Download Mitigating Air Pollution from Brick Production

Mitigating Air Pollution from
Brick Production
Bidya Banmali Pradhan
Associate Coordinator – Atmosphere Initiative
Atmospheric Environment Specialist
International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development
Kathmandu, Nepal
What do you understand??
Adaptation
Adjustment in natural or human systems to a
new or changing environment. Adaptation to
climate change refers to adjustment in
natural or human systems in response to
actual or expected climatic stimuli or their
effects, which moderates harm or exploits
beneficial opportunities.
Mitigation
Technological change and substitution that
reduce resource inputs and emissions per unit of
output with respect to climate change. Mitigation
means implementing policies to reduce GHG
emissions and enhance sinks.
Source:IPCC
Brick Production
South Asia production ~ 310 Billion bricks/Year
Banglade
sh
5%
Global production ~ 1500 Billion
bricks/Year
Vietnam
2%
Rest of the
world
11%
Nepal
2%
Pakistan
15%
South Asia
20%
India
78%
China
67%
•
•
•
•
India ~ 100,000
Pakistan ~11,000
Bangladesh ~ 6338
Nepal ~ 750
Largest stationary sources of BC emissions internationally include brick kilns, coke
ovens, and industrial boiler, accounting for 20% of total worldwide black carbon (BC)
emissions
Types of Brick kilns
Traditional Technologies
Clamp Kiln
Domb Kiln
Downdraft Kiln
Bulls Trench Kiln
Types of Brick kilns
Improved Kilns
Paulistinha Kiln
Zig-zag Kiln
Hybrid Hoffman Kiln
Vertical Shaft Brick Kiln
Tunnel Kiln
Bricks
Fired-clay
Solid
Bricks are mainly used
as the material to
construct walls. But
bricks are also used
for the construction of
pavements, canals,
drains, roofs, etc.
Non-fired
Hollow
Concrete
(solid or
hollow)
Waste (solid
or hollow)
Light weight
concrete
Bricks can be of many types. Traditionally solid
clay (both fired and non-fired) were the main
types. Now a variety of bricks made from cement,
waste materials (e.g. flyash from power plants)
along with hollow fired clay bricks are being used.
Clay Fired Brick Production Process
South Asia
China & Vietnam
Raw mix
Preparation
Manual
Machines
Moulding
Manual
Extruders
Open Air
Driers &
Shade
drying
Drying
Clay Fired Brick Production
South Asia
China & Vietnam
Process Traditional
Intermediate & Modern
technologies Fixed Chimney Bulls trench kiln
& Clamps
technologies – Hoffman,
VSBK & Tunnel Kiln
Firing
Material
handling
Manual
Machines
Environmental Impact
• Loss of agricultural top soil, land degradation due to unorganised mining
• Air pollution (CO2, PM, PM2.5, Black Carbon)
– Health impact on workers
– Impact on vegetation and agriculture
– Large clusters – impact on air quality of cities – recent study for
several Indian cities reveals that brick kilns are responsible for 15 25% of PM2.5 in ambient air
– Global warming due to CO2 and Black Carbon emissions
• Wastage of fuel and clay
Aerosol Measurements in Bode, North of Thimi
© Dr. Jin-Soo Park, NIER
Change in BC Emissions in 2030
Source: Near-term Climate Protection and Clean Air Benefits –
Policies And Measures To Reduce Short-lived Climate Forcers
Mitigating BC and Other Pollutants
from Brick Production - Activities
• Policy and Advocacy Network (PAN Global)
• Regional Policy and Advocacy Networks
South Asia (PAN)
• Climate accounting, measurement and
analyses (CLIAMA)
• Technology and Training Nodes (Asia)
PAN Global and Asia
•
Brick Kiln Policy and Advocacy Network is launched at regional level through two
networks – Asia and LAC
•
Support countries in the development of comprehensive national strategies for
cleaner brick production.
•
Development of draft national strategies
•
Facilitating implementation of policy recommendations
CLIAMA
Develop standardized protocol to conduct
emissions and efficiency measurements at
different types of brick kilns.
Develop open source measurement instruments to
remedy the problem of a lack of measurement
equipment in many parts of the world.
Pilot testing the measurement equipment at a
location probably in Kathmandu. Will seek inregion labs for analysis as much as possible.
Training Nodes
•
Preparation of peer reviewed training modules.
•
Compilation of information of technology and technology supplier in Nepal,
Bangladesh, India and Pakistan.
•
Establishment of 4-5 training nodes; at least one in each country.
•
Organization of training programme in India, Nepal, Bangladesh and
Pakistan (3-6 training programmes at each country reaching approx. 5001000 brick makers.
25 April Earthquake
289,000 houses-destroyed
255,000 houses damaged
~25,000 public buildings destroyed or
damaged
Total damage: ~350 kilns
105 kilns within Valley damaged
Estimated loss: Rs1.12 billion
Production loss: 30-40%
To support rebuild Nepalese brick industries
in a “right way”
•
•
•
•
Seismic consideration
Energy efficiency
Environmental friendly( Low
emission)
Worker-friendly
Manual Preparation Phase
• Output of four months of intensive work
• A technical committee comprising of
experts and entrepreneurs from Nepal
and India
• Detail assessment of damaged kilns
• Design incorporates both practical
experiences and scientific analysis
• Consultation and feedback from broad
range of stakeholders
• Consultation with well known
international institutes like TERI, Punjab
State Council, CPCB
Multi-sector Policy Meeting
Various Pre Meetings
Manual Launch
Structurally safe and earthquake-resistant
Energy efficient ~ 30-40% compare to natural draught straight line
Lower emitting ~ 20-40% reduction in PM emissions, BC and SO2
Better quality bricks ~ 90% A class bricks, breakage below 5%
Brick Setting
Zigzag
Straight Line
•
•
•
Agricultural soil loss
impact of air pollution on
workers, crops;
impact on urban air quality
Environm
ental
•
•
•
Standards
Regulations
Incentives
Socioeconomi
c
•
•
•
Media
Policy
Source of employment for a large
number of rural poor;
Local entrepreneurship;
Working conditions;
Market
•
•
•
•
Green Brick
Hollow bricks
Alternative building material
Energy-efficient
Web / Mobile Visualization
Thank you!!!
Photo: Jitendra