Download Кузнецова Н. Б. Английский язык практическая грамматика

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БЕЛАРУСЬ
УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ
«МИНСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ВЫСШИЙ
РАДИОТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ КОЛЛЕДЖ»
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ГРАММАТИКА
ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ГРАММАТИКА
ENGLISH GRAMMAR PRACTICE
ENGLISH GRAMMAR PRACTICE
Практикум
ПРАКТИКУМ
для учащихся специальности 2-25 01 10
«Коммерческая деятельность»
и студентов специальности 1-08 01 01-08
«Профессиональное обучение. (Экономика и управление)»
МИНСК 2008
МИНСК 2008
1
УДК 802.0(075)
ББК 81.2Англ.–9
А64
Предисловие
Рекомендовано к изданию предметно-методической комиссией иностранных языков (протокол № 3 от 14.10.2008 г.) и Научно-методическим советом Учреждения образования «Минский государственный высший радиотехнический колледж»
(протокол № 2 от 15.10.2008 г.)
Составитель
Н. Б. Кузнецова, преподаватель предметно-методической
комиссии иностранных языков МГВРК
Рецензент
В. В. Алефиренко, председатель предметно-методической
комиссии иностранных языков МГВРК
Английский язык. Практическая грамматика = English
А64 grammar practice : практикум для учащихся специальности
2-25 01 10 «Коммерческая деятельность» и студентов специальности 1-08 01 01-08 «Профессиональное обучение.
(Экономика и управление)» / сост. Н. Б. Кузнецова. – Мн. :
МГВРК, 2008. – 76 с.
ISBN 978-985-526-013-5
Цель практикума – помочь изучить грамматику английского языка при помощи теоретических таблиц и целого ряда разнообразных функциональных упражнений, включающих речевые модели современного разговорного языка.
Предназначено для учащихся, студентов и преподавателей
колледжа.
УДК 802.0(075)
ББК 81.2Англ.–9
ISBN 978-985-526-013-5
2
© Кузнецова Н. Б., составление, 2008
© Оформление. Учреждение образования «Минский государственный
высший радиотехнический колледж», 2008
Пособие предназначено для аудиторной и самостоятельной
работы учащихся специальности 2-25 01 10 “Коммерческая деятельность” и студентов специальности 1-08 01 01-08 “Профессиональное обучение (Экономика и управление)”.
Цель пособия – развитие и закрепление навыков употребления грамматических конструкций, а также предупреждение возникновения типичных ошибок в устной и письменной речи.
Пособие состоит из пяти тематических разделов: Nouns (существительное), Articles (артикль), Adjectives and Adverbs (прилагательное и наречие), Pronouns (местоимение), Prepositions
(предлог) и является логическим продолжением The World of
Grammar.
Упражнения имеют целью усвоение грамматических правил, актуализацию грамматических моделей и умение пользоваться ими в сообщениях и изложениях на заданную тему.
В большинстве упражнений за инструкциями следует образец
выполнения задания, составленный для того, чтобы студенты
могли выполнить упражнение самостоятельно или в парах без
помощи преподавателя как в аудитории, так и при выполнении
домашнего задания.
По виду упражнения подразделяются на тренировочные и
контролирующие. В каждом разделе представлено большое количество упражнений, позволяющих осуществить принцип индивидуального подхода к обучению.
Каждый раздел снабжен грамматическими комментариями,
справочными таблицами, что является необходимым условием
при самостоятельной работе.
Материал в пособии представлен по тематическому и дифференцированному принципу, расположение разделов предполагает определенную последовательность при изучении грамматических явлений.
Составитель надеется, что пособие станет хорошим подспорьем для тех, кто стремится улучшить свои знания в области
грамматики и собирается использовать полученные знания в
практической работе с английским языком.
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1. NOUNS
There are four kinds of nouns: abstract (love, beauty etc.), common
(chair, table etc.), collective (class, audience, staff, team etc.), proper
(Ann, Ted, Spain etc.)
Gender
Masculine = men, boys, animals when we know their sex (he)
Feminine = woman, girls, ships, animals when we know their sex (she)
Neuter = things, babies/animals when we don’t know their sex (it)
Most personal nouns have the same form whether male or female
(doctor, teacher etc.). Some nouns have different forms, though. Some
of these are:
actor – actress
emperor – empress
king – queen
barman – barmaid father – mother
landlord – landlady
boy – girl
gentleman – lady
lord – lady
groom – bride
grandfather – grandmother monk – nun
brother – sister
hero – heroine
nephew – niece
duke – duchess
husband – wife
policeman – policewoman
prince – princess steward – stewardess
waiter – waitress
son – daughter
uncle – aunt
widower – widow
1. Put (M) for male, (F) for female or (M/F) for both in the
spaces.
1. doctor
M/F
2. nurse
…
3. teacher
…
4. typist
…
5. student
…
6. bride
…
7. pilot
…
8. waiter
…
9. wife
…
10. driver
…
11. barman
…
12. king
…
13. child
…
14. lord
…
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15. queen
17. scientist
19. landlord
21. grandfather
23. engineer
…
…
…
…
…
16. lady…
18. prince
20. stewardess
22. policeman
24. musician
…
…
…
…
2. Write the masculine or feminine of the following if there is
a difference.
1. husband
wife
2. politician …
3. brother
…
4. uncle
…
5. student
…
6. nephew
…
7. policeman
…
8. lawyer
…
9. waiter
…
10. actor
…
11. doctor
…
12. monk
…
13. duke
…
14. clerk
…
15. shop assistant …
The Plural of Nouns
Nouns are made plural by adding:
-s to the noun (pen – pens etc.)
-es to nouns ending in -o (tomato –
tomatoes)
-es to nouns ending in -s, -es, -x, -s to nouns ending in: vowel+o (ra-ch, -sh (bus – buses, glass – dio – radios), double o (zoo – zoos),
glasses, box – boxes, torch – abbreviations (photograph/photo –
torches, bush – bushes etc.)
photos), musical instrument (piano –
-ies to nouns ending in conso- pianos) and proper nouns (Eskimo –
nant +y (baby – babies, lady – Eskimos)
Some nouns ending in -o can take
ladies etc.)
either -es or -s. These are : buffalo,
mosquito, volcano etc.
-s to nouns ending in vowel +y -ves to some nouns ending in -f/-fe.
(boy – boys, day – days etc.)
(leaf – leaves). (but: chiefs, roofs,
cliffs, handkerchiefs, safes etc.)
Compound nouns form their plural by adding -s/-es:
To the second nouns if the com- to the first noun if the compound
pound consists of two nouns girl- consist of two nouns connected with
friend – girlfriends
a preposition sister-in-law – sistersin-law
to the noun if the compound At the end of the compound if this is
consists of an adjective and a not made up of any nouns breaknoun flying pan – flying pans
down – breakdowns
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Irregular Plurals
Man – men, woman – women, foot – feet, tooth – teeth, louse – lice,
mouse – mice, child – children, goose – geese, sheep – sheep, deer –
deer, fish – fish, trout – trout
3. Write the plural of the following nouns.
1. city
cities
2. brother-in-law
3. headline
…
4. photo
5. bank robbery …
6. stepfather
7. couch
…
8. dish
9. tray
…
10. roof
11. sit-in
…
12. hold-up
13. mouse
…
14. tooth
15. knife
…
16. potato
17. sleeping pill …
18. calf
19. water-bottle
…
20. sunshade
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
Some nouns take only a plural verb. These are objects which consist of
two parts: garments (trousers, pyjamas etc.), tools (scissors, compasses
etc.), instruments (binoculars, spectacles etc.) or nouns which have a
plural meaning such as : belongings, cattle, clothes, congratulations,
earnings, goods, greens, (good) looks, outskirts, people, police, riches,
stairs etc.
Some nouns take only a singular verb. These are: mass nouns (bread, tea,
sugar etc.), abstract nouns (advice, love, death etc.), words ending in -ics
(athletics, mathematics etc.), games/diseases ending in -s (billiard, mumps
etc.), nouns such as: weather, luggage, furniture, money, news etc.
Group nouns refer to a group of people. These nouns can take either a
singular or a plural verb depending on whether we see the group as a
whole or as individuals.
Such group nouns are: army, audience, class, club, committee, company, council, crew, family, government, press, public, staff, team etc.
The team was the best in the country (the team as a group)
The team were all given medals (each member separately as individuals)
Some nouns have a different meaning in plural
Singular
Plural
The needle of a compass always You can draw a perfect circle with
points north
compasses
It is an English custom the Queen’s When he got off the plane his bag
birthday
was searched at Customs
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She has a lot of experience working
with children
Would you like a glass of milk?
She has got long, blonde hair
They were shocked at the scale of
the disaster
This door is made of wood
He goes to work every day except
Sunday
We had lots of exciting experiences
on our journey through Africa
He can’t see very well without his
glasses
There are two hairs in this soup!
She weighed herself on the scales
The boy got lost in the woods
Picasso’s works are really fascinating
4. Fill in: is or are.
1. Where are your trousers?
2. Could you tell me where the scissors … ?
3. Tonight, there … athletics on TV.
4. Money … easy to spend and difficult to save.
5. Gloves … worn in cold weather.
6. This student’s knowledge … amazing.
7. Love … the reason for much happiness in the world.
8. This bread … stale.
9. Your pajamas … on the bed.
10. My luggage … too heavy to carry.
11. My advice to you … to stay in bed.
12. Physics … my favorite subject.
13. Measles … a common illness.
14. The glasses … in the cupboard.
15. My mum’s hair … really long.
16. Our bathroom scales … quite accurate.
17. Darts … a popular game in England.
18. This work … too hard for me.
19. People … unhappy with the new tax system.
Compound Nouns
Compound nouns are nouns that are made of two or more parts and
are formed as follows:
• noun + noun. The plural is usually formed by adding -s/-es to the
second nouns. e.g. bus driver → bus drivers
• -ing form/adjective + noun. The plural is formed by adding -s/-es to
the noun. e.g. rocking-horse → rocking-horses
dining room → dining rooms
darkroom → darkrooms
7
• nouns + in-law. The plural is formed by adding -s to the noun.
e.g. brother-in-law → brothers-in-law
• noun +adverb. The plural is formed by adding -s to the noun.
e.g. passer-by → passers-by
• verb + adverb particle. The plural is formed by adding -s to the
word. e.g. breakdown →breakdowns
5. Match the items in column A to the ones in column В to
make compound nouns. Then, form the plural.
1 – d: keyhole – keyholes
Colum A
Colum B
1. key
a glove
2. light
b box
3. swimming
c away
4. push
d hole
5. sailing
e up
6. get
f bulb
7. compact
g print
8. foot
h pool
9. rubber
i disc
10. letter
j boat
11. break
k in
12. let
l down
6. Write the plural of the following nouns.
1. wife – wives
2. stepmother …
3. father-in-law …
4. safe …
5. workbook …
6. sister-in-law …
7. dictionary …
8. teapot …
9. mouse …
10. brush …
11. parking space …
12. watch …
7. Fill in a, an or some where necessary.
1. We booked a room in the Grand Hotel.
2. The police found … glass from the broken window on the
ground.
3. There is … room for five people in my car.
4. She usually drinks … glass of orange juice in the morning.
5. There was … hair in my soup.
6. I need … paper to write my letters on.
8
7. Her … hair is long and blonde.
8. The Eiffel Tower is made of … iron.
9. He decided to buy … paper to read on the train.
10. I have got … iron, but it is very old.
8. Underline the correct word.
1. A: How many biscuits was/were there in the tin?
B: I don’t know.
2. A: These trousers is/are too long.
B: You must have bought the wrong size.
3. A: My hair is/are a mess today.
B: Don’t be silly. You look lovely.
4. A: I need some new socks.
B: There is/are a new pair in that bag for you.
5. A: What happened to that escaped criminal?
B: The police is/are still looking for him.
6. A: Did you see Steve at the party?
B: No. There was/were too many other people there.
7. A: Do you like my new shoes?
B: Oh yes. My shoes is/are very similar, actually.
8. A: I can’t stand people who never do/does anything for
themselves.
B: Nor can I. No one should depend totally on others.
9. A: My shorts is/are dirty.
B: Well, you’ll have to wear a skirt.
10. A: The stairs in the cathedral was/were very steep.
B: Yes. I was exhausted when I reached the top.
9. Fill in is or are.
1. Be careful! Those scissors are very sharp.
2. Maths … John’s favourite subject at school.
3. The police … investigating the crime.
4. These trousers … too big for me.
5. The stairs in my house … made of wood.
6. His new furniture … very modern.
7. The weather … going to be bad this weekend.
8. My advice … that you get a new job.
9. His new clothes … very fashionable.
10. The team … all training hard for Saturday’s match.
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11. The money in the jar … for this week’s shopping.
12. My pyjamas … not on my bed. Where … they?
13. Mumps … a childhood disease.
14. My luggage … in the car already.
15. Your hair … very long again.
16. Tom’s gloves … made of soft leather.
17. The class … all working on a project together.
18. Athletics … my favourite sport.
19. My shoes … too small for me now.
Countable – Uncountable Nouns
Nouns can be countable (those that can be counted, eg. 1 bag, 2 bags
etc.) or uncountable (those that can’t be counted eg. ‘sugar). Uncountable nouns take a singular verb. They are not used with a/an. Some,
any, no, much, etc. can be used with them. eg. I need some help. (not: a
help) There isn’t much sugar left.
The most common uncountable nouns are: accommodation, advice,
anger, baggage, behavior, blood, bread, business, chess, coal, countryside, courage, damage, dirt, education, evidence, food, fruit, furniture,
gold, hair, happiness, help, homework, housework, information, jewellery, knowledge, laughter, luck, luggage, meat, money, music, news,
rubbish, seaside, shopping, soap, spaghetti, traffic, trouble, water,
weather, work, writing etc.
Note that the nouns for types of meat are also uncountable: beef, mutton, venison etc.
Many uncountable nouns can be made countable by means of partitives.
a piece of cake/information/advice/furniture; a glass/bottle of water; a jar
of jam; a tin of beans; a pint of milk; a box of chocolates; a packet of
biscuits/tea; a slice/loaf of bread; a pot of yoghurt; a pot/cup of tea; a
kilo/pound of meat; a bottle of vinegar; a tube of toothpaste; a bar of
chocolate/soap; a bit/piece of chalk; an ice cube; a lamp of sugar; a sheet
of paper; a bag of flour; a pair of trousers; a game of soccer; a(n)
item/piece of news; a drop/can of oil; a can of cola; a carton of milk; a
block of wood etc.
10. Write (C) countable or (U) uncountable.
1. sugar
U
2. bird
3. pen
…
4. transport
5. housework
…
6. ball
7. soap
…
8. bridge
9. water
…
10. news
10
…
…
…
…
…
11. house
13. boy
15. chess
17. dog
19. weather
11. Make the
example:
1. ice
3. soap
5. lamb
7. cola
9. sugar
11. wood
13. jam
15. paper
17. chocolate
19. toothpaste
21. spaghetti
…
…
…
…
…
12. luggage
14. fruit…
16. food
18. furniture
20. sausage
…
…
…
…
following uncountable nouns plural as in the
two
two
three
two
two
three
three
two
three
three
three
ice cubes
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
2. toast
4. tea
6. ink
8. advice
10. yoghurt
12. news
14. beef
16. hockey
18. spectacles
20. information
three
two
two
two
two
two
three
two
two
two
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
Possessive case
The possessive case can be used to talk about ownership or the relationship between people. It is formed in two ways:
1. with ‘s/’ for people or animals
• singular nouns + ‘s e.g. Jim’s pen
• plural nouns ending in -s + ‘
e.g. the boys’ hats, the cats’ tails
• plural nouns not ending in -s + ‘s
e.g. the children’s toys
• compound nouns + ‘s e.g. my father-in-law’s house
• We use ‘s after the last of two or more names to show common possession
e.g. John and Helen’s house. (The house belongs to both of them)
• We use ‘s after each name to show individual possession
e.g. Mary’s and Diana’s bags. (Each girl has her own bag)
2. with of for inanimate things
• of + inanimate thing or abstract noun
e.g. the windows of the house
the cost of living
• a/the/this/that + noun + of + possessive
e.g. He’s a friend of Jack’s. That friend of yours
11
Note: When we refer to a certain place or time, the possessive case is
formed as follows:
• phrase of place (shop/home/business, etc.) + ‘s
e.g. at the baker’s (we mean the shop)/at Dave’s (flat)
• phrase showing length of time/specific moment or event + ‘s/’
e.g. an hour’s delay/two days’ work
last Sunday’s paper
• We can use either ‘s or of when we talk about places or organizations
e.g. NASA’s headquarters or the headquarters of NASA
12. Connect the nouns using -’s, -’or … of …
1. car/Helen – Helen’s car
2. the manager/the restaurant …
3. shoes/women …
4. the results/the test …
5. bicycles/my daughters …
6. secretary/the assistant manager …
7. the corner/the room …
8. house/their parents …
9. the back/the classroom …
10. shoes/William …
11. walk/an hour …
12. partner/Jim …
13. Rome/the streets …
14. UN/headquarters …
13. Rewrite the sentences using the correct possessive form.
1. Nobody went to the meeting last week. – Nobody went to last
week’ meeting.
2. The drive to the airport takes two hours. …
3. They will get their exam results six weeks from now. …
4. I look after James – Karen – children. …
5. I received the letter in the post – yesterday. …
6. It’s autumn. The tree – the leaves are falling off. …
7. Graham never listens to his doctor – the advice. …
8. Are you going to Jane – Paula – the party? …
9. He has never done a hard day of work in his life. …
10. At the moment I’m staying with a friend – my. …
11. I think I’ll order the special of today. …
12. The man knocked on the house – the door. …
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13. The ticket inspector looked at the people – the tickets. …
14. Mrs. Jones – Miss Smith – cars are being serviced. …
15. The sales target this month is two million pounds. …
14. Insert is or are.
1. Where are the glass?
2. Money … not everything.
3. There … a lot of sheep in the field.
4. Knowledge … power.
5. Can I borrow your scissors? Mine … not sharp enough.
6. My hair ... clean.
7. No news … good news.
8. The crowd … enormous.
9. The crowd around me … obviously is enjoying their day-out
at the races.
10. There … quite a number of people watching the game.
15. Insert is or are.
1. The family are fond of their hours.
2. There … five people in the room now.
3. There … a wardrobe, two arm-chairs, a sofa and a coffee table in the room.
4. Twenty miles … a long way to walk.
5. The majority of criminals … non-violent.
6. Some of these people … friends of mine and the rest … people from the office.
7. A lot of socials problems … caused by unemployment.
8. A couple of my friend … going to open a travel agency.
9. Statistics … useful in language testing.
10. Everybody … ready.
16. Choose the right variant.
1. James Dough shot down thirteen enemy (craft, craftes,
crafts).
2. The (wolves, wolfs) have been shot.
3. My sister has a (two-months old, two-month old) baby.
4. He showed me the (photoes, photos) of his country house.
5. They found the only (means, mean’s, mean) to cross the
river was to swim.
13
6. Accidents cause a lot of (damages, damage), be careful.
7. All the available (data, datum, dates) show that the revolution started in 18th century.
8. Three (policemen, policeman, polisemans) were present there.
9. He goes out in all (weather, weathers).
10. He had many hilarious (experiences, experience, experienses) to tell us.
17. Choose the right variant.
1. (Pence, pennies) are made of bronze.
2. It costs 25 (pennies, pence).
3. They became successful (businessmen, businessman).
4. News (travel, travels, are travelling) fast.
5. The police (want, wants) to interview Fred about the accident.
6. The sunlit (roofs, roves, roofes) look wonderful.
7. Last Saturday we went fishing, but we didn’t catch many
(fishes, fish, fishs).
8. We’d like three (dozens, dozen, dozens of) eggs.
9. It costs three (hundred, hundreds) dollars.
10. On the table there are apples, plums and other (fruit, fruits).
18. Choose the right variant.
1. – My son painted these landscapes. – I know, I particularly
like (this picture of your son, this picture of your son’s, this picture
of a son of yours).
2. – Who was it? – Oh, it was (a student of Mrs. Grey’s, a student of Mrs. Grey, Grey’s a student).
3. I was in the (grocer’s, grocers’) and I heard some women
say it.
4. (Tess’s, Tesses’, Tess’es) mother doesn’t allow her to stay
long in the open.
5. (Peter and Helen’s, Peter’s and Helen’s) flat is on the second floor.
6. My (parent’s, parents’, parentses’) son is my brother.
7. In stressing her (mother’s-in-law, mother-in-law’s,
mother’s-in-law’s) peasant origin she found it easier to disregard her.
8. Wormwood Shrubs is a first (offender’s, offenders’) prison.
9. – What is Ann now? – She is the (PM’s, P’sM, P’sM’s) secretary.
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10. I think you can buy it at (Harrods’s, Harrods’, Harrods).
19. Choose the right variant.
1. We are staying with his (wive’s, wifes’, wife’s) family.
2. Today is my (nephew’s, nephew’es, nephew) birthday.
3. You can buy a ticket at the (travel agent, travel agent’s,
travel agents’).
4. What did he say about (tomorrow’s, tomorows, tomorrow)
weather.
5. The (town, town’s, towns’) only cinema has been closed
down.
6. She looked like a (children’s, child’s, child, children) picture herself, extremely cheerful and simple.
7. You can buy it at the (chemists’, chemist’s, chemist).
8. This is my (children’s, childrens’) room.
9. For (goodness’, goodness, goodnesses) sake, stay at home at
least today!
10. You can buy the same suit at (Foyles, Foyleses, Foyles’s).
20. Choose the right variant.
1. I don’t want (advice, an advice, advices) or help.
2. There are too many (mouses, mice, mices) in the barn.
3. We met many (Japaneses, Japanese) on our holiday.
4. The (deer, deers, deeres) were ravaging the man’s field.
5. Her favourite flowers are (forgets-me-nots, forgets-me-not,
forget-me-nots).
6. There are many (gooses, geese, geeses) in the field.
7. You should clean your (tooths, teeth, teeths) every morning.
8. There are two (safes, saves) in the corner.
9. The ships were bringing (cargoes, cargos) from all over the
world.
10. There are three (salmons, salmon) in the aquarium.
15
2. ARTICLES
The Indefinite
Article ‘A’/’An’
a + consonant sound (/b/, /d/, /g/, /f/, /l/, /p/, etc./)
an + vowel sound (/α/, /e/, /i/, /x/, /λ/, etc.)
a/an is used:
• with singular countable nouns after the verb “to be” to say what
someone/something is
e.g. He’s a pilot. It’s a torch
• with the verb have (got)
e.g. Mary has (got) a car
• in certain expressions when we want to show how often we do something
e.g. She goes shopping twice a month
a/an is not used:
• with uncountable nouns or plural countable nouns. We use “some”
instead of a/an
e.g. We need some flour and some sugar
They bought some stamps
• before an adjective if it is not followed by a noun. However, if the
adjective is followed by a noun, we use “a” if the adjective begins with
a consonant sound and “an” if the adjective begins with a vowel sound
e.g. It’s a house. It’s big. It’s a big house. This is John’s car. It’s new. It’s
also an expensive car
1. Fill in the gaps with a or an.
1. an open door
2. … apple
3. … large box
4. … building
5. … old man
6. … computer
7. … unusual picture
8. … cat
9. … elephant
10. … tall woman
2. Fill in the gaps with a, an or some.
1. A: I saw some nice trousers and … lovely dress in a shop today.
B: Did you buy anything?
2. A: Would you like … fruit?
B: Yes, please. I’ll have … orange.
3. A: Can you give me… advice?
B: Yes. You should take … holiday.
4. A: What’s that?
16
B: It’s … old diary I found.
5. A: That’s … unusual ring.
В: I know. It’s … antique.
6. A: Did you get … card for Bob?
B: Yes, I got him … present, too.
A/An – The
“A/An” is used only with singular countable nouns to talk about things
in general. We don’t use “a/an” with uncountable or plural nouns. We
can use “some” instead. “A/An” is often used after the verbs be and have.
A cat is a domestic animal. (Which cat? Cats in general.) Bring me some
milk, please!
We can use “a/an” or the before a singular countable noun to refer to
a class of people, animals or things. However, we omit “a/an” or “the”
before a noun in the plural when it represents a class. A/The dolphin is
a mammal. Also: Dolphins are mammals. Exception: Man is a mammal
too. (not: the man)
“The” is used with singular and plural nouns, countable and uncountable ones, to talk about something specific, or when the noun is mentioned for a second time. Whose is the van parked in front of our house?
(Which van? The one parked in front of our house). He found a cat in the
park. He took the cat home. (the word “cat” is mentioned for a second
time)
“The” is also used with the words beach, cinema, country(side),
ground, jungle, radio, sea, seaside, theatre, world etc. e.g. He likes going to the theatre. We usually say “television” without “the”. We often
watch television. but: Turn on the television (set). We also say: He lives
near the sea. but: They are at sea (= they are sailing). We normally omit
“the” before the words last and next when we talk about a period of
time immediately before or after the moment of speaking. He graduated last year. Ill meet you next week. I went to work on Monday but the
next day I stayed at home
3. Fill in the gaps with a, an or the.
1) The tiger is 2) … large carnivorous animal which belongs to
3) … cat family. 4) … males are about three feet high and can be as
long as twelve feet, including 5) … tail. There are about eight varieties of tiger found around 6) … world. 7) … tiger is 8) … wild animal, which lives in 9) … jungle where water and prey are plentiful.
10) … tiger will only attack 11) … person if it is starving or if it is
threatened. 12) … tiger is 13) … easily recognized animal as it has
14) … thick yellow or white coat with distinctive black stripes.
17
• We use a/an + adjective + one
e.g. I’m looking for a flat. I want a big one (NOT: I want a one)
• We use “one” with the words night/morning/day/time, etc., usually in
narration
e.g. One night there was a terrible storm
• We use “one” or “one of” … when we mean one person/thing out of
many. It usually contrasts with other
e.g. One book was about history, but the others were about geography
One of my friends is a vet
• We use “a/an” or “one” with no difference in meaning when counting or measuring time, distance, weight, etc.
e.g. He paid a/one hundred pounds for the ring
We need a/one kilo of potatoes
Sandra will be away for a/one year
4. Fill in: a, an or the where necessary.
Last summer we went to 1) the seaside for two weeks. Unfortunately, we hadn’t booked 2) … accommodation before we went, and
we had 3) … awful time finding 4) … room to stay in. 5) … only
room we could find was very small, but it had 6) … lovely view of
7) … sea and was only two minutes from 8) … beach. 9) … weather
was very hot, and on 10) … first day I stayed out so long, I got
11) … terrible sunburn and had to stay in bed 12) … next day. After
that, however, everything went well and we had 13) … wonderful
holiday.
One/Ones
We use “one” in the singular and “ones” in the plural to avoid repeating the noun when it is clear what we mean
e.g. My new car is much faster than my old one (= my old car)
I don’t usually wear silver earrings. I wear gold ones (= gold earrings)
A(n) /One
• We use a/an to refer to an unspecified thing. It means any one
e.g. She bought a blouse (we are not talking about a specific blouse)
• We use one when we are counting, to put emphasis on number
e.g. She bought one blouse (She didn’t buy two blouses)
18
5. Fill in a, an, one or ones.
1. I’m looking for a book about animals. Do you have any?
2. There was … book about animals, but the others were adventure stories.
3. They saw … old film at the cinema yesterday.
4. I don’t like these boots, but I really like the … you’re wearing.
5. Tom found … mouse in the kitchen, so he put mousetraps
everywhere.
6. … morning there was a power cut.
7. I’m looking for … bag. I need a large …
8. There were two dresses in the shop I liked, but I only bought …
6. Fill in the gaps with a, an or some.
A: It’s your birthday soon. What would you like as 1) a gift?
B: Actually, there are lots of things I want, so I’ll give you 2) …
list.
A: Alright, I’ll write it down.
B: First, I need 3) … new bike. I would also like 4) … clothes
and 5) … money.
A: A bike is 6) … expensive gift, and we bought you 7) … good
one two years ago.
B: Well, you could buy me 8) … guitar instead!
A: But you can’t play the guitar!
B: I know, but I want to learn.
A: So, you mean you want me to pay for 9) … lessons too?
B: Yes, please!
19
7. Fill in a, an or one.
A: I bought 1) a set of plates yesterday, but I have broken 2) …
of them already. I can’t have 3) … dinner party without 4) …
full set of plates.
В: 1) … day, I will buy 2) … cottage in the country. It will have
3) … big garden so I will be able to keep 4) … dog.
С: I need 1) … car. I want 2) … with power steering and 3) …
sun roof. I can afford 4) … second hand car, but I’d rather
buy 5) … new 6) …
D: Suddenly there was 1) … knock at the door. 2) … old man
stood outside. He was wearing 3) … suit and carrying 4) …
suitcase in 5) … hand and 6) … umbrella in the other.
E: There were 1) … dozen people in the room and not 2) … of
them knew how to use 3) … computer.
F: ‘I have 1) … terrible headache. I think I will take 2) … tablet
and lie down for half 3) … hour.’ ‘I hate headaches. I had
4) … yesterday at work.’
The is used before:
nouns which are unique. The Earth,
the Eiffel Tower
names of cinemas (the Rex), hotels
(the Sheraton), theatres (the Apollo),
museums (the Prado), newspapers/magazines (The Guardian, but:
Newsweek), ships (the Marie
Celeste), institutions (the RSPCA),
galleries (the Tate Gallery)
names of rivers (the Seine), seas (the
Black Sea), groups of islands/states
(the Bahamas, the USA), mountain
ranges (the Alps), deserts (the Sahara desert), oceans (the Atlantic),
canals (the Suez Canal) and names
or nouns with “of” (the Tower of
London, the Statue of Liberty)
Note: the equator, the North/South
Pole, the north of England, the
South/West/North/East
musical instruments, dances. the
piano, the tango
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The is omitted before:
proper nouns. Jim comes from
New York
names of sports, games, activities,
days, months, holidays, colours,
drinks, meals and languages (not
followed by the word “language”)
She plays squash well. She likes
red. We speak English. but: The
English language is spoken all over
the world
names of countries (Italy), cities
(Rome), streets (Oxford Street, but:
the High Street), squares (Trafalgar Square), bridges (Tower Bridge
but: the Golden Gate Bridge),
parks (Hyde Park), stations (Victoria Station), individual mountains (Everest), islands (Cyprus),
lakes (Lake Michigan), continents
(Europe) but: the Argentine, (the)
Sudan, the Hague, the Vatican
possessive adjectives. This isn’t
your bag?
names of families (the Browns), nationalities ending in -sh or -ese (the
English, the Dutch, the Japanese).
Other plural nationalities are used
with or without the (the Greeks, the
Italians etc.)
titles (the Queen, the Prince). “The”
is omitted before titles with proper
names (Queen Victoria)
adjectives used as plural nouns (the
poor, the rich, the young, the blind
etc.) and the superlative degree of
adjectives (the worst). She’s the most
beautiful girl in her class
Note: “most” used as a determiner
followed by a noun, does not take
“the”
Most people believe he’s a liar
the words station, shop, cinema,
pub, library, city, village etc.
She went to the station to see Jim off
morning, afternoon, evening, night
I’ll be at home in the evening. but: at
night, at noon, at midnight, by
day/night, at 4 o’clock etc.
historical references/events. The
Renaissance, the Middle Ages, the
First World War (but: World War l)
only, last, first (used as adjectives)
He was the last person to come
two-word names whose first
word is the name of a person or
place. Kennedy Airport, Westminster Abbey but: the White House,
(because the first word “White” is
not the name of a person or place)
pubs, restaurants, shops, banks
and hotels which have the name
of their founder and end in -s or ’s. Harrods, Lloyds Bank, Emma’s
pub but: the White Horse (pub)
(because “White” is not a name)
bed, church, college, court, hospital, prison, school, university,
when we refer to the purpose for
which they exist
Tom was sent to prison. (He is a
prisoner) but: His mother went to
the prison to see him last week (She
went to the prison as a visitor)
Work (place of work) never takes
“the”
She’s at work
the words home, father/mother
when we talk about our own
home, parents
Mother is at home
means of transport: by bus/by
car/ by train/by plane etc. but: in
the car, on the bus/train etc.
She travelled by plane. but: She
left on the 6 o’clock plane yesterday
illnesses. He’s got malaria. But we
say: flu/the flu, measles/the measles, mumps/the mumps
8. Fill in the where necessary.
1) The Larkins are a very interesting family. 2) … Mr. Larkin is
a travel-writer who has been all over 3) … world and written books
about 4) … China and 5) … Chinese. He has also published articles
21
in newspapers such as 6) … Times and 7) … Observer. 8) … His
wife, Sylvia, is a journalist who has interviewed people like 9) …
Prince of Wales and 10) … President Reagan. At the moment, she is
writing an article about 11) … homeless. Their son, 12) … Jack, is a
professional footballer who plays in 13) … USA. He has been playing 14) … football since he was a child. Jack met his wife, Sally, at
15) … Chicago Airport 16) … morning after he had left 17) … home
to live in 18) … States. She is a musician who plays 19) … drums in
a rock band. In 20) … summer the whole family meet at 21) …
Maxim’s in 22) … Paris, then travel by 23) … car around 24) …
Europe for a month. 25) … Last year they spent 26) … whole month
of 27) … July in Portugal before going back to 28) … work.
11. Fill in: a, an or the where necessary.
Last week I had 1) an accident in 2) … Italy. I was skiing in
3) … Alps. One day I was going too fast down a mountain, when I
crashed into 4) … tree. I broke both my legs and cut my arm. There
was so much 5) … blood, I had to be rushed to 6) … hospital in 7) …
ambulance. When I got there, 8) … doctor told me that I would have
to stay there for at least two weeks. I was very depressed. All I
wanted to do was go 9) … home.
9. Fill in the where necessary.
1) ....-… Europe is the second smallest continent in 2) … world
and is home to one seventh of 3) … world’s population. 4) … longest
river there is 5) … River Volga and 6) … largest freshwater lake is
7) … Lake Lodoga, in 8) … north-western 9) … Russia. 10) … highest mountain peak is 11) … Mount Elbrus in 12) … Caucasus Mountains. 13) … Europe is bordered towards the north by 14) … Arctic
Ocean, the south by 15) … Mediterranean Sea and 16) … Black Sea,
the west by 17) … Atlantic Ocean and the east by 18) … Asia. 19) …
Europeans are 20) … people who live in 21) … Europe. 22) … association which has been formed to unite 23) … countries of 24) …
Europe is called 25) … European Union. 27) … Caucasus separates
… Black Sea from … Caspian Sea.
10. Fill in the where necessary.
1) …-… Last summer we went to stay in 2) … village where my
grandmother was born. I had never been there before, so when we
arrived at 3) … station I was surprised to see how small it was. As in
4) … many villages in 5) … north of 6) … England, all 7) … houses
are built of 8) … same stone. Running through the village is 9) …
River Tyne. The village has a church which was built in 10) … Middle Ages. Although 11) … population is only about 500 people, this
village has 12) … best cricket team in 13) … county, and many people play 14) … rugby as well. Apart from 15) … sport, though, so
little happens there that many of 16) … people still remember 17) …
time 18) … Queen visited their village in 19) … 1955.
22
12. Fill in: a, an or the where necessary.
1. The Grand Canyon is in … Arizona.
2. He visited … Pyramids while he was in … Egypt.
3. … Morpeth is … town in … north of … England.
4. She lives in … castle near … River Rhine.
5. I went shopping at … Macy’s and bought … expensive
overcoat.
6. They are going for … walk near … London Zoo in … Regent’s Park.
7. There is … cinema in … Bridge Street called … Odeon.
8. Anna comes from … Netherlands but she lives in …
USA now.
23
9. … Malta is in … Mediterranean.
10. … Victoria Coach Station is near … Apollo theatre.
11. When we went to … Paris we saw … Eiffel Tower and …
Louvre.
12. … Smith’s book shop is in … High Street opposite … Barclays Bank.
13. Fill in the blanks with articles where necessary:
1. When I open the letter a folded sheet of paper fell out.
2. What … unexpected pleasure!
3. … door leading to … kitchen stood wide open.
4. There is … taxi waiting downstairs. … drivers says he won’t
wait any longer.
5. Here are … glasses, … address is inside … case. I sent
David … cable to say you’d be arriving on Thursday.
6. One should never leave valuable in … hotel bedroom, darling.
7. … telephone is ringing, will you answer it, dear?
8. Is there … telephone here?
9. I am afraid … banana is a little bit off, better take … apple.
10. I looked up and saw … speed boat no more than 20 yards
away. I was hopeless to shout and attract … attention of … pilot. He
could not hear us … boat bore down on us like … swooping hawk.
14. Fill in the blanks with articles where necessary:
1. So, this is the place. I’ve always wanted to have a look at it.
the house was built by my grandfather just after the war.
2. He took … girl down to … ground floor and out to … terrace. On … steps she stopped to say good-bye.
3. … chapter one contains … description of … early history of
my hero.
4. Open … books on … page 25.
5. It’s … first volume and … chapter 32 is in … second.
6. He put … volume one back on … shelf.
7. … two people can’t live as cheaply as one.
8. … two girl looked alike though … resemblance did not lie in
their features.
9. Our flat is on … second floor and … kitchen commands …
beautiful view of … yard.
10. He took … third sandwich and continued eating in … silence.
24
15. Fill in the blanks with articles where necessary:
1. It’s the third door the corridor.
2. … suitcase contained … two clean shirts, some socks and
handkerchief.
3. At the second attempt … key turned in … lock and … door
opened.
4. She promised to tell him about it … second time he called
and I wondered if there would be … second time.
5. I think it was … trick to divert … your attention.
6. It’s rather … long story.
7. She is quite … young girl.
8. Pushkin, … great Russian poet, was born in 1799.
9. When I entered … room, I saw … man standing at … window.
10. … square has four sides.
16. Fill in the blanks with articles where necessary:
1. Have you any books on …-… Russian history?
2. … Lake Baikal is … deepest of all the lakes in … world.
3. … sooner you can come back … better.
4. There are special schools for … blind in … our country.
5. During … storm … captain must be on … deck.
6. … letter which is writer in … pencil is difficult to read.
7. He was not used to … country life, having spent 20 years
in … town.
8. And now you’d better go to … bad.
9. Her portrait was on … wall beside … bed.
10. It happened in … spring of 1965.
17. Put a, the, or nothing into each gap.
1. I come to … school by … bus.
2. This morning … bus was late.
3. My favourite subject is … history, but I’m not very good
at … maths.
4. Ankara is … capital of Turkey.
5. I work for … company that makes … carpets.
6. My friend lives in … same street as me.
7. I was at … home all day yesterday.
8. We had … lovely holiday in Spain. We’re going back there
next year.
25
9. … Heathrow is … busiest airport in Europe.
10. Leave early if you want to miss … rush hour.
11. We arrived in … Paris on … third of August.
12. Last night we had … dinner in … restaurant.
13. I went to … bed late.
14. What time does your plane arrive? I’ll come to … airport to
meet you.
18. Put a, the, or nothing into each gap.
1. He pulled on … other glove.
2. I got there on … Wednesday when you left.
3. It was … fine summer morning.
4. It was … broad day.
5. It’s always warm in … Caucasus and … Crimea.
6. Miss Tox had … softest voice than ever was heard.
7. … moon was smiling though green trees.
8. … silence became oppressive.
9. The three men came to … turning at … corner of … Grosvenor Hotel.
10. … cold May is … usual thing in Minsk.
26
3. ADJECTIVES. ADVERBS
Adjectives
Adjectives describe nouns. They
have the same form in both the
singular and the plural. They normally go before nouns. They also
go alone (without nouns) after the
verbs: appear, be, become, feel,
seem, smell, taste etc.
She had a bad dream. (What kind of
dream? A bad one). The egg smells
awful
Adverbs
Adverbs normally describe verbs,
adjectives or other adverbs. She
drives carefully. (How does she
drive? Carefully). They say how
(adverbs of manner), where (adverbs of place), when (adverbs of
time), how much/to what extent
(adverbs of degree) or how often
(adverbs of frequency) something
happens. There are also sentence
adverbs (certainly, surely, probably, possibly etc.) and relative adverbs (where, why, when)
Formation of Adverbs from Adjectives
Most adverbs are formed by adding -ly to an adjective eg. quick →
quickly. Adjectives ending in -ic add -ally to form their adverbs eg. dramatic → dramatically. Adjectives ending in -le drop -le and add -ly to
form their adverbs eg. terrible → terribly. Adjectives ending in consonant + y drop -y and add -ily to form their adverbs eg. happy → happily.
Adjectives ending in -ly (friendly, lonely, lovely, fatherly, motherly, silly,
lively, ugly etc.) form their adverbs with in a … way eg. in a friendly way.
Adjectives ending in -e form their adverbs adding -ly without dropping e eg. rare → rarely. Exceptions: whole → wholly, true →truly
The adverb of good is well. Some adverbs are the same as their adjectives (daily, early, fast, hard, late, monthly, best, easy, low etc.) eg. He
works hard. This is a hard job. In spoken English the adverbs loud,
quick, slow, cheap are the same as their adjectives. In formal English
we use: loudly, quickly, slowly, cheaply. eg. He speaks loud (spoken
English) He speaks loudly (formal English)
27
• Certain adjectives can be used as plural nouns referring to a group
1. Write the correct adverbs.
+ -ly
-ic + -ally
-le → -ly
horrible …
quick – quickly tragic …
safe …
comic …
sensible …
stupid …
dramatic … impossible …
consonant + y → -ily
cosy …
sleepy …
witty …
2. Fill in the correct adjective or adverb using the words in
brackets.
1. Gillian behaved very badly at the party last night (bad).
2. You are quite … at playing the piano, aren’t you? (good).
3. Think about it … before you make a decision (careful).
4. I like my bedroom because it’s so … (cosy).
5. It makes me feel … to think of you living alone (sad).
6. If you can’t talk …, don’t talk at all (sensible).
7. Her whole family died in a … accident (tragic).
8. I was not … convinced by her reasoning (whole).
9. …, I can’t help you (unfortunate).
10. You look … in your new dress (lovely).
11. The ability to think … is an important skill (logical).
12. I … believe this to be the finest novel ever written (true).
13. You’d better work … if you want to keep your job (hard).
14. Please don’t drive so … (fast).
15. Linda washes her hair … (daily).
16. That chicken tastes … (delicious).
17. You’re bound to make mistakes if you write so … (careless).
18. Your perfume smells … (beautiful).
19. Charles and Camilla have been living together … for years,
(happy).
20. Although I had only met him once, he greeted me … (friendly).
of people in general. These are: the poor, the rich, the blind, the
young, the old, the disabled, the hungry, the strong, the deaf, the living, the dead, the sick, the elderly etc. We should have more respect for
the elderly. (elderly people in general) The rich should help the poor. But
in the singular: The rich man helped the poor woman
• Opinion adjectives (wonderful, awful etc.) go before fact adjectives
(large, old etc.). She lives in a lovely big flat. She bought a beautiful
leather bag
• When there are two or more fact adjectives, they normally go in the
following order:
Fact Adjectives
Opinion size
age
That’s WonLarge old
a
derful
Used
colour origin Material for/be noun
about
RectanChiblack
Wooden linen chest
gular
nese
shape
3. Put the adjectives in the correct order, e.g. an old black
telephone.
Order of Adjectives
• Adjectives normally go before nouns. She bought an expensive house.
Adjectives can also be used without a noun after certain verbs (appear, be, feel etc.). He felt nervous
• The adjectives afraid, alone, alive, awake, asleep, glad etc. are never
followed by a noun. The baby was asleep. (not: an asleep baby)
• Nouns can be used as adjectives if they go before another noun. They
have no plural form in this case. Could you repair the garden gate? A
morning class, a two-week holiday (not: a two weeks holiday)
28
29
1. a(n) black / old telephone.
2. a rectangular / brass / lovely picture frame.
3. two white / porcelain / pretty statues.
4. some English / old / valuable books.
5. a(n) antique / interesting clock.
6. a wooden / traditional rocking chair.
7. a glass / small / blue dish.
8. a(n) English / wooden / old desk.
9. a(n) china / oval / lovely plate.
4. Put the adjectives in the correct order.
1. a Chinese / little / pretty girl – a pretty little Chinese girl
2. a(n) wedding / expensive / satin / white / dress …
3. a detective / new / brilliant / French / film …
4. a(n) Greek / ancient / fascinating / monument …
5. a(n) pair of / leather / black / walking / old / shoes …
6. a(n) German / brown / enormous / beef / sausage …
7. a red and white / lovely / marble / Turkish / chess set …
8. a round / gold / big / medallion …
9. a grey / smart / cotton / new / suit …
10. a(n) motorcycling / old / black / dirty / jacket …
5. Put the adjectives in the correct order.
Dear Sir,
I am writing to you because I left a 1) large brown leather
(leather/large/brown) suitcase on the 7.45 train to London yesterday.
In the suitcase there is a 2) … (plastic/digital/little) alarm clock and a
pair of 3) … (silk/black/expensive) pyjamas. There is also a 4) …
(lovely/satin/long) dress, which was a present for my wife, and a
5) … (Chinese/beautiful/gold) chain which I would hate to lose. Finally, there is a 6) … (black/large/plastic) folder containing confidential government papers, so it is very important that my suitcase is
found and returned to me at the above address as soon as possible.
Yours faithfully,
Paul Daniels
Some pairs of adverbs have different meanings
• deep = a long way down (He dug deep into the ground). deeply =
greatly (The scientist was deeply respected)
30
• free = without payment (Children travel free on buses). freely = willingly (He spoke freely about his past)
• hard = with a lot of effort (He works hard). hardly = scarcely (I hardly
see him)
• high = to/ at a high level (The pilot flew high above the clouds). highly =
very much (She is highly regarded by her employers)
• last = after all others (He got here last). lastly = finally (Lastly, read
the instructions then do the test)
• late = after the arranged or proper time (They arrived late). lately =
recently (I haven’t seen him lately)
• near = close (I live near the school). nearly = almost (I have nearly finished)
• pretty = fairly (I thought the film was pretty awful). prettily = in an
attractive way (She smiled prettily)
• short = suddenly (The driver stopped short). shortly = soon, not long
(He will be arriving shortly)
wide = far away from the right point (He threw the ball wide). widely = to
a large extent (It’s widely believed that the Prime Minister will resign soon)
6. Underline the correct item.
1. The arrow flew wide/widely of the target.
2. Computers are wide/widely used in schools nowadays.
3. Students can enter the museum free/freely on Saturdays.
4. He free/freely admitted to being a liar.
5. I like sitting near/nearly the fire.
6. Be careful! You near/nearly crashed into that cyclist.
7. She left too late/lately to catch the train.
8. Have you seen any good films late/lately?
9. The death of his friend affected him deep/deeply.
10. To find water, they had to dig deep/deeply into the ground.
11. I think he’s a pretty/prettily good singer, actually.
12. The little girl laughed pretty/prettily at the sight of the puppy.
13. He tries very hard/hardly to make her happy.
14. She used to be a great musician, but she hard/hardly plays at
all now.
15. Tommy came last/lastly in the 100m sprint.
16. Last/Lastly, I would like to thank the caterers for providing
such delicious food.
17. Mr. Tibbs isn’t in at the moment, but he’ll be here short/shortly.
18. The policeman stopped short/shortly when he saw the robber
had a gun.
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19. The eagle was flying high/highly above the mountains.
20. My father is a high/highly respected surgeon.
7. Underline the correct item.
1. She lives very near/nearly to the school.
2. Jack near/nearly crashed his car yesterday.
3. The prisoners can move around free/freely.
4. I got this pen free/freely with a magazine.
5. His story sounds high/highly unlikely.
6. We could see the bird’s nest high/highly up in the tree.
7. Roger was late/lately for work every day last week.
8. I haven’t been feeling very well late/lately.
9. He tried hard/hardly to solve the problem, but he couldn’t do it.
10. The music was so loud that I could hard/hardly hear what he
was saying.
Order of Adverbs
• Adverbs of frequency go after auxiliary verbs and the verb to be, but
before main verbs
e.g. She has always been loyal
Tim is usually prepared
Helen often goes to the cinema
• Adverbs of manner go before the main verb, after the auxiliary or at
the end of the sentence
e.g. He quickly ran up the stairs
She is anxiously waiting for an answer
The responded politely
• Adverbs of degree (absolutely, completely, totally, extremely, very,
quite, rather, etc.) go before an adjective, an adverb or a main verb
but after an auxiliary verb in a sentence
e.g. He was extremely helpful
We quite enjoyed the trip
I didn’t quite understand what you said
• Adverbs of place and time usually go at the end of the sentence
e.g. Shall I wait outside?
I met him last year
Adverbs of time such as, soon, now and then go before the main verb,
but after the auxiliary verb or the verb to be
e.g. He soon realized that he was wrong
She is now ready to talk to you
• We can put an adverb at the beginning of a sentence if we want to
emphasise it
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e.g. Carefully, he opened the letter. (manner)
In Paris we fell in love. (place)
Tomorrow I’ll sign the contract. (time)
• When there are two or more adverbs in the same sentence, they usually come in the following order: manner – place – time
e.g. He worked quietly at his desk all day long
• If there is a verb of movement such as go, come, leave in the sentence, then the adverbs come in the following order: place – manner –
time
e.g. She went home by taxi last night
8. Rewrite the sentences using the adverbs in brackets.
1. The dentist checks my teeth … (twice a year). – The dentist
checked my teeth twice a year.
2. I like spicy food … (very much).
3. The weather is warm in Portugal … (quite).
4. He won’t be late … (probably).
5. Andrew drives … (carelessly).
6. He’s so rude! … (always).
7. There isn’t any food left … (hardly).
8. We caught our flight to Paris … (barely).
9. She carried the vase … (carefully).
10. He helps in the house … (rarely).
9. Rewrite the letter putting the adverbs from the list in the
best position.
last week / there / soon / always / well / unfortunately / usually /
possibly / really / next week
Dear Sam,
Thank you for looking after my daughter while she was in London last week. She says she had a great time. I must come and visit
you myself. We have got along. I work at weekends, but I’ll be able
to visit you in the summer holidays. I’m looking to seeing you again.
I’ll phone you.
Love,
Sue
10. Rewrite the text putting the following adverbs from the
list in the best position.
always / late / quickly / nearly / luckily / strangely / that morning /
suddenly / still
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Alf Roberts is always doing stupid things. One morning he woke
up for work. He got up and ran out of the house without having
breakfast. He missed the 9 o’ clock bus, but the bus driver waited for
him. The other passengers were all looking at him and he didn’t
know why. Then he realized that he was wearing his pajamas.
Quite – Rather
Quite and rather are adverbs of degree
Quite goes before a/an
e.g. She is quite a pretty woman
• We usually use quite in favorable comments meaning “less than very”
e.g. This watch is quite cheap. (It’s not very cheap)
• We use quite before adjectives such as horrible, dreadful, ridiculous,
brilliant, perfect, amazing, extraordinary, useless, impossible, right,
true, sure, exhausted, certain, false, wrong, alone, different, etc. meaning “completely” / “totally”
e.g. The idea was quite extraordinary. (totally extraordinary)
Rather goes before or after a/an
e.g. I’m afraid it is rather a boring story
I’m afraid it is a rather boring story
• We usually use rather in unfavorable comments
e.g. Those clothes are rather old
• We can also use rather in favorable comments when it means “to an
unusual degree”
e.g. I didn’t know Peter could cook. The meal was rather good. (The meal
was better than we expected)
• Rather can be used with comparative forms
e.g. The second exercise was rather more difficult than the first
11. Fill in quite or rather.
1. A: What was their new house like?
B: It was quite perfect.
2. A: Have you had a busy day?
B: Yes, I have. I’m … exhausted.
3. A: What’s the weather like in England at the moment?
B: Actually, it’s … warm.
4. A: Do you believe in life on other planets?
B: No, I think the existence of aliens is … impossible.
5. A: I heard that David was going to emigrate to Australia.
B: It’s … true. He’s been planning it for some time.
6. A: How much was your new car?
B: Well, it was … more expensive than I had expected.
34
7. A: Do you like this red skirt?
B: I’m not sure – it’s … short.
Adjectives
of one syllable add -(e)r/
-(e)st to form their comparative and superlative
forms
of two syllables ending
in -er, -ly, -y, -w also add
-er/-est
of two or more syllables
take more/most
Positive Comparative
Superlative
shorter (than) shortest (of/in)
short
bigger (than) biggest (of/in)
big
largest (of/in)
larger (than)
large
heavier (than) heaviest (of/in)
shallowest (of/in)
shallower
(than)
special
more special the most Special
attractive (than)
(of/in)
more attractive the most attractive
(than)
(of/in)
Certain adjectives form their comparative and superlative in both
ways, either by adding -er/-est to the positive form or taking
more/most. Some of these are: clever, common, cruel, friendly, gentle,
narrow, pleasant, polite, quiet, simple, stupid etc.
Clever – cleverer – cleverest ALSO clever – more clever – the most clever
Adjectives
Positive Comparative
Superlative
faster
The fastest
adverbs having the same fast
forms as adjectives add er/-est
earlier
the earliest
“early” drops -y and early
adds -ier/-iest
more often
the most often
two syllable or com- often
more safely
the most safely
pound adverbs take safely
more easily
the most easily
more/most (compound easily
adverbs are adjectives +
-ly. eg. careful – carefully)
heavy
shallow
35
We normally use than after a comparative. I’m taller than you. We
normally use the before a superlative. We often use of or in after a
superlative. We normally use in with places. I’m the tallest of all. I’m
the tallest in my school
Positive
good / well
bad / badly
much
many / a lot of
little
far
far
Irregular Forms
Comparative
better
worse
more
more
less
farther
further
Superlative
best
worst
most
most
least
farthest
furthest
a) farther/further (adv) = longer (in distance) He lives further/farther
away than me
further (adj) = more
For further details, consult your lawyer
b) very + positive degree. It’s a very nice day
even/much/far/a bit + comparative degree
This house is even bigger than the other. She’s much older than my mother
Types of Comparisons
Ted is as tall as Jim
as … (positive degree) … as
not so/as … (positive degree) … Kate isn’t as/so clever as her sister (is)
Dave isn’t such a good footballer as he
as
used to be
not such a(n)/so … as
less … (positive degree) … than The red car is less expensive than the
the least … (positive degree) … blue one
But the black one is the least expensive
of/in
of all
the + comparative …, the + The earlier you leave, the earlier you’ll
be back
comparative
The more reliable, the more expensive
a car is
comparative +and + compara- The story is becoming more and more
tive
interesting
He walked faster and faster
prefer + -ing form or noun + to I prefer drinking tea to drinking coffee
I prefer spaghetti to pizza
+ -ing form
or noun (general preference)
36
would prefer + to –inf + rather I would prefer to go on foot rather than
take a taxi
than + inf
without to (specific preference) I would prefer to stay at home rather
than go to the party
Like is used:
To say what sb or sth looks like
She looks like Madonna. (She isn’t
Madonna)
After feel, look, smell, sound +
noun
It smells like fish
With nouns/pronouns/-ing
She works like a robot. (She isn’t a
robot)
It was like flying in the air
As is used:
To say what sb or sth is really or to
talk about one’s job or role. He
works as a clerk. (He’s a clerk)
In certain expressions: as usual, as
… as, as much, such as, the same
as. He plays the piano as well as I do
After the verbs: accept, be known,
class, describe, refer to, regard,
use. He is regarded as the best student in his class
12. Put the adjectives in brackets into the comparative or superlative form, adding any necessary words.
1. A: Why are you crying?
B: I’ve just read the saddest (sad) book ever written.
2. A: Do you like crisps?
B: Yes, but I think chocolate is much … (tasty) crisps.
3. A: This must be … (hot) day of the year.
B: I agree. Let’s go swimming.
4. A: Kate is a lot … (pretty) Anne.
B: Yes. She’s … (pretty) girl I know.
5. A: Is this ladder … (long) the other one?
B: They look the same to me.
37
6. A: That was by far … (good) cake you’ve ever made.
B: I’m glad you enjoyed it.
7. A: Do you like this dress?
B: Oh, yes. It’s … (beautiful) dress I’ve ever seen.
8. A: Mount Everest is … (high) mountain in the world.
B: Everyone knows that!
9. A: Mr Smith is … (old) Mr Jones.
B: Well, he looks good for his age.
10. A: Did that coat cost a lot of money?
B: Yes, it was by far … (expensive) coat in the shop.
11. A: Thank you for your help.
B: That’s okay. If you need any … (far) advice, come and see me.
13. Fill in the gaps with the comparative or superlative form
of the adjectives in brackets, adding any necessary words.
14. Put the adjectives in brackets into the comparative or superlative form, adding any necessary words.
A: Well Mr. Jones, we’ve interviewed the three 1) most likely
(likely) candidates. Who do you think would be 2) … (good)
person for the job?
B: I have to say, I thought Mrs. Shaw was 3) … (intelligent) of
the three, but Mr. Peters was a little 4) … (nice) her.
A: That’s true, and we do need someone who can work with
people. However, I thought Miss Brown would be 5) …
(popular) the others with our clients.
B: I also thought that she was by far 6) … (responsible) candidate.
A: Good. Thank you for your help, Mr. Jones. Choosing who to
employ is 7) … (difficult) part of my job. It’s always 8) …
(easy) when I hear someone else’s views.
B: I’m glad I could help.
15. Complete the sentences, using one of the adjectives from
the list and comparative + and + comparative.
hot, hard, heavy, tired, cold, tall, pretty
1. As I ran, my legs got more and more tired.
2. Over the years, the trees grew …
3. As we lay on the beach, we got …
4. Emma’s work is improving because she’s studying …
5. While I was walking in the snow, I got …, so I decided to go
home.
6. As she did her shopping, her bags got …
7. As Jane grows up, she just gets …
Yesterday was 1) the coldest (cold) day of the year. It had been
snowing all night and everything was white. The children woke up
2) … (early) usual. They were excited because the snow was 3) …
(deep) ever before and they wanted to go outside and play. We
dressed them in 4) … (warm) clothes we could find, then they went
out into the garden. We watched from the window as they built 5) …
(big) snowman I have ever seen. As the snow was falling 6) …
(hard) ever, the children soon came inside to warm up. They were
laughing as if they had heard 7) … (funny) joke ever told. They said
that they thought winter was 8) … (good) season of all.
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16. Complete the sentences using the + comparative, as in the
example.
1. The children got noisy. The teacher got angry. – The noisier
the children got, the angrier the teacher got.
2. We worked hard. We earned lots of money … we worked, …
money we earned.
3. I pushed the swing high. The little boy laughed a lot … I
pushed the swing, … the little boy laughed.
4. If you eat lots of chocolate, you’ll get fat. … chocolate you
eat, … you’ll get.
5. If a car is new, it is valuable. … a car is, … it is.
6. It grew dark. I became scared. … it grew, … I became.
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17. Fill in: like or as.
1. Charles Nichols is known as “Chuck” to his friends.
2. Her perfume smelt … roses.
3. People say she looks … Kim Basinger.
4. His father worked … an accountant in the city.
5. … usual, Terry was late for work.
6. Diving into the sea was … diving into an icy pool.
7. This is nice material – it feels … silk.
8. She doesn’t sing … well … her mother.
9. I don’t think you could describe Andy … an intelligent person.
10. Some politicians, such … John Major, are always in the news.
11. Ann looks … an angel.
18. Complete the sentences as in the example:
1. She gets more and more beautiful every day (beautiful).
2. My toothache is getting … (painful).
3. Your ability to remember things gets … as the years go by (bad).
4. The meteor was coming … the Earth (near).
19. Choose the right variant:
1. The first was (so tasty as, as tasty as) the meat.
2. The temple is the (eldest, oldest) in Europe.
3. Can you work (quicklier, more quickly)?
4. This film is not as (interesting, less interesting, more interesting) as that one.
5. This house is (much, more, most) bigger than one.
6. She’s not as intelligent (as, than) her sister.
7. She works (as, like) an accountant in a local bank.
8. She is getting (richer, more rich) and (richer, more rich)
every year.
9. The film was not (such, so) good as I had expected.
10. She worked (so, as) hard as she could to finish early.
20. Choose the right variant:
1. The (least, less, little) intelligent they are the (most, much,
many, more) difficult they will find the test.
2. The (elder, older, oldest) I get, the (wiser, wisest, more wisest) I become.
3. I was (too, very) happy when I received your letter.
40
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
known.
9.
10.
Meno Park in Tokyo is (very huge, huge).
He had (such a, such) bad breath, no woman would go near him.
She’s got (such a, such) lovely hair.
He is (older, elder) than me.
She is the (shyest, shyerest, shiest) young woman I have ever
Stop playing inside before you do any (further, farther) damage.
It was the (least, less) successful of all his films.
21. Choose the right variant:
1. Do you think the last hotel was (slightly less, more least)
modern than this one?
2. I hope Mike will be (more lucky, luckier, lucky) that we are.
3. His (last, latest) words were, “The end”.
4. It’s a long journey by train: it’s much (quickly, more quick,
quicker, more quickly) by road.
5. This is the (most modern, modernest) dress I’ve ever seen.
6. Heathrow is the (most busy, busiest) airport in Europe.
7. Shakespeare wrote his (last, latest, latter, later) play in 1613.
8. My new job is far better than the old one. I work (fewer, less,
much less) hours and earn more.
9. Which of the boys works (best, better) of all the boys?
10. She always wears (the last, the latest) fashion.
22. Choose the right variant.
1. The door was (widely, wide) open.
2. She travels (wide, widely).
3. (Than, then) I went home.
4. I go there (always, quite often).
5. I am going to do my exams and (after, afterwards) I am going to study medicine.
6. Your ideal sounds (greatly, great).
7. You sound (unhappily, unhappy).
8. It tastes (nice, nicely). What’s in it?
9. Are you going (somewhere, anywhere) tomorrow?
10. The plane flew very (low, lowly).
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4. PRONOUNS
Demonstratives
This/These are used:
That/Those are used:
for people or things near us
for people or things not near us
These shoes over here are mine
That chair over there is broken
for present or future situations
for past situations
I’m going to Disneyland this month We had a wonderful Christmas that
year
when the speaker is in the place to refer back to something menhe/she is referring to. This room is tioned before
“She failed her exams”. “That’s too
very untidy
(The speaker is now in the untidy bad”
room)
to introduce people or when we when speaking on the phone to ask
introduce ourselves on the phone who the other person is
“John, this is Ann and this is Tom” “Hello? This is Jo Ryan. Who’s that
“Hello? This is Pam Jones speaking” speaking? / Who’s that, please?”
This/these – that/those are not always followed by nouns
This is the best I can do for you. “I’ve won the lottery”. “That’s too good
to be true”
1. Fill in with: this, that, these or those.
1. “Can you pass me that book, please?” “Yes, of course. Here
you are”.
2. “Have you seen … film before?” “No. I hope it’ll be good”.
3. “Look at … people swimming in the canal! They must be
crazy!”.
4. “Could you come here and hold … wires for me, please?”.
5. “Did you see Ken and Liz when they came?” “No, we were
away … weekend”.
42
2. Fill in the gaps with this, that, these or those.
1. What are you doing this afternoon?
2. Who is … man over there?
3. I’m really busy … days.
4. Hello? … is Emily. Can I speak to Joan?
5. In … days, people didn’t have cars.
6. “Jim got married last week”. “… ‘s wonderful!”.
Personal pronouns
before verbs
as subjects
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
after verbs
as objects
me
you
him
her
it
us
you
them
Possessive
adjectives
Possessive
pronouns
followed
by nouns
not followed
by nouns
my
your
his
her
its
our
your
their
mine
yours
his
hers
–
ours
yours
theirs
ReflexiveEmphatic
pronouns
myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
3. Fill in the correct personal pronouns.
Ben: Have you seen Martin today?
Sue: Yes. 1) I saw him this morning. 2) … was coming out of
the travel agent’s.
Ben: Did 3) … ask 4) … where 5) … was going?
Sue: Yes. He said 6) … was going to Italy with Mary for two
weeks. 7) … was at the travel agent’s as well. 8) … both
looked very excited and happy.
43
Ben: Shall 9) … go on holiday together somewhere this year?
Sue: Mary told 10) … that 11) … had a great time in Italy last
year. Shall 12) … ask 13) … how much 14) … cost?
4. Fill in: there or it.
Sam: Look, Tom! 1) There’s a woman leaning against the wall.
2) … ‘s Mrs. Bentley, isn’t it?
Tom: I think so. 3) … ‘s something wrong with her. 4) … looks
like she’s going to faint! Quick!
Sam: 5) … ‘s somebody else with her now. I don’t know who
6) … is. Let’s see if she is okay. 7) … may be something we
can do for her. 8) … ‘s all right just to go and check, isn’t it?
Tom: Yes, you’re right. Although 9) … does look as if she’s a
little better now. Let’s go and see anyway.
B: Yes, … know … very well. … lives next door to …
4. A: Does Claire like David?
B: No, … doesn’t like … very much … says … ‘s too noisy.
5. A: Do you listen to rock music?
B: Yes, … listen to … all the time … think … ‘s fantastic.
6. A: Does Tony enjoy fishing?
B: Oh, yes. … enjoys … very much. … says … relaxes him.
Possessive adjectives/pronouns – Possessive case
• Possessive adjectives/pronouns express possession. Possessive adjec-
tives go before nouns, whereas possessive pronouns do not go before
nouns. This is her jacket. It’s hers. Sometimes possessive pronouns go at
the beginning of a sentence. Yours is in the bedroom
• We use “the” rather than a possessive
verb + person + preposition
adjectives with this pattern:
She hit Peter
in the face
(not: in his face)
• “Own” is used with possessive adjectives to emphasise the fact that
something belongs to someone and no one else. We’ve got our own car.
or We’ve got a car of our own
Possessive case with ‘s or s’
for people or animals
singular nouns (person or animal) + ‘s
the child’s trumpet, the cat’s tail,
the waitress’s apron
regular plural nouns + ‘the girls’
bedroom
5. Fill in the gaps with the correct subject or object pronoun.
1. A: Do your brothers play football?
B: Yes, they play … all the time … think … ‘s a brilliant game.
2. A: Does Susan eat chocolate?
B: Yes, … eats … all the time … says … ‘s her favorite food.
3. A: Do your parents know Mr. Jones?
44
Irregular plural nouns not ending in s + ‘s
the men’s suits , the women’s bags
Compound nouns + ‘s my
brother-in-law’s car
‘s after the last of to or more
names to show common possession
Possessive case with “of”
for inanimate things
for inanimate things or abstract
noun
the leaves of a tree, the cost of living
of + possessive case/possessive pronoun when there is a determiner,
(this, some etc.) before the noun
That’s a poem of Ken’s. (one of Ken’s
poems) some books of mine (some of
my books)
Note: phrases of place + ‘s at the
butcher’s, the company’s headquarters
time or distance expressions + ‘s/’
Sunday’s paper, two days’ leave, one
mile’s walk
We can use either “s” or “of” when
we talk about places or organizations
45
Ted and Mary’s house (They live
in the same house)
‘s after each name to show individual possession
Tom’s and Kim’s houses (They
live in different houses)
Rome’s churches or the churches of
Rome and “of” with people in longer
phrases
That’s the car of one of my friends at
work
6. Fill in the correct possessive adjectives, pronouns or personal pronouns.
Ralph: Have you seen 1) my keys, Amy? I can’t find them.
Amy: Well, 2) … are on the kitchen table. I haven’t seen 3) …
anywhere. Perhaps they are in 4) … coat pocket.
Ralph: No. I’ve looked. 5) … may have left 6) … at 7) …
mother’s house.
Amy: I remember seeing some keys on the table but I thought
they were 8) … mother’s. I’ll go over there and have a
look for 9) … Can you get dinner for yourself and Bill?
And make sure he does 10) … homework before he eats.
Ralph: I’m supposed to be meeting Mark and Barry at 8 o’clock.
Amy: Well, if you’re a bit late, 11) … will wait for 12) … Don’t
worry, 13) … won’t be long. Bye!
7. Fill in the correct possessive adjective or pronoun.
1. A: Have you met your new neighbours yet?
B: No. I’ve seen … children in the garden, though.
2. A: You took … coat home last night.
B: I know, I’m sorry. I thought it was … because they’re both
black.
3. A: What’s wrong with Rosie?
B: Oh, she’s been having problems with … back recently.
4. A: James is doing well at school.
B: I know … teacher says he’s very advanced for his age.
5. A: Is this bag …?
B: Oh, yes, thank you. I nearly forgot it.
6. A: Julie and Frank are so lucky … house is beautiful.
B: Yes, and it’s so much bigger than … I envy them.
7. A: I like … shirt. It’s like Sandra’s.
B: Actually, it is … I borrowed it from her yesterday.
8. A: Why did you lend Tom … car?
B: Because … is being repaired at the moment.
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8. Fill in its or it’s.
1. The car is nice to drive, but I don’t like it’s colour.
2. This town is wonderful. … got lots of shops!
3. I’m staying at home today because … cold outside.
4. Let’s go in here. … my favorite restaurant.
5. A bird has built … nest in our garden.
6. The company I work for has changed … name.
9. Rewrite the following sentences using the possessive.
1. I’ll see you at the hotel – the entrance later. – I’ll see you at
the entrance of the hotel later.
2. We saw Mrs. Jones – dog in the park. …
3. They spoke to Tim and Mary – daughter yesterday. …
4. I would like you to meet a friend – my. …
5. Here are two compositions – Tina. …
6. We will leave on tonight – the flight. …
7. This is the children – the classroom. …
8. Have you seen John – Sally – houses? …
9. I stayed at my mother-in-law – house last night. …
10. The cost – living is rising rapidly nowadays. …
10. Write a phrase with “own” as in the example.
1. They would like a house that is theirs and no one else’s. –
They would like a house of their own.
2. I will give you some of my books. …
3. They’ve got a private car to drive to work. …
4. Jane would like a dog just for her. …
5. We would like an island all to ourselves. …
11. Here are the titles of some films. Write them using a possessive form or of.
1. The Sword of Death
2. The Russian … Plane
3. The Middle … the Day
4. The Price … Fame
5. The Smiths … House
6. The Dog … Life
7. The Spies … Plan
8. The Day … the Funeral
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9. The People … the Island
10. The Lights … the City
Reflexive / Emphatic – myself, yourself etc.
Reflexive pronouns are used after certain verbs (behave, burn, enjoy,
hurt, kill, look, laugh at, introduce, dry, teach etc.) when the subject
and the object of the verb are the same. Did you hurt yourself?
They look after themselves
Reflexive pronouns can be used after be, feel, look, seem to describe
emotions or states. She’ doesn’t look herself these days. They are also
used after prepositions but not after prepositions of place. You should
take care of yourself. but: He is sitting in front of me. (not: in front of
myself)
Certain verbs do not normally take a reflexive pronoun. These are:
wash, shave, (un)dress, afford, complain, rest, stand up, sit down,
wake up etc. She washed and (got) dressed. We don’t say: She washed
herself and dressed herself. However we can use a reflexive pronoun
with with wash or dress when we talk about young children or animals. Although Eliza is only 3 years old, she can dress herself. That elephant is washing itself!
Emphatiс pronouns have the same form as reflexive pronouns but a
different meaning. They emphasise the noun or the fact that one person, and not another, performs an action. I myself found the murderer.
or I found the murderer myself. They also mean without help. He painted
the house himself. (without help) They go after nouns, pronouns, at the
end of a sentence, or after “but” and “than”. You should count on no
one but yourself
Note these idioms : Enjoy yourself! (= Have a good time!) Behave yourself! (= Be good) I like being by myself. (= I like being alone). She lives
by herself. (=She lives on her own). Help yourself to coffee. (= You’re
welcome to take some coffee if you want some). Do it yourself. (Do it
without being helped). Make yourself at home! (= Feel comfortable).
Make yourself heard. (= Speak loudly enough to be heard by others)
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12. Fill in the correct reflexive pronouns.
1. Take care of yourself when you go canoeing, Bob.
2. I’ve cut … on this tin.
3. Did you enjoy … last night, you two?
4. Ben’s ashamed of … for stealing your bike.
5. The boys behaved … when they were at Auntie Mabel’s.
6.1 don’t like Sheila. She thinks far too much of …
7. We can do it if we truly believe in …
13. Fill in “each other” or an appropriate reflexive or emphatic pronoun.
1. Billy and his penfriend wrote to each other for five years before they actually met.
2. The children were playing by … in the garden when it started
snowing.
3. Paul and Ted haven’t spoken to … for days. What’s wrong
with them?
4. We blame … for leaving the house unlocked.
14. Fill in the appropriate reflexive pronoun or each
other/one another.
1. A: Shall I prepare Jerry’s lunch?
B: No, it’s alright. He’s preparing it himself.
2. A: Did Helen have her car repaired at the garage?
B: No. She repaired it …
3. A: What a beautiful dress! Where did you buy it?
B: I didn’t buy it. I made it …
4. A: Who decorated your house for you?
B: No one. We decorated it …
5. A: Are Beth and Jim working on the same project?
B: Yes, they have decided to help …
6. A: Did you help Lucy and Greg to finish their homework?
B: No. They finished it …
7. A: Charles and Bill are always fighting.
B: I don’t think they like …
8. A: Should I switch off the kettle?
B: No. It will switch … off when the water’s boiled.
9. A: Can you iron this shirt for me, please?
B: Don’t be so lazy! Iron it …
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10. A: Stuart and I are so happy with the garage we built.
B: I’m glad. I can’t believe you built it … !
11. A: Emma and Cath are good friends.
B: Yes. They phone … everyday.
12. A: Why are the children shouting?
B: Oh! They’re just teasing …
13. A: Paul is only two years old.
B: I know, but he can dress …
14. A: I’m leaving now.
B: Well, behave … at the party.
15. A: Sam is pleased to see Alan, isn’t he?
B: Yes. They don’t see … very often.
16. A: What have you done to your finger?
B: I cut … with a sharp knife.
17. A: Help … to more orange juice.
B: Thanks. I will.
18. A: Shall I come to the dentist’s with you?
B: No, I’d rather go by …
19. A: How did you get my sister’s book?
B: She gave it to me … !
Adjectives
things
Adverbs
places
someone/
something somewhere
somebody
anything
anywhere
anyone / anybody
Interrogative any
anyone / anybody
anything
anywhere
no / not any no one / not anyone nothing
nowhere
Negative
nobody / not anybody not anything not anywhere
Positive
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some
any
Pronouns
people
every
everybody (all the everything everywhere
Positive/
Interrogative /
people)
(all
the (in all the
Negative
everyone
things)
places)
• Some is normally used in a positive sentence before uncountable
nouns or plural countable nouns. There’s some cheese left. Some is also
used in questions when we want to make an offer, a request or when we
expect a positive answer. Would you like some hot chocolate? Could I
have some cake, please? Did you buy some orange? (I expect you bought
oranges)
• Any is normally used before uncountable nouns or plural countable
nouns in questions. Are there any more apples? Any and its compounds
can be used after if in a positive sentence. I doubt if anyone can help her.
Any can also be used in positive sentences meaning it doesn’t matter
when/which/who/where. You can come any day you want. You can go anywhere you want
• No/not any are used before plural countable nouns or uncountable
nouns in negations. There’s no cheese left. There isn’t any cheese left. Any
is always used after negative words (hardly, never, without, seldom,
rarely). There’s hardly any food left. (not: There’s hardly no food left)
• Every is used before singular countable nouns. Every and its compounds take a verb in the singular. Every student has to obey school
regulation. (=all the students) Everything is ready for the wedding. (=all
the things)
• The above rules apply to the compounds of some – any – no – every.
There’s someone in the office
15. Underline the correct item.
1. There’s someone/anyone in my room.
2. There’s any/some chicken in the fridge.
3. There’s anything/nothing in the freezer.
4. Can I tell you something/nothing?
5. I’ve got hardly any/no money left.
6. He’s given me anything/everything I asked for.
7. No one/Anyone came to visit Julie at the hospital.
8. Nobody/Anyone can help me with my project.
9. Can I visit you some/no time?
10. I walk Debbie’s dog some/every Sunday.
11. I doubt if anyone/someone knows about it.
12. Anybody/Somebody knocked on the door.
13. Would you mind lending me some/any money?
14. Someone/Anyone took Bob’s wallet.
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15. Did you go anywhere/nowhere for the weekend?
16. You can’t go on holiday without any/no money.
17. I’ve got anywhere/nowhere to sleep tonight.
18. He’s never got nothing/anything interesting to say,
19. I’ve looked somewhere/everywhere for my keys.
20. Anybody/Somebody has been playing my records!
21. “Would you like some/any coffee?” “Yes, please”.
22. Everything/Anything is clear now.
23. She hasn’t spoken to someone/anyone for ages.
24. Sally has got any/no friends.
16. Frank and Kim are having a picnic by a lake. Read the
dialogue and underline the correct item.
Frank: There’s 1) nothing/something I like more than having a
picnic here by Lake Tahoe.
Kim: Yes, it’s 2) anything/something I really enjoy, too. It’s
great to go 3) anywhere/somewhere where there is no noisy
traffic and 4) anything/nothing to disturb us from our
lunch. I can’t think of 5) somewhere/anywhere I’d rather be
than here.
Frank: I know. There’s 6) no one/somebody else here, so we can
enjoy the peace and quiet.
Kim: Well, I’d like 7) any/some more of that chicken. Is there
8) no/any left?
Frank: Yes, there’s plenty in this basket. But, there’s 9) some/ no
mayonnaise, I’m afraid.
Kim: That’s okay. Wait a minute. Did you hear 10) something/nothing?
Frank: Don’t be silly. It was 11) anything/nothing.
Kim: No, look! A group of school children are coming for a picnic, too!
Frank: Oh no! I can’t think of 12) something/anything worse!
Let’s go home!
17. Fill in the gaps with some, any, no or one of their compounds.
1. A: Is anything the matter with Dawn? She looks upset.
B: She had an argument with her friend today.
2. A: I think … is trying to break into that house.
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B: You’re right. We should call the police.
3. A: We’ve got … time to make a cake before the party!
B: I’ll go out and buy one then.
4. A: I’m thinking of moving to London.
B: Really? My boss has a house … near London.
5. A: It was very busy in town today.
B: I know. There was hardly … to park.
6. A: I suppose I should make … for dinner.
B: I’ll help you if you like.
7. A: What’s on TV tonight?
B: I looked in the TV guide. There’s hardly … good on tonight.
8. A: Do you like living in Brighton?
B: Yes, but … will ever mean as much to me as my home town.
9. A: Did you have a good holiday in England?
B: Yes. There was hardly … rain all week.
10. A: Did you call Sarah this evening?
B: Yes, but … was at home, so I left a message on the answering machine.
11. A: Did you enjoy Tom’s party?
B: No, it was boring. There was hardly … there.
12. A: There were … very frightening rides at the fairground.
B: Really? I wish I had come with you.
18. Fill in the gaps with any, anyone, anybody, anything or
anywhere.
1. A: Shall we sit in the corner or by the window?
B: Anywhere you want.
2. A: Who can I bring to the party?
B: … you like.
3. A: What do you want to watch on TV?
B: Oh, … I don’t really mind.
4. A: What time shall we go out tonight?
B: … time you like.
5. A: Where can I buy this book?
B: At … good bookshop in town.
6. A: Where shall I sit?
B: … at this table.
7. A: Can I join that club, too?
B: Of course! … can join the club.
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Much – Many – A lot of
countables
uncountables
a lot (of)/lots
of/many
(formal)
a lot (of)/lots
There are a lot of trees in
of/much (formal) the park
Positive
There is a lot of cheese in
the fridge
many
much
Are there many shops in
Interrogative
York? Did you have much
time to do any shopping
many
much
There aren’t many orNegative
anges. I haven’t got much
money so I can’t buy any
a few (=some) / a little
There were a few boys in
(=some)/(very) the class. Very few stu(very) few
little (=not much, dents attended the lecture
(=not many,
Positive
not enough
Very little progress has
not enough
been made
A lot (of)/lots of are used with
countable or uncountable nouns
and are normally used in positive
sentences. He’s got a lot of work to
do. A lot of students work on this
project. A lot of can be used in
questions or negative sentences in
informal English. Were there a lot
of casualties in that road accident?
(informal)
Many is used with countables and
much with uncountables. They are
normally used in questions or
negative sentences. Has he got
many friends? We haven’t got much
money. Many or much are often
used in positive sentences after
too, so, how or in formal English.
He spends too much money. He’s
got so many problems. Much effort
had been made before the peace
treaty was signed (formal)
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A few is used with countables and
a little with uncountables. They
both have a positive meaning. A
few means some, a small number.
A little means some, a small
amount. There are a few oranges
and a little sugar on the table
Few/Little have a negative meaning. Few means not many, almost
none. Little means not much, almost none. Few and little are
rather formal English
Very few/very little are more usual
in everyday speech. It is also
common to use: only a little, only a
few. She has a few good friends
(some friends) so she’s happy. He
has very few friends (almost no
friends) so he’s unhappy. I’ve got a
little time (some time) so I can help
you. I’ve got very little time (almost
no time) so I can’t help you
19. Fill in: a lot of, many, few, much and little.
Darren isn’t very happy in his new job. He doesn’t earn 1) much
money even though he has 2) … responsibilities. Very 3) … companies he has worked for in the past have paid him so 4) … money for
so 5) … hard work. He has sent 6) … applications to other companies, but there are very 7) … jobs and too 8) … people looking for
work these days. In the current economic climate he has 9) … hope
of finding anything better, but when things improve he’ll probably
find a job which pays him 10) … more money.
20. Fill in many, much or a lot of.
1. A: Let’s go for a walk.
B: I can’t. I’ve got a lot of work to do.
2. A: Do you want to come in for a while?
B: No, thank you. I haven’t got … time
3. A: Mr. Brown looks very happy.
B: Yes. He won … money last week
4. A: You’ve got … pets.
B: Yes, three dogs and four cats!
5. A: I must go to the bank today.
B: I’ll come with you. I haven’t got … money either.
6. A: Have you got … lessons today?
B: No. I’ll be at home at three o’clock.
7. A: Have you seen … horror films?
B: No. I don’t like horror films.
8. A: There isn’t … coffee left.
B: I know. I’ll buy some today.
9. A: Are there … children in your class?
B: Yes; about twenty-five.
21. Fill in the gaps with too much or too many.
1. A: Don’t eat too much ice cream before dinner.
B: Don’t worry, I won’t.
2. A: There are … books in that bag.
B: Don’t worry. I can carry it.
3. A: I think I bought … bread today.
B: Yes, we’ve already got some at home.
4. A: This tea is horrible.
B: I put … milk in it, didn’t I?
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5. A: Can you see David?
B: No, there are … people in front of me.
6. A: I don’t feel very well.
B: Well, I told you not to eat … chocolates.
7. A: Don’t spend … time watching television.
B: I’ll turn it off after the news.
All refers to more then two people
or things. It has a positive meaning
and takes a verb in the plural. It is
the opposite of none
All the students passed the test. All
of them were very happy. They were
all very happy
All + that clause means “everything” and takes a singular verb.
All that he said was lies
Both refers to two people or things.
It has a positive meaning and takes
a verb in the plural. It is the opposite of neither/not either
Ann and Kate are eighteen. Both Ann
and Kate are eighteen. They are both
eighteen. Both of them are eighteen.
Both girls are eighteen
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None refers to more than two
people or things. It has a negative
meaning and isn’t followed by a
noun. None of can be used with
nouns, his, them etc. followed by
a verb either in the singular or
plural. It is the opposite of all
Sally, Helen and Sue haven’t been
to Madrid. None of the girls/them
has/have been to Madrid. “Are
there any more tickets” “No,
none”. No can be followed by a
none. There’s no news about the
accident
Every is used with singular countables. It refers to the group of people or things and means “all”,
“everyone”, “everything” etc.
Students get a report card every
term
Whole (= complete) is used with a
singular countables. We always use
a, the, this, my etc. + whole +
countable
the whole week = all the week/all
week
but: all the sugar (not: the whole
sugar)
Either (anyone of two)/ Neither (not
one and not the other) are used
before singular countables. They
refer to two people or things. Neither of/Either of take a verb either
in the singular or plural
Neither of them is/are poor. Neither
man is poor. Paul and David promised to help me. I’d like either of
them to help me
Each is used with singular countables. It means one by one, considered individually
Each trainee should attend a threemonth course
(all trainees considered individually)
One – ones are used to avoid
repetition of a countable noun or
a pronoun
Which shirt do you want? This one.
(this shirt)
Which shoes did you buy? The
black ones. (the black shoes)
22. Use both, neither, none or all and write sentences as in the
example:
1. Tracy and Sarah haven’t seen the film. – Neither of them
have/has seen the film.
2. Lions, tigers and elephants are mammals. …
3. Julie, Pam and Nick don’t like rainy weather. …
4. Maria and Marina are good students. …
5. Jim, Peter and John can’t speak German. …
6. Mark, Paula and Kristi failed the exam. …
7. Phil and Georgina are very friendly. …
8. Jean and Deborah have fair hair and blue eyes. …
9. Tim, Ted and Jim went to the zoo. …
23. Fill in: all, both, whole, none or neither.
Joe, Nick and Alan 1) all live in Summerville. Nick has spent his
2) … life there but 3) … of them were born there. 4) … Joe and Nick
work in an office, but 5) … of them enjoys it very much. 6) … three
of them play in a band but 7) … of them can play their instruments
very well! On Saturdays they spend 8) … day fixing their motorbikes. Alan and Joe 9) … like sailing. Sometimes they go down to
the nearby river. Although 10) … three boys love Summerville,
11) … of them want to stay there forever.
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24. Fill in: every or each (sometimes both are possible).
They have looked at 1) every brochure in the travel agent’s and
they’ve decided to go to Portugal. They went to an island last year
but 2) … beach they went to was filthy. Tom was sick 3) … day and
Jane was bitten by insects on 4) … leg. 5) … time the twins went
swimming they nearly drowned and 6) … of the others had to take
turns at swimming out to save them. Mary got an infection in 7) …
ear when she wore the cheap earrings she bought in the market. 8) …
time they go on holiday, they 9) … take their own first-aid kit, because a minor disaster seems to happen to one of them 10) … time.
25. Fill in: one or ones.
M: What colour shoes do you want, Ted?
T: Can I have the green 1) ones please?
M: The green 2) … ? Why? They’re a horrible colour. Don’t you
like these brown 3) … ?
T: No. The green 4) … will match my shirt.
M: Which shirt?
T: My new 5) …
M: Green shoes with a red shirt? Ugh! I think the brown 6) …
are better.
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T: If I get the brown 7) … I’ll have to buy that jacket too.
M: Which 8) … ? You’ve got jackets at home!
T: But that 9) … we saw earlier will look great with the brown
shoes.
M: I don’t know which 10) … you are talking about. We’ll buy
the brown shoes, but you’re not having a new jacket.
26. Fill in the gaps with both, all, neither, either or none.
Dear Beth,
Thank you for your letter. It was good to hear 1) all your news.
I get lots of letters, but 2) … of them cheer me up as much as yours.
Bill and I are 3) … very tired at the moment. He’s very busy because he’s been promoted to manager of his firm. I’ve started a new
job, so I don’t have much spare time, 4) … I love my job and 5) … of
the people I work with are friendly, but the long hours seem to take
up 6) … of my energy.
My parents are coming to visit us tomorrow. 7) … of them have
seen the new house yet, so I’ll have to show them 8) … around. Bill
has decorated 9) … of the rooms, so 10) … of them looks the way
they did when we moved in. I hope 11) … you and Toby will be able
to visit us again soon, then you can see 12) … the changes.
Write soon. I’m looking forward to 13) … hearing from you or
seeing you soon.
With love,
Chloe
27. Rewrite the sentences using both ... and, neither ... nor or
either ... or.
1. John hasn’t got any money. Paul hasn’t got any, either. –
Neither John nor Paul has got any money.
2. Marion likes swimming. Linda likes swimming, too. …
3. Carol doesn’t go to the gym. Anne doesn’t, either. …
4. Fiona has got curly hair. Angela has got curly hair, too. …
5. John will go to the shop, or else I will. …
6. Claire is going to pick the children up, or else Simon is going to. …
7. Colin doesn’t know how to drive. Jane doesn’t, either. …
8. My sister is making dinner, or else my father is. …
9. Ben wants to buy a bicycle. Adam wants to buy one, too. …
10. Sam cut the grass, or else Paul did. …
11. Mary is going to take the dog for a walk, or else I will. …
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5. PREPOSITIONS
1. Match the words with the pictures:
off, between, down, on top of, over, in/inside, above, in front of,
past, up, among, next to/by/beside, from ... to, on, through, under,
below, behind, along, opposite, at, round/around, near, outside,
against, onto, out of, across, to/towards/in the direction of, into.
3. Fill in the gaps with the correct preposition.
This is the Sheriff’s Office in Mexico City. The Sheriff is sitting
1) at his desk. There are lots of papers and books 2) … his desk.
There are some photographs of “wanted” men all 3) … the office
4) … the walls. 5) … the Sheriff’s head there is a clock. A prisoner is
looking 6) … the bars of the cell. A bunch of keys is hanging 7) …
the cell 8) … the wall. 9) … the Sheriff’s desk there is a filing cabinet with a coat stand 10) … it.
2. Fill in the gaps with the correct preposition.
This is Sunnyside Farm. Farmer Smith is standing 1) among his
sheep. His children are playing 2) … the haystack. One of them is
jumping 3) … it, 4) … some more hay 5) … There’s a ladder leaning
6) … the farmhouse and a man is climbing 7) … it Mrs. Smith is
standing 8) … the farmhouse with a shawl 9) … her shoulders. Her
son Jim is standing 10) … her. There’s another man walking 11) …
the haystack 12) … Farmer Smith.
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61
4. Fill in the gaps with the correct preposition.
This is Burger House. 1) Behind the counter is a waitress. 2) …
the counter there are some people. A young woman is standing 3) …
her children. The boy 4) … her is waiting to be served. The young
lady 5) … her is listening to her personal stereo. The waitress is putting a burger and a cup of cola 6) … a tray. A man has just come
7) … the door and he’s walking 8) … the queue.
5. Fill in the gaps with the correct preposition.
This is Newton High Street. There are people walking 1) up and
2) … the street. An old man is walking 3) … the road at the zebra
crossing. A young couple are walking 4) … the pavement 5) … the
post office. A boy is walking 6) … “Thompson’s Sports” shop. He’s
holding a bag 7) … his arms. 8) … the bus-stop there is a bus. Some
people are getting 9) … it while some others are getting 10) … it.
The bus goes 11) … the centre of town 12) … the outskirts.
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in + cities/towns/the streets/the suburbs/an armchair/danger/the middle
of/a queue/prison/ hospital/a book/a newspaper/the country/the
sky/a line/a row/a hotel/the centre of/ the park
Idioms with in: cash, pen, ink, pencil, writing, one’s opinion, a way
(= in a manner), the end
at + house number (at 23 Oxford St)/home/school/university/work/the
bus stop/the door/the crossroads/the match/the station/the airport/the
seaside/the bottom of/a hotel/table/desk/the top of (but: on top of)
on + the floor/the outskirts/a platform/foot/holiday/the River Seine/the
border/this street/a farm/ the screen/an island/a beach/the coast/the
right/the left/the pavement/a trip/the way/the streets
Idioms with on: holiday, business, a journey, a trip, TV, the radio,
the phone, the market (= available to the public), purpose, the way
(= as I was going)
by + bus/taxi/car/helicopter/plane/train/coach/ship/boat/air/sea BUT we
say: on a/the bus/plane/ train/coach/ship/boat – in a
taxi/car/helicopter/plane
Idioms with by: mistake, accident, chance
Compare: Tom is sitting in the cafe. (He’s inside the place). He’s at the
cafe. (He’s drinking something-event)
Last year my family went 1) on holiday to Thailand. We went
2) … air; it was a very long journey but we were very well looked
after 3) … the plane by all the stewardesses. When we arrived 4) …
the airport we went directly to our hotel 5) … taxi. There was a lot of
traffic 6) … the streets of the city and there were many people walking 7) … the pavements. We stayed 8) … a large hotel 9) … the outskirts of Bangkok. We were given a wonderful suite 10) … the top
floor of the hotel. The most enjoyable day I had was when we went
11) … a trip 12) … boat, down the river to the crocodile farm. We
had a wonderful holiday.
7. Fill in the gaps with the correct preposition.
6. Fill in the gaps with the correct preposition.
Last year I went 1) on a trip which was an absolute disaster.
I was going to Berlin 2) … business when, 3) … accident, I got 4) …
the wrong train. We were 5) … the way to Brussels before I realised
my mistake. When I got to Brussels I had more problems because all
my money was 6) … German Marks and I didn’t have my credit card
with me. 7) … chance, I found a helpful policeman, who was soon
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8) … the phone to my company. Thanks to his help I was able to arrange for some money to be sent to a nearby bank. I spent that night
in a hotel and paid my bill 9) … cash before leaving. 10) … the end
I got to Berlin twenty-four hours later than I had expected. Everyone
thought my trip was a big joke, especially when I told them I had
seen Brussels 11) … the way.
AT
Prepositions of Time
IN
ON
in the morning / evening / on Monday
at 10.30
on Easter Sunday etc.
afternoon / night
at
in the Easter / Christmas on Christmas Day
Christmas / Easter
at noon / night / midnight holiday(s)
on Friday night
at lunch / dinner / break- in January (months)
on July 30th
in (the) winter (seasons) on
fast (time)
in 1992 (years)
at the time
a summer afternoon
in the 19th century
at the moment
on that day
at the weekend (on the in two hours (two hours
weekend: Am. English) from now)
We never use at, in or on before yesterday, tomorrow, next, this, last,
every. He’s leaving next Sunday
8. Fill in: in, on or at.
don’t play 14) … Christmas Day, we do play 15) … December 26th,
so I can’t eat or drink too much! It would be nice to spend more time
with my family 16) … that day, but I can’t.
9. Fill in: at, in or on.
I go to school every day 1) at 9 o’clock. Lessons start 2) …
9.15 am 3) … Mondays and Tuesdays. 4) … Wednesdays, Thursdays
and Fridays they start 5) … 9.30 6) … the morning. School finishes
7) … 3.30 8) … the afternoon. 9) … Saturdays and Sundays I don’t
go to school. We have a month off 10) … the summer, two weeks’
holiday 11) … Christmas, and two weeks off 12) … Easter.
Time Words
for: is used to express a period of time. She has been here for two weeks
since: is used with Present Perfect to express a starting point. He has
been here since Monday
10. Fill in: for or since.
John Barnes has been in the police force 1) since 1980. Before
that he worked in a supermarket 2) … two years, but he found it very
boring. He has had lots of adventures 3) … he became a policeman.
He was a constable 4) … three years, then he was promoted to sergeant. He has had to work a lot harder 5) … then, but he loves his job.
ago: back in time from now (used with Past Simple). She met Steve a
week ago. (a week back in time from now)
before: back in time from then. She sent me a letter last week. I had written to her a month before. (not a month back in time from now but a month
before last week when she sent me her letter)
A footballer’s life starts 1) at the weekend. Most people go out
2) … Friday night, but I have to be in bed 3) … 10 o’clock. 4) …
Saturday I get up 5) … 8 o’clock 6) … the morning and drive to the
stadium 7) … noon. 8) … lunchtime our manager talks about the
team we are playing. We play most of our games 9) … the winter and
sometimes it can be hard to play 10) … a cold Saturday afternoon,
especially 11) … January. It isn’t much fun 12) … Christmas either.
We play a lot of games 13) … the Christmas holiday. Although we
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11. Fill in: ago or before.
I met my penfriend, Bill, four days 1) ago. I had never met him
2) … The day 3) … I saw him I was a bit nervous because I didn’t
know what he would be like. He comes from America and, although
I went there two years 4) …, we didn’t meet then. When I met him,
I discovered that his grandparents used to live near my village
100 years 5) … so he might even be a distant relation.
yet: but this time (normally used with Present Perfect in questions and
negations in end position). Have you seen Ann yet? I haven’t seen her yet
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already: before now (used in mid position or at the end with Present
Perfect in statements or questions). I’ve already posted the invitations to
the wedding. Have you already finished your homework? I’ve cooked dinner already. (used to put emphasis on the completion of an action)
still: emphasizes continuity (used with present forms to show duration;
placed before the main verb or after an auxiliary). He’s still typing
those letters you gave him. I still care about him, even though he left me
12. Fill in: yet, still or already.
Gerry: Have you been to the bank 1) yet?
June: No. I’ve 2) … told you, I’m 3) … waiting for that cheque
from my accountant.
Gerry: Hasn’t he sent you it 4) … ? Why don’t you phone him?
June: I’ve 5) … phoned him. He says he hasn’t finished working
out my tax 6) …
on time: at the right time. The train left on time. (not earlier or later than
the stated time)
in time: early enough, not late. He was in time for the 5 o’clock train.
(some time before 5.00)
14. Fill in: on time or in time.
Mr. Savage was driving very fast last night because he wanted to
be home 1) in time for the late film. He knew it probably wouldn’t
start 2) … but he didn’t want to take any chances. Suddenly, a boy on
a bicycle appeared in front of his car and Mr. Savage just managed to
stop 3) … to avoid hitting him. He was so frightened by this that he
drove the rest of the way home very slowly. Unfortunately, the film
had started 4) … and he missed the first half hour of it.
during (prep) + noun: throughout. I stayed in Paris during the Christmas
holiday
while (conj) + clause: when, during the time that. While she was on
holiday, she wrote me a letter
13. Fill in: during or while.
We went to a few tropical islands 1) during the summer holiday
last year. My parents spent most of their time in the hotel 2) … I was
sunbathing on the beach. 3) … a boat journey from one island to another there was a terrible storm. My mother was seasick 4) … the
trip, 5) … my father and I were trying to help her.
by (prep): any time before and not later than. You must be back by
12.00. (not later than 12.00)
by the time: before. They had finished packing by the time the taxi came.
(before the taxi came)
until/till (conj): up to the time when. She was at work until/till 3.30. (up
to 3.30, not later than 3.30)
Till/until can be used in the negative with verbs that show a point in
time (e.g. leave, finish, start…).
Compare: He won’t start working until Friday. (on Friday, not before
that). He won’t have started working by Friday. (He won’t begin till after
Friday)
at: exactly at a stated time. She’ll be back at 9.00. (9.00 sharp)
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15. Fill in with: by, by the time, until/till or at.
When I went out last Saturday I told my father I’d be back 1) by
1 o’clock at the latest. However, I was having such a good time that I
didn’t even look at my watch 2) … 2:30! 3) … I found a taxi to take
me home it had gone 3 o’clock, and I finally arrived home 4) … 3:30.
My father was furious and told me I’d have to be home 5) … 7 o’clock
every night of the week 8) … the end of the month!
I’m in trouble with my history teacher. He gave us a project to
finish 1) within a week, and I haven’t even started it yet. I was going
to do it 2) … dinner on Thursday, but my friend phoned and invited
me out to the cinema. He didn’t tell me we were going to a party
3) … ! We stayed at the party 4) … 11 o’clock 5) … 3.00 in the
morning. Now it’s Friday and the History class starts at 2 pm. If I
don’t finish the project 6) … the next two hours, my teacher will
probably make me stay behind 7) … school.
at the beginning (of): at the point/time sth starts. There’s usually a preface at the beginning of a book.
in the beginning: at first, originally. I found computer programming difficult in the beginning
at the end (of): at the point/time sth finishes. There’s usually an index at
the end of a book
in the end: at last, finally. In the end I got used to programming computers
within (prep): before the end of. You must finish this project within a
week. (in a week’s time)
after (prep/conj): following sth in time. You can watch TV after you’ve
tidied your room
afterwards (adv): then, after that. He went for a walk afterwards
from … to/till/until: The restaurant serves customers from 12.00 to 8.00 pm.
16. Fill in with: within, after, afterwards or from ... to/until/till.
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17. Fill in with: at the beginning, at the end, in the beginning
or in the end.
I started a new job as a telephone operator 1) at the beginning of
this year. I found the job rather complicated 2) …, but I got used to it
3) … I’m quite good at it now, and I’m getting a pay-rise 4) … of
this month. I’ve got a month’s holiday soon, starting 5) … of July
and finishing 6) … of September. I couldn’t decide where to go at
first, but I decided on Malta 7) …
18. Fill in with: after, afterwards, from ... to, before, by the
time, within, or in the end.
I began English six months 1) ago. I had studied English 2) … at
school, but 3) … leaving, I began to forget a lot of the English I had
learnt. Initially I attended classes several times a week and would
sometimes study in the library 4) … 5) … a few weeks of beginning
classes my English improved considerably, so I decided 6) … four
months to attend fewer classes and now attend one class a week.
7) … I think I made the right decision; my English is continuing to
improve and I have more time to spend with my family. 8) … now
9) … the end of June I will be revising for my exams.
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19. Fill in the gaps with in, at or on.
1. I have to be at the airport two hours before my flight leaves.
2. Simon called while you were … the theatre.
3. I went to visit Joanne, but she wasn’t … home.
4. I wouldn’t like to be … sea in weather like this.
5. There were so many dishes … the menu, I couldn’t decide
what to have.
6. I’d love to stay … a beautiful hotel near the sea.
7. I got several autographs … the rock concert.
8. Jason is … hospital with a broken leg.
9. Mum, can I stay … Sarah’s house tonight, please?
10. The weather … Ireland is often cold and wet.
11. My grandparents live … a farm and we often visit them there.
12. She waited … the platform to see the train come in.
13. I get off the train … Baker Street and then walk to work.
14. It must be wonderful to live … an island, surrounded by water.
15. What did you learn … school today?
16. Suki is the girl sitting … my left.
17. Tony is … the dentist’s having a tooth taken out.
18. After dinner, Grandad fell asleep … his armchair.
19. I lived … India until I was twelve years old.
20. Fill in the gaps with at or in and one of the places from
the list.
the cafe, the theatre, the park, the police station, the garage, the
library
1. My car broke down on the way to work. I’ve left it at the garage to be repaired.
2. I fell asleep … today as I haven’t been sleeping so well lately.
3. Jackie loves watching plays. She is … now, watching ‘Romeo
and Juliet’.
4. Tony was buying a coffee when it started to rain. He waited
… until the rain stopped.
5. The man who stole Jane’s handbag has been found. He is being questioned …
6. I hate it when people leave their rubbish …; it looks so ugly.
21. Fill in the gaps with prepositions where necessary.
1. We had a lovely meal on the plane.
2. The burglar climbed … the fence and into the garden.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Bye for now. I’ll see you … school tomorrow.
Mr. King wasn’t … work yesterday.
Tony could see his face … the mirror.
Keith stole some money and ended up … prison.
Ellen is not really interested … learning how to ski.
… home, I’m used … going to bed early.
I was really annoyed … losing my new calculator.
I feel sorry … Sam because he hasn’t got any friends.
22. Fill in the gaps with prepositions where necessary.
1. When I speak Italian all the others in the class laugh at me.
2. I might come. It depends … the weather.
3. Does your coffee taste … soap?
4. Making … the door I suddenly heard a noise coming … the
kitchen.
5. … the time we arrived … the Browns’ their house was full
… guests.
6. A brilliant idea came … my mind.
7. Isn’t it time you got … marking those papers?
8. Are you bringing your children … as Catholics?
9. Put your coat … before going outside.
10. Her modesty is all put …. She is only pretending to be modest.
23. Fill in the gaps with prepositions where necessary:
1. I’ve never been to Paris.
2. I haven’t seen him … 1992.
3. We went … a walk … Kensington Gardens.
4. The sun went … the cloud.
5. … despair I closed the street on to an island where I found a
policeman who explained the way … me.
6. People … light spring clothes were walking … the paths.
7. Marie Curie decided to work … two Master’s degrees – one
… Physics, the other … Mathematics.
8. … spite … the honour he brought … France by his discoveries,
he had no laboratory … his own.
9. I am … the third class … a grammar school.
10. Today we have two lessons … History.
24. Fill in the gaps with prepositions where necessary:
1. Stratford is quite a busy town, especially on a market day.
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72
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
I will not stand … so much talking.
Karen takes … her mother. They are very similar.
I’ll call … you at about 8 o’clock, so, please, be ready.
Ann said that she would help me, but she let me …
After the party Nina washed … all the glasses.
I tried the coat …, but it was too big and the wrong colour.
One of the burglars was caught, but the other got …
… a world, I didn’t believe her story.
He repeated the statement, word … word.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
27. Fill in the gaps with the prepositions where necessary.
1. Now, you’re making … stories again.
2. We were all annoyed … her coming late.
3. They were walking … the street, hand … hand.
4. What do you think I ought to do … a case like that?
5. He is a good son. You can be proud … him.
6. Are they talking … Spanish or … Portuguese?
7. That was a fine piece of work? Keep it … !
8. I must congratulate you … your exam results.
9. He stepped … to let the woman pass.
10. We read about the fine … the Sunday News.
11. The building caught the fire but the firemen seen put it …
12. I always put … a couple of kilos over Christmas.
13. Why don’t you send me the message … e-mail?
14. It’s made … wood.
15. He pulled the thread … the needle’s eye.
25. Past time expressions. Fill in the gaps with one of the
words from the box. Careful! Sometimes no word is necessary.
I arrived home at six o’clock last night.
I saw Jane …-… yesterday.
ago
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
last in
for
at
when
on
I was born in Africa … 1970.
My parents moved back to England … I was five.
We lived in Bristol … three years.
I went to college three years …
I found a flat on my own … last year.
I usually go home … the weekend.
I didn’t go home … weekend because some friends came to stay.
They arrived … three o’clock … the afternoon.
… Saturday evening we went out to a concert.
… we got home we listened to some music.
We got up late … Sunday morning.
… the afternoon we went for a walk.
I bought a car a few weeks …
I had an accident … last night.
It happened … 7.00 … the evening.
I took my car to the garage … this morning.
I will be ready … two weeks.
26. Put necessary preposition into each gap. Sometimes no
preposition is necessary.
1. I listened … the news … the radio.
2. I’ll see you … 9.00 … the morning.
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I live … a flat … Paris.
I’m looking … my neighbour’s cat while she’s on holiday.
I waited twenty minutes … a bus yesterday.
What are you doing … this evening?
She arrived … England two years ago.
I’m going … home.
I spoke … Mary a few days ago.
My sister’s coming to stay … 19 December.
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Учебное издание
Рекомендуемая литература
1. Dooley, Jenny. Grammarway 3 with answers / J. Dooley, V. Evans. – Express Publishing Newbury, 1999.
2. Evans, Virginia. Round-up 5 : English grammar book / V. Evans. –
Harlow : Longman, 2006.
3. Soars, John. Headway Pre-Intermediate / J. Soars, L. Soars. – Oxford University Press, 1998.
4. Swam, Michael. The Cambridge English course: practice book 3
with key / M. Swam, C. Walter. – Cambridge University Press,
1996.
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ГРАММАТИКА
ENGLISH GRAMMAR PRACTICE
Практикум
для учащихся специальности 2-25 01 10
«Коммерческая деятельность»
и студентов специальности 1-08 01 01-08
«Профессиональное обучение. (Экономика и управление)»
Составитель
Кузнецова Наталия Борисовна
Зав. ред.-издат. отд. О. П. Козельская
Редактор Г. Л. Говор
Компьютерная верстка А. П. Пучек
План издания 2008 г. (поз. 19)
Содержание
Предисловие . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1. Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Изд. лиц. № 02330/0131735 от 17.02.2004.
Подписано в печать 24.11.2008. Формат 60×84 1/16.
Бумага писчая. Гарнитура Таймс. Печать ризографическая.
Усл. печ. л. 4,42. Уч.-изд. л. 3,36. Тираж 80 экз. Заказ 268.
4
2. Articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3. Adjectives. Adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4. Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Издатель и полиграфическое исполнение Учреждение образования
«Минский государственный высший радиотехнический колледж»
220005, г. Минск, пр-т Независимости, 62.
5. Prepositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Рекомендуемая литература . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
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