Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Ch 35- Respiratory System
Document related concepts
no text concepts found
Transcript
Chapter 35: pp. 649 - 664 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 10th Edition Sylvia S. Mader Respiratory Systems BIOLOGY © Bruce Watkins/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display 1 2 • 2.D.2: Homeostatic mechanisms reflect both common ancestry and divergence due to adaptation in different environments. (35.1-35.2) • 4.B.2: Cooperative interactions within organisms promote efficiency in the use of energy and matter. (35.2) Anatomy of Respiratory Sys. 1. 2. Nasal cavity- cavity inside nose; warms, filters & moistens air (1 on pic) Pharynx- cavity that connects nasal passage & throat (2) 3. Larynx- voicebox, protected by epiglottis (8) 4.Trachea- windpipe, cartilage tube leading to bronchi (9) 5.Bronchi- tubes branch off trachea, air passageways (10) 6. Bronchioles- smaller branches (4) 7. Lungs- breathing organs (5) 8. Alveoli- tiny sacs in lungs where gas exchange occurs (3) 9. Diaphragm- sheet-like muscle that expands and contracts the chest cavity (6) Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer. • Ventilation= Air in & out of Alveoli (inhalation & exhalation) • Gas Exchange= Exchange of carbon dioxide & oxygen (capillaries & alveoli) Gas Exchange • Air coming into body is filtered by tiny nose hair, which traps dirt and particles. Air passages are also lined with mucus membranes that warm and add moisture to the air. • Alveoli are 1 cell thick, engulfed in capillaries, moist, and have a large SA, therefore gas exchange can occur readily. • How Lungs Function 10 Hemoglobin Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. heme group iron atom beta chain alpha chain © Andrew Syred/Photo Researchers, Inc. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer. Ventilation Inhalation- diaphragm flattens, rib cage expands, air enters mouth & nasal cavity, goes through trachea, through bronchial tubes to the alveoli. O2 is picked up by red blood cells (RBCs) and CO2 is dumped off. Ventilation Exhalation- muscles relax, rib cage decreases in, air and CO2 is forced out. Need to get O2 in and CO2 out! • The diaphragm is a sheet muscle that makes the thoracic cavity bigger or smaller. • The internal and external intercostal muscles are between the ribs and they pull the ribs up and out to increase area in the thoracic cavity. • When they relax the opposite happens, ribs fall, thoracic cavity gets smaller. • Medical Animation Gas Exchange • The action of intercostals & the diaphragm create an air pressure difference which forces the air into and out of the lungs. • Alveolar Pressure Changes Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer. 18 Water Environments • O2 CO2 can dissolve in water. • When saturated, water contains a fraction of the O2 in same volume of air, and water is much more viscous than air. • Aquatic animals expend more energy to breathe than terrestrial animals. 19 Gas Exchange • Hydras and planarians • Small animals with large surface area & most of their cells exchange gases directly with the environment • Larger aquatic animals • Have gills • Countercurrent Exchange Countercurrent Gas Exchange in Fish Gills - YouTube 20 Hydra Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. water flow CO2 CO2 O2 O2 21 Anatomy of Gills in Bony Fishes Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. operculum lamellae 900× a. Water passes out of the pharynx and over the finely divided gills. Water passes by the gill lamellae in a direction opposite to blood flow. Oxygen content of water is always higher than the oxygen content of the blood. O2-rich blood Direction of H2O flow O2-poor blood lamellae Direction of H2O flow water flow O2 movement blood flow blood flow gill arch lamella gill filaments b. gill filament c. d. a: © B. Runk/S. Schoenberger/Grant Heilman Photography; b(Gills): © David M. Phillips/Photo Researchers, Inc. 22 Land Environments: Tracheae • Insects and other terrestrial arthropods • A respiratory system consists of branched tracheae • Tracheae branch until end in tracheoles that are in direct contact with body cells 23 Tracheae of Insects Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. air sac tracheole tracheae spiracle spiracle air sacs © Ed Reschke 24 Land Environments: Lungs of Vertebrates • Terrestrial vertebrates have lungs • Amphibians • Many also breathe to some extent through skin • All terrestrial vertebrates, except birds, use a tidal ventilation system • Air moves in and out by the same route 25 Earthworm Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. dorsal blood vessel ventral blood vessel CO2 O2 26 Respiratory Organs Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. gill CO2 O2 gill filament capillaries a. tracheoles CO2 spiracles trachea O2 O2 CO2 O2 CO2 spiracle b. blood vessels trachea mammalian lung CO2 O2 alveoli c. 27 Lungs • Birds use a one-way ventilation mechanism in lungs. • Results in a higher partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs. • Oxygen uptake with each breath is greater than in other vertebrates. • Air sacs allow for mechanism. • Avian Respiration 28 Respiratory System in Birds Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. inhalation lung trachea exhalation lung anterior air sacs posterior air sacs trachea lung 1 Inhalation: Air enters posterior air sacs. anterior air sacs 2 Exhalation begins: Air enters lung. inhaled air exhaled air anterior air sacs exhalation posterior air sacs 4 Exhalation ends: Air exits anterior air sacs. 3 Exhalation continues: Air enters anterior air sacs.
