GRADING SCALE
Points
91-100
Grade
A
82-90
77-81
B
C
<77
F
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WITHDRAWING FROM CLASS/COLLEGE
It is recommended that the student talk to the instructor before withdrawing. Current course withdrawal information can be
found in the printed version of the ACC Schedule for this semester or online at ACC Course Withdrawal Instructions. Students
who file withdrawal requests by the published deadline and have not exceeded the withdrawal maximum will receive a grade
of W.
Six Drop Limit
The Texas Legislature passed a ruling that limits the number of classes a student can drop during their years as an
undergraduate student to six. This policy applies to any student who was a first time college freshmen fall, 2007, or later, who
attends a Texas public institution of higher education. Courses dropped while attending a private or out of state college do
not count toward the six drop limit. For further information, refer to the ACC Catalog or contact Student Services.
GRADE APPEAL PROCESS
Students have one year from the date of the grade assignment to challenge a grade. Refer to the grade appeal process as
published in the ACC Catalog at http://www.alvincollege.edu/Programs-Degrees/Course-Catalogs.
CLASS ATTENDANCE POLICY:
Each student is expected to attend class regularly. Any student who accumulates an equivalence of four class absences will
possibly be dropped from the course. Attendance in on-line courses includes weekly communication with the instructor via
Blackboard messaging or email.
EXPECTATIONS:
1. Students are expected to obtain a textbook and send the instructor an e-mail stating that they have read this syllabus
and schedule and understand what is expected of them by the second week of class. Include your first and last name
and student ID number in the e-mail. I will not attempt to guess who [email protected] is.
2. Students are expected to allocate a minimum of 10 hours per week on textbook readings, interacting with course
materials, participating in class discussions, and completing assignments, quizzes and exams.
3. Students are expected to use the ACC campus computers or have a workable computer that can access the course
website. Any technical problems on the student’s side WILL NOT be an acceptable excuse for late work.
CLASSROOM PROTOCOL
It is the right of each student to participate in his or her learning, and it is the responsibility of each student to not interfere with
the learning of other students. It is the expectation of the college that each student assumes the responsibility to follow college
policies and procedures governing campus and classroom conduct. This information is published in the ACC Student Handbook
on page 42.
DISCLAIMER: The instructor reserves the right to modify this syllabus as needed and will notify the students of any changes
using the ACC e-mail or MyBlackboard e-mail or announcements.
ACC ACADEMIC SUCCESS AND SUPPORT SERVICES
The ACC Tutoring/Learning Lab, located upstairs in building A, provides students with a variety of services including tutoring
(math, writing, and other disciplines); computers and printers; and tables/carrels. Call 281-756-3566 or visit the ACC
Tutoring/Learning Lab Website for more information.
The ACC Library is an excellent source for research and writing help. Quiet rooms are available for studying and doing class
work. For more information, visit the ACC Library Website or call 281-756-3559.
ACC Counseling Services assist students with issues that may negatively impact academic success. To contact a counselor,
call the office of Advising Services at 281-756-3534.
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Americans with Disabilities Act
ACC complies with ADA and 504 Federal guidelines by affording equal access to individuals who are seeking an education.
Students who have a disability and would like classroom accommodations must register first with the Office of Disability
Services, A 136, or call 281-756-3533. Instructors are not able to provide accommodations until the proper process has been
followed.
Assessment and Care Team (ACT)
The Assessment and Care Team is committed to improving community safety through a proactive, collaborative, coordinated,
objective, and thoughtful approach to the prevention, identification, assessment, intervention and management of situations
that pose a threat to the safety and well-being of the campus community. To educate and empower all members of the
College community, resources and procedures are in place to prevent, deter, and respond to concerns regarding acts of
violence. Alvin Community College offers assistance to departments and individuals in detecting indicators for concern and
resources to protect themselves and their environments.
The Alvin Community College ACT accepts reports regarding any individual or incident at any time through an online referral
form on the Assessment and Care Team page at http://www.alvincollege.edu/ACT, direct email to:
[email protected], or by contacting the Alvin Community College Police Department at 281-756-3700 or
832-250-3365 (after hours).
MY Blackboard support can be obtained by completing the Online Support Form.
WEBACCESS, Passwords or ACC Computer Lab Information: If you experience problems with WebACCess, please call the
Help Desk at 281-756-3544 or email [email protected].
MENTAL HEALTH COUNSELING AND SUICIDE PREVENTION SERVICES
As a student, you may experience a range of challenges that can interfere with learning, such as strained relationships,
increased anxiety, substance use, feeling down, difficulty concentrating, and/or lack of motivation. These mental health
concerns or stressful events may diminish your academic performance and/or reduce your ability to participate in daily
activities. Advising services employs two Licensed Professional Counselors who can assist students with issues that
negatively impact academic success. Consultation and referrals are confidential. The Counseling Referral form is located at:
http://www.alvincollege.edu/CounselingServices.aspx
Emergencies:
If you or someone you know at ACC feels overwhelmed, hopeless, depressed, and/or is thinking about dying by suicide,
supportive services are available by requests at the Enrollment Services Center or by calling 281-756-3531, ask for a
Counselor. You may also call the National Suicide Prevention Hotline 1-800-273-8255. This is a 24 hour, toll free, confidential
suicide prevention hotline available to anyone in suicidal crises or emotional distress. If, however, you or someone you know
is in an immediate crisis, go to the nearest Emergency Room, or call 911.
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UNIT I - EMBRYOLOGIC DEVELOPMENT AND ASSESSMENT OF THE CARDIOPULMONARY SYSTEM
OBJECTIVES - Upon completion of this unit of study, the student will:
Review existing data in patient record:
(F1, F12, C5, C7)
.
perinatal history and data
.
APGAR scores
.
gestational age
(F8, F13, C2, C4, C18)
.
chest x-ray
.
cardiac cath reports
.
blood gas analysis
.
hemodynamic monitoring
(F1, F5, F10, F12, C5, C7, C13)
.
APGAR score
.
gestational age (Dubowitz)
.
vital signs
.
signs of distress
.
heart sounds
Identify the four (4) periods of embryonic lung growth and describe the features of each period.
With regard to surfactant, describe the following:
function and purpose
the approximate gestational age at which it appears
components and methods to detect its presence
how lung maturity is determined
Regarding fetal lung fluid, describe the following:
composition
function
the hazards of lung fluid retention
Describe the embryologic development of the heart
With regard to fetal circulation, describe and explain:
the cause of pressure differences between the right and left heart
the flow of blood from the placenta, through the body and back to the placenta
each shunt that is encountered with the approximate amount of blood that passes each shunt
Describe the development of the placenta and umbilical cord and identify the major anatomical fluid and define the
following:
Polyhydramnios
Oligohydramnios
ASSESSMENT OF FETAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Describe how ultrasonography is used to assess fetal status.
Define amniocentesis and describe the role of each of the following:
L/S ratio
Determination of (alpha)-fetoprotein
Bilirubin level
Creatinine level
identification of meconium staining
Cytologic examination of cells
Explain how fetal scalp pH is used to assess fetal asphyxia.
List and describe the five (5) methods used to estimate the date of delivery.
Compare and contrast the contraction stress test to the nonstress test. Describe how each is performed, advantages
and disadvantages.
Describe the use of acoustic stimulation and fetal movements as methods of assessing fetal well-being.
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Describe the six (6) tests used in the biophysical profile.
Discuss the implications of meconium-stained fluid in assessing fetal status.
Describe chorionic villus sampling, cordocentesis, and magnetic resonance imaging in assessing fetal status.
Compare and contrast maternal estriol determination and human placental lactogen (HPL) levels as to their roles in
determining fetal status.
Given an appropriate history, determine whether a pregnancy is high-risk.
LABOR, DELIVERY, AND PHYSIOLOGIC CHANGES AFTER BIRTH
Compare and contrast cervical dilatation and effacement.
Compare the most common presentation.
Define station and how it is expressed.
Define tocolysis and describe the various methods used to achieve tocolysis.
Define dystocia and describe the three (3) etiologic factors that cause it.
Identify and describe the three (3) types of placenta previa.
Describe the three (3) categories of abruptio placentae.
List the indications for a cesarean birth.
Explain why multiple gestations create high-risk pregnancies.
List factors that are responsible for the first breath.
Describe the importance of overcoming surface forces in adapting to extrauterine life.
Identify and describe factors that cause the change from fetal to adult circulation.
ASSESSMENT OF THE NEONATAL AND PEDIATRIC PATIENT
State at least ten (10) anatomic and physiologic differences between the infant and adult.
Identify the physical and neurologic signs examined in the Dubowitz and the Ballard gestational age assessments.
Compare and contrast the Dubowitz and Ballard gestational age assessments.
Describe seven (7) physical signs that are used to determine gestational age.
List five (5) purposes of the neonatal physical examination.
Perform review of monitoring and interpret results to determine:
(F1,F5,F10,F12,C5,C7,C9,C13,C18,C19)
.
oximetry
.
transcutaneous monitoring (PO2, PCO2)
.
invasive monitoring lines
ventilator and other equipment alarms
hemodynamic monitoring,
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS OF CONTINUING CARE
Discuss the physiology of thermoregulation including a description of the thermo neutral zone andnon-shivering
thermogenesis.
Define the internal thermal gradient (IG) and describe the reasons why a preemie has a decreased ability to maintain
its ITG.
Describe each of the following as it relates to the external thermal gradient (ETG). Include examples for each type of
heat loss and a description of how each method of heat loss may be prevented or reduced in the nursery.
radiant
conductive
convective
evaporative
Describe how a neonate reacts to cold stress and to hyperthermia.
Discuss thermoregulation of the neonate in the delivery room and nursery to include methods of heat loss prevention.
Compare and contrast incubators and open warmers, focusing on the advantages, disadvantages, and
thermoregulation in each.
Explain the physiologic effects of overstimulation of the premature neonate.
Identify and describe those factors involved in behavioral-based care.
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Describe the use of environmental controls and parental involvement in reducing overstimulation and increasing more
normal interactions and relationships.
Describe the physiologic factors that make the skin of the preemie more susceptible to trauma.
Discuss those factors that will reduce skin trauma on the neonate.
Identify and describe the three (3) methods of determining fluid deficit. Estimate the degree of deficit when given
patient clinical data.
Identify at least five (5) factors that influence insensible water loss.
Describe the functions of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium chloride, and phosphate in the neonate.
With regard to jaundice, describe the following:
Physiology, causes, pathologic jaundice, complications, treatment
Describe the clinical signs and treatment of necrotizing enterocolitis.
TECHNIQUES OF RESUSCITATION AND STABILIZATION
List the four (4) factors that can lead to fetal asphyxia.
Compare and contrast primary to secondary apnea. Describe the cardiovascular events that occur during periods of
intrauterine asphyxia.
Discuss the effects of asphyxia on the lungs.
List and describe the three (3) factors that provide proper preparation for resuscitation.
Describe the ABC's of resuscitation.
When provided with patient data, assign an appropriate APGAR score
Describe and discuss each step in resuscitation.
Describe each of the following skills as it relates to neonatal resuscitation:
thermoregulation
maintenance of the airway
tactile stimulus
evaluation of heart rate
positive pressure ventilation
intubation
chest compressions
List the drugs used during a resuscitation.
Describe the sources of fetal and neonatal glucose.
List the serum glucose values that indicate hypoglycemia.
List and describe the causes of hypoglycemia, techniques used to measure glucose, and the treatment for
hypoglycemia.
(F3,F4,F5,F8,F10,F11,F12,F13,F14,F16,C1,C3,C5,C6,C7,C8,C9,C10,C11,C12,C13,C14,C15,C16,C17,C18,C19,C20)
.
position patient properly
monitor patient’s tolerance of procedures
maintain patent airway
observe for signs of distress, apneas and bradycardias
Perform required steps needed to ensure patient safety.
minimal stimulation protocols
recognize and take action for patients response to procedure
monitor tubes, lines and drains while moving or positioning patients
(F1,F2,F3,F4,F5,F6,F8,F10,F11,F12,F13,F14,F15,F16F17,C1,C3,C5,C6,C7,C8,C9,C12,C13,C15,C16,C17,C18,C19,C20)
Monitor cardiac rhythm
Monitor vital signs
Monitor patients breathing especially when sedated
Modify procedure as needed for patient tolerance
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UNIT II – EQUIPMENT USED IN THE CARE OF CRITICAL INFANTS AND CHILDREN
OBJECTIVES - Upon completion of this unit of study, the student will:
OXYGEN THERAPY
Discuss the indications for, and hazards of, oxygen therapy.
Describe the indications, hazards, and approximate FIO2's for each of the following:
a.
oxygen hood
b.
oxygen cannula
c.
simple oxygen mask
d.
nonrebreathing mask
e.
Venturi mask
f.
tent
g.
incubator
h..
resuscitation bags
(F3,F4,F5,F8,F12,F16,C3,C5,C7,C18,C12,C20)
List Oxygen administration devices
oxygen hoods, tents, and incubators
Nasal CPAP device
Blenders
Flowmeters
Aerosol generators
Ventilators
Nebulizers
Heaters
Incubators, Isolettes, radiant warmers
(F3,F4,F5,F8,F12,F16,C3,C5,C7,C18,C12,C20)
Suctioning devices
Resuscitation devices
Artificial airways
ASSESSMENT OF OXYGENATION AND VENTILATION
List the indications for obtaining an arterial blood gas sample in neonates and pediatric patients.
Identify the four (4) methods of obtaining blood samples for analysis and describe why the UAC is the preferred blood
sampling site.
Identify those arterial sampling sites that are preductal and postductal. Describe how a right-to-left shunt through the
ductus arteriosus can be detected using blood gas PaO2s, transcutaneous monitors, or pulse oximeters.
Briefly describe the mechanical aspects of a transcutaneous monitor (TCM).
Discuss how a TCM can be useful even if not reading arterial values.
List six (6) factors that could cause a TCM to read lower than the actual PaO2.
Describe how a TCM detects skin perfusion.
Explain the hazards of TCMs and how those hazards can be avoided.
CONVENTIONAL METHODS OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION
Identify methods for providing ventilator support: continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), volume ventilation,
pressure ventilation, oxygen delivery
Discuss the precautions and hazards sonographers will encounter when working with patients who are on oxygen and
mechanical ventilation:
equipment issues
oxygen toxicity
ventilator tubing, moisture, potential lavage
care not to extubate patient, position of ETT
COMMON VENTILATORS AND MONITORS
Identify various ventilators and monitoring systems
SPECIAL PROCEDURES AND NONCONVENTIONAL VENTILATORY TECHNIQUES
High Frequency Ventilation HFV, High frequency Jet Ventilation (HFJV), High Frequency Oscillation
Ventilation
(HFO)
Explain why a conventional ventilator is used in conjunction with HFJV and HFO.
Compare and contrast venoarterial and venovenous methods of bypass.
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Describe the basic components of the ECMO circuit.
Identify and describe the methods used to select potential ECMO patients.
List the contraindications for ECMO.
Describe how ECMO is initiated, the indications for termination, and the complications associated with its use.
Define Surfactant Replacement Therapy and why it is used.
Key Words:
ECMO Surfactant replacement, Sedation
Umbilical Lines, Invasive Lines
Bedside procedures such as PDA ligation
Chest Tubes
(C9,C12,C13,C18,C19,C20)
Assist with ventilation - 1) BVM, 2) ETT
Assist with suctioning
Assist with intubation
Provide Oxygen – 1) BVM, 2) CPAP, 3) Blow by, 4) NC
PHARMACOLOGY IN NEONATAL AND PEDIATRIC CARE
List and discuss the physiologic factors and mechanisms of drug transfer across the placenta.
Define a teratogenic substance and describe its actions on the fetus.
As provided, list and describe, for each of the following medications, the indications, concentrations,dosages, effects,
contraindications, adverse effects, and precautions.
ANTIBIOTICS
Ampicillin
Gentamicin sulfate
Acyclovir
Stimulants:
Caffeine
DIURETICS
Furosemide
CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS
Digoxin
Indomethacin sodium trihydrate
Alprostadil
Dopamine Hcl
Dobutamine
Tolazoline
Nifidipine
RESPIRATORY DRUGS
Inhaled bronchodilators
Inhaled steroids
Racemic epinephrine
Inhaled Antivirals: Ribavirin (special precautions)
Pentamidine
Methylxanthines
Surfactant
ANTICONVULSANTS
Phenobarbital
Phenytoin sodium
STEROIDS
Dexamethasone
SEDATION AND CONTROL OF VENTILATION
Chloral hydrate
Diazepam
Morphine sulfate
Fentanyl citrate
Succinylcholine chloride
RESUSCITATION
Epinephrine
Narcan
Pancuronium bromide
Describe the effects of maternal drug abuse on the fetus.
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UNIT III - PERINATAL LUNG DISEASE AND OTHER PROBLEMS OF PREMATURITY
OBJECTIVES - Upon completion of this unit of study, the student will:
List and describe the following neonatal disorders
respiratory distress syndrome
atelectasis
transient tachypnea of the newborn
pneumonia
meconium aspiration syndrome
diaphragmatic hernia
congenital lobar emphysema
pneumothorax
pneumomediastinum
pneumopericardium
pulmonary interstitial emphysema
bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Diaphragmatic hernia
Tracheoesophageal fistula
Omphalocele
Gastroschisis
Meningomyelocele
Cyanotic heart disease
ROP
PPHN
TTN
HIV
Issues related to fluid and electrolyte management
Inspect chest x-ray to determine: (F1,F5,F10,F12,C5,C7,C13,C18,C19)
presence of, or changes in, pneumothorax or subcutaneous emphysema
presence of, or changes in, consolidation and/or atelectasis
position of endotracheal tubes
position and presence of foreign bodies
position of, or changes in, hemidiaphragms
presence of, or changes in hyperinflation
presence of, or changes in, pleural fluid
presence of, or changes in, pulmonary edema/opacification
presence of, or changes in, Swan-Ganz, pacemaker, CVP, and other catheters
presence, or changes in, mediastinal shift
cardiac silhouette
specific CXR findings consistent with congenital heart disease
CAUSES OF PERSISTENT PERINATAL ILLNESS
Explain how infections are acquired by the fetus and neonate.
Define chorioamnionitis and describe the various bacterial organisms seen in the neonatal population.
Review the etiology of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), and discuss the five (5) methods in which the
fetus and neonate may become infected with the HIV virus.
Describe the clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome associated with HIV infection.
Identify the effects of cytomegalovirus, rubella, herpes simplex, and toxoplasmosis on the developing fetus.
Describe the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of infection in the neonate.
For each of the following cardiac anomalies, identify the defect by too much or too little pulmonary blood flow and
describe the diagnosis and treatment:
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patent ductus arteriosus
atrial septal defect
ventricular septal defect
Tetralogy of Fallot
complete transposition of the great vessels
subaortic stenosis
coarctation of the aorta
tricuspid atresia
anomalous venous return
truncus arteriosus
hypoplastic left-heart syndrome
CAUSES OF PEDIATRIC DISEASES REQUIRING CARE
Describe the pathophysiology, signs, symptoms, and treatment of the following disorders:
adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
asthma
cystic fibrosis
Describe for each of the following infectious diseases, the causative organisms, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment.
pneumonia
bronchiolitis
epiglottitis
croup
RSV
Foreign body aspiration
Describe the care of the postoperative congenitally corrected heart patient