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Transcript
3-D. Classical Civilizations Decline and Fall Han, Maya, Roman DECLINE AND FALL Decline and Fall • • • • • Political Socioeconomic Environmental issues External conflicts Nomadic invasions • Han • Maya • Romans Decline and Fall: Han Dynasty Which pattern of the fall is illustrated (video clip)? Fall - Han • Rival groups sought to increase their power and wealth. – Great landed families intermarried with the Liu house and tried to manipulate the imperial succession. – Military leaders used their power to intimidate weaker emperors. – Eunuchs, in theory merely menial servants in the imperial household, built up great power through their control of the inner chambers where emperors lived. Fall – Han – 220 CE • By late in the 2nd century, the dynasty began to face serious problems. • The power of landed families had led to greater exploitation of the mass of ordinary farmers. • Rebellions against the power of the wealthy landowners. Fall - Han Military suppression of these rebellions gave new power to the generals. – 1. Military strongmen assumed control of large parts of the empire. – 2. The power of the eunuchs was destroyed by the military, but in the process, the dynasty was further weakened. – 3. By the early 3rd century, Han power was largely a hollow shell. Fall - Han • Collapsed 3rd century, ushering in a period of division known as the Three Kingdoms, from 220–265 C.E. • Regional strongmen sought to protect their own power and fought amongst themselves Decline and Fall: Mayans Fall of the Maya See article… Decline and Fall: Roman Empire Empire’s Problems • 192 CE-284 CE civil wars • Germanic tribes migrate & invade • Political instability • Economic decline • Inflation – Minted too many devalued coins Failed Reform Efforts • Diocletian & Constantine try to stop the fall • Only brief success • 330 CE – capital moved to Byzantium, renamed Constantinople • 395 CE Theodosius dies – splits Roman empire in two, Rome and Constantinople Invasions • Start late 300s CE • Germanic – – – – Visigoths Goths Ostogoths Etc. • Asiatic – Huns • 410 CE Visigoths capture Rome for a time! Fall of Western Roman Empire • Huns gone • Italy devastated • Germanic tribes took over – Rome 476 BCE – Romulus Augustulus • Germanic Kingdoms replace Roman Empire – Visigothic kingdoms only brief Video Clip Of note … • Continuous effort over the next millennium to get back to Roman empire • Roman culture continues to influence on into the future • Heirs to Rome – Germanic Kingdoms – Byzantines – Muslim Empires Byzantine Empire The eastern half of the empire continues to survive and evolve from 476 CE to 1453 CE.
