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Mitigating Air Pollution from Brick Production Bidya Banmali Pradhan Associate Coordinator – Atmosphere Initiative Atmospheric Environment Specialist International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development Kathmandu, Nepal What do you understand?? Adaptation Adjustment in natural or human systems to a new or changing environment. Adaptation to climate change refers to adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities. Mitigation Technological change and substitution that reduce resource inputs and emissions per unit of output with respect to climate change. Mitigation means implementing policies to reduce GHG emissions and enhance sinks. Source:IPCC Brick Production South Asia production ~ 310 Billion bricks/Year Banglade sh 5% Global production ~ 1500 Billion bricks/Year Vietnam 2% Rest of the world 11% Nepal 2% Pakistan 15% South Asia 20% India 78% China 67% • • • • India ~ 100,000 Pakistan ~11,000 Bangladesh ~ 6338 Nepal ~ 750 Largest stationary sources of BC emissions internationally include brick kilns, coke ovens, and industrial boiler, accounting for 20% of total worldwide black carbon (BC) emissions Types of Brick kilns Traditional Technologies Clamp Kiln Domb Kiln Downdraft Kiln Bulls Trench Kiln Types of Brick kilns Improved Kilns Paulistinha Kiln Zig-zag Kiln Hybrid Hoffman Kiln Vertical Shaft Brick Kiln Tunnel Kiln Bricks Fired-clay Solid Bricks are mainly used as the material to construct walls. But bricks are also used for the construction of pavements, canals, drains, roofs, etc. Non-fired Hollow Concrete (solid or hollow) Waste (solid or hollow) Light weight concrete Bricks can be of many types. Traditionally solid clay (both fired and non-fired) were the main types. Now a variety of bricks made from cement, waste materials (e.g. flyash from power plants) along with hollow fired clay bricks are being used. Clay Fired Brick Production Process South Asia China & Vietnam Raw mix Preparation Manual Machines Moulding Manual Extruders Open Air Driers & Shade drying Drying Clay Fired Brick Production South Asia China & Vietnam Process Traditional Intermediate & Modern technologies Fixed Chimney Bulls trench kiln & Clamps technologies – Hoffman, VSBK & Tunnel Kiln Firing Material handling Manual Machines Environmental Impact • Loss of agricultural top soil, land degradation due to unorganised mining • Air pollution (CO2, PM, PM2.5, Black Carbon) – Health impact on workers – Impact on vegetation and agriculture – Large clusters – impact on air quality of cities – recent study for several Indian cities reveals that brick kilns are responsible for 15 25% of PM2.5 in ambient air – Global warming due to CO2 and Black Carbon emissions • Wastage of fuel and clay Aerosol Measurements in Bode, North of Thimi © Dr. Jin-Soo Park, NIER Change in BC Emissions in 2030 Source: Near-term Climate Protection and Clean Air Benefits – Policies And Measures To Reduce Short-lived Climate Forcers Mitigating BC and Other Pollutants from Brick Production - Activities • Policy and Advocacy Network (PAN Global) • Regional Policy and Advocacy Networks South Asia (PAN) • Climate accounting, measurement and analyses (CLIAMA) • Technology and Training Nodes (Asia) PAN Global and Asia • Brick Kiln Policy and Advocacy Network is launched at regional level through two networks – Asia and LAC • Support countries in the development of comprehensive national strategies for cleaner brick production. • Development of draft national strategies • Facilitating implementation of policy recommendations CLIAMA Develop standardized protocol to conduct emissions and efficiency measurements at different types of brick kilns. Develop open source measurement instruments to remedy the problem of a lack of measurement equipment in many parts of the world. Pilot testing the measurement equipment at a location probably in Kathmandu. Will seek inregion labs for analysis as much as possible. Training Nodes • Preparation of peer reviewed training modules. • Compilation of information of technology and technology supplier in Nepal, Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. • Establishment of 4-5 training nodes; at least one in each country. • Organization of training programme in India, Nepal, Bangladesh and Pakistan (3-6 training programmes at each country reaching approx. 5001000 brick makers. 25 April Earthquake 289,000 houses-destroyed 255,000 houses damaged ~25,000 public buildings destroyed or damaged Total damage: ~350 kilns 105 kilns within Valley damaged Estimated loss: Rs1.12 billion Production loss: 30-40% To support rebuild Nepalese brick industries in a “right way” • • • • Seismic consideration Energy efficiency Environmental friendly( Low emission) Worker-friendly Manual Preparation Phase • Output of four months of intensive work • A technical committee comprising of experts and entrepreneurs from Nepal and India • Detail assessment of damaged kilns • Design incorporates both practical experiences and scientific analysis • Consultation and feedback from broad range of stakeholders • Consultation with well known international institutes like TERI, Punjab State Council, CPCB Multi-sector Policy Meeting Various Pre Meetings Manual Launch Structurally safe and earthquake-resistant Energy efficient ~ 30-40% compare to natural draught straight line Lower emitting ~ 20-40% reduction in PM emissions, BC and SO2 Better quality bricks ~ 90% A class bricks, breakage below 5% Brick Setting Zigzag Straight Line • • • Agricultural soil loss impact of air pollution on workers, crops; impact on urban air quality Environm ental • • • Standards Regulations Incentives Socioeconomi c • • • Media Policy Source of employment for a large number of rural poor; Local entrepreneurship; Working conditions; Market • • • • Green Brick Hollow bricks Alternative building material Energy-efficient Web / Mobile Visualization Thank you!!! Photo: Jitendra